University of Sydneynswaol.library.usyd.edu.au/data/pdfs/22550_ID_Lydon1993...I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ll l~MII~~~jili~l~ll~ill\[1\ H00473 ~-i:erif&g~ ~ihrttr}J CONTENTS

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I Q994.41

I LYD

I THE "COUNTING HOUSE",

I 43-45 GEORGE STREET NORTH, THE ROCKS ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

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E.C.J.LYDON

I 1993

SYDNEY COVE AUI'HORITY

I I I Q994.41

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WALSH SAY

CAA'P.!EJ.LS CCVE

Location plan : the "Counting House", 43-45 George Street North, the Rocks, Sydney

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CONTENTS

1.0 EXECUfiVE SUMMARY

2.0 INTRODUCfiON 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Previous Studies 2.3 Reason for Study

3.0 HISTORY

4.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 4.1 Research Design 4.2 Methodology 4.3 Excavation Summary

5.0 DISCUSSION

6.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

8.0 ILLUSTRATIONS

9.0 REFERENCES

10.0 APPENDICES 10.1 Excavation Permit Application 10.2 Field notes 10.3 Artefact catalogue

Acknowledgements I would like to thank Martin Carney for the generous loan of material relating to Row and Company's activities, and Dominic Steele for cataloguing the faunal remains. Volunteers Robin Stone and Celia Jones also provided much help, back in the 'lab'.

The cover photograph shows the house's north attic room, looking northeast. Under the roof, on the left, was found a cache of domestic items.

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1.0 EXECUfiVE SUMMARY

This report presents results of archaeological excavation and monitoring carried out on the site of the "Counting House", 43-45 George Street North, the Rocks, between February and April 1993. The program was dictated by the conservation program preceding its use for the National Trust's Australian Museum of Childhood.

Excavation of the basement areas and recovery of artefacts from the attic storey provided evidence regarding the past use of the site. Modifications of the structure were evidenced such as the removal of a stair to the warehouse basement, and the creation of an opening between the warehouse and house basements during Row and Company's occupancy.

Disposal of household refuse beneath the stairs in the house basement courtyard and beneath the roof on the attic floor in the 1870s had occurred. The attic deposit included a hat-pin box, sewing machine wrapping and women's journals, and probably reflects the presence of a housekeeper.

Uses of the site by Row and Company included manufacturing and bottling of Row's Embrocation and Josephson's Australian Ointment, as evidenced by the artefacts recovered from the house and warehouse basements. During Row and Company's tenancy the use of the basement changed from a kitchen to a commercial space.

The site's significance lies chiefly in the following (Clive Lucas et al 1990:20-24).

The planning of 43 George Street is typical of the late Georgian period townhouse. It is in Greek Revival style, and is the archetype of the London townhouse which formed a large part of Sydney's housing stock in the first half of the nineteenth century, but of which few examples survive.

The connection between Martyn and Combes, and the architects Bibb and Verge is of note. It is the area's only surviving example of adjoining store and residence.

The association of the site with the firms of Martyn and Combes, and later Edward Row and Company, is significant, as well the Reverend Thomas Gainsford. Like many buildings in the area the house reflects its use for lodgings, often for sailors.

The site has been continuously occupied from the late 1840s. Several major interventions have been made in the site's fabric, and the nature of its construction and occupation (excavated into bedrock, re-use of interiors) has prevented accumulation of deposits, with the exception of those investigated during this project. The site currently has little archaeological potential.

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It is recommended that areas which were not involved in this project -the south room of the house basement, basement and ground levels of the house courtyard, the north area of the warehouse basement, and the superstructure of the building - should be investigated prior to disturbance. Future intervention in the site's fabric should be monitored.

The "Counting House" Archaeological Investigation 5

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

Archaeological monitoring and test excavation was carried out in the "Counting House", 43-45 George Street North, between February and April 1993. Archaeological work and preparation of this report were carried out by Jane Lydon for the Sydney Cove A!!thority.

2.1 Study Area

The "Counting House" fronts the south side of George Street North, close to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, before the substantial modifications which were later made to the area's topography, the site lay at the crest of the hill sloping north-west down to Campbells Cove. This slope was known as the "Go-down" during the first half of the nineteenth century, leading down to Robert Campbell's complex of buildings on the foreshore (Walker 1901:297).

2.2 Previous Studies

The site is listed by the Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point (Higginbotham, Kass and Walker 1991) [inventory 27]. The site's condition was assessed as "mostly disturbed", and an archaeological conservation plan is recommended.

Prior to the conservation program, Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners and Maisy Stapleton Projects prepared a Conservation Analysis and Draft Conservation Policy Heritage Centre Feasibility Study, 43-45 George Street North, The Rocks, Sydney Sydney Cove Authority (1990).

2.3 Reason for excavation

A conservation program was planned to fit the building for use by the National Trust of Australia (NSW) as the Australian Museum of Childhood.

The conservation analysis identified the site's archaeological significance as residing in its continuous occupation since the late 1840s, without any major intervention in the physical fabric (Clive Lucas et al 1990:20-24).

The program included basement works as follow:

1. the installation of services,along existing lines, 2. exposure of former floor surfaces now covered by deposit, 3. installation of a staircase (Basement room 07)

Excavation of the house basement was also carried out for the purpose of paving the floor.


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Various questions regarding the former condition of the building were answered by archaeological investigation during the works program.

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I The "Counting House" Archaeological Investigation 7

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4.0 HISTORY

The following account is taken from Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners/Maisy Stapleton Projects (1990).

The buildings at 43-45 George Street are situated on a parcel of land granted by Crown Grant in 1834 to Robert Campbell snr (LTO 734, Bk 290).

In 1841 Lot 4, now 47 George Street, was conveyed to John Martyn and James Combes for 825 pounds, who erected a three storey stone store designed by John Bibb, ca.1841-3 (LTO, Bk 2, 819). Martyn and Combes were then trading in partnership as plumbers, painters and glaziers at the corner of Jamison and George Streets (The Australian 23/1/1841).

In 1847 Martyn and Combes bought Lot 5 for 300 pounds from George Campbell (LTO Bk 13, No.622). During 1848 they erected the present buildings at 43-53 George Street, described as " .. consisting of a commodious dwelling house and spacious stores, replete with every convenience. " They were rated as having stone walls, slate roof and three floors, with a width at George Street of 33' (City of Sydney Council Gipps Ward, Reel 37).

By 1850 Lawrence and Spyers, merchants and commission agents, were tenants of house and store. In 1852 the house was tenanted by Archibald Walker, merchant. Between 1859- 1864 John Martyn resided in the house, and Martyn and Combes occupied the store. The Martyn's business continued to be run at the store until 1868 (RAB Reel 38), although the house was tenanted 1865-7 by William Rielly.

Between 1868-1872 Richard Peek, JP, occupied the house (Sands). In 1869 the store was occupied by James Reid and Co., wool brokers. Between 1873-5 the Reverend Thomas Gainford, minister for the Mariners' Church in George Street, occupied the house. The store was leased between 1870-5 by Ward and Co., soap powder manufacturers.

In 1876 the store was leased by Edward Row and Co., Wholesale and manufacturing chemists. The house was occupied by Charles Smith, alternately described as accountant or confectioner (Sands). Ca. 1882 Edward Row and Co. occupied both store and house, continuing to do so until 1924. It is probable that openings in the common wall to 43 and 45 were made.

On Dove's 1880 plan a timber addition to the rear of 43 George Street is shown. A Trigonometric Map of Sydney, 1887, shows that the rear yard area of 43-4 7 George Street was enclosed by a wooden and corrugated iron structure, probably forming part of Row's manufacturing establishment.

In 1902 the buildings were resumed under the "Public Works Act, 1900" (LTO Bk 734, No.290). The NSW Government Rocks Resumption Board appear to have carried out various repairs to the building at this time,


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and possibly demolished the timber rear addition also (RAB Gipps Ward, Reel 41).

From 1922 the buildings were subdivided, the Rows sharing the house and store with F .A. Lawrence, commercial designer (Sands). In 1925 the house was occupied by P.S.Blake, indent agent, F.A.Lawrence and Cecil C.Row. The store at 45 George Street was used by Lawley and Co as a box manufacturing factory (Sands).

From 1927 the NSW Maritime Services Board were responsible for the administration of the premises (RAB Reel 42).

In 1928 Mary O'Grady occupied store and house for residential accommodation, following repairs and alterations(SCA/MSB Tenancy cards). Further renovations were made in 1934, including a kitchen, improved water supply, the toilet fitout and a creation of a door between Basement rooms 04 and 05 (SCA 8, MSB Tenancy cards).

In 1935 after Mrs O'Grady's departure, Haigh Zlotkowski leased the premises, until 1941 For a period in 1942 the premises were used as accommodation for the Royal Indian Navy (SCA, MSB Tenancy cards).

From 1943 Mrs Alice Auguston again leased the premises, for residential accommodation (SCA TenAncy file T416). In 1960 the roof was re-covered in galvanised corrugated steel. In 1981 the fire stair and enclosing walls in 45 George Street was built, and other alterations were effected. From 1982 the Sydney Cove Authority has administered the buildings, making a few alterations such as new flashings to the parapet and cornice. The premises were leased by the Auguston family until 1985 (SCA Tenancy file T416).


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5.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

5.1 Research Design

The project's research design aimed to place the data recovered in a wider context. First, it followed standard archaeological recording methods (see below, 5.2 Methodology) with the intention of recovering archaeological data regarding the site's development. This enabled larger questions to be asked, prompted by the. combination of historical and material evidence. Research questions were initially formulated as follows:

What evidence is there for activities conducted on the site and its past development? Was there a staircase providing access to the basement in Basement room 07? What former floor surfaces existed?

Further questions arose during the work:

Do the artefacts (specifically the Row and Co. bottles and the Josephson's ointment jars) reflect manufacturing, bottling, and/or vending on the premises? Was Row's embrocation imported in bulk from England for bottling and sale? By what means? How did the establishment "work" - that is, how were different activities coordinated and arranged? Can the paper collection be related to the activities/presence of a housekeeper? What event or behaviour does the understairs deposit represent?

5.2 Methodology

Standard excavation methods were employed. Where large-scale removal of fill was required, this was carried out by labourers under supervision.

Test excavation was carried out in basement room 07, in order to determine whether a staircase existed in this area. Installation of new services along existing service lines was monitored, and any significant features recorded. During excavation of the house basement, excavation was carried out at intervals, to investigate the nature of the material being disturbed. Significant features were recorded.

Artefacts were catalogued according to the Authority's standard system (Snelgrove 1991) and entered on to database for analysis. (Refer example catalogue sheet) Martin Carney (glass and stoneware) and Dominic Steele (faunal remains) provided specialist advice and cataloguing.


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5.3 Excavation Summary Reference should be made to Appendix 10.2 Field Notes for original account of features.

5.3.1 Ground level courtyard Cement was removed from this area, exposing service trenches and concrete bedding. This contained a coarse sandstone aggregate, comparable to that used in early twentieth century modifications made elsewhere in the the Rocks, for example to Glouces~r Street during realignment (Lydon 1992:5.3).

5.3 • .2 House Basement, north room Area 1 The north-west comer was the initial focus of excavation, as it was believed that service lines ran through it. It proved to have been disturbed within the last few years.

Dark brown-black dirt which contained a great deal of glass (001) was removed. This smelt strongly of beer or a similar malty alcoholic substance, and workmen suggested that beer had been poured through the Iightwell immediately above, from George Street. This stratum had obviously been redeposited recently because of the high proportion of new plastic it contained.

Removal exposed a brick feature (002) in the north-west comer, comprising a square area of paving extending approximately one metre to the west of the west wall. It appeared that the edge of the paving marked the edge of the water service line, and that this had been uncovered recently. It seems likely that this area had been disturbed by a plumber within the last year or so. The origin of the beery smell is unknown.

Area .2 In the south-west comer of the room a coarse reddish sandy stratum was removed, which appeared to represent the detritus created by the application of whitewash to the walls within the last year (001). This exposed a ferrous metal strip (002) bedded in a very hard and compact bituminous material, which smelt strongly of resin (003). Patches of mixed mortar and plaster (004) represented the demolition of the room's former finish.

The metal object (002) was removed, and proved to be a handrail which had originally formed part of the steps connecting the ground floor courtyard and basement.

Removal of bitumen (003 area 2) and dark brown fill (001 area 1) over the room exposed the shale bedrock at a depth of approximately 30cm. The surface was slightly uneven here, unlike the warehouse, which was flat. Presumably this was because the house basement had an added timber floor, whereas the warehouse made use of the shale.

In the doorway connecting the warehouse and house basements, removal of fill (005) exposed the footings trench for the south wall of the house


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Area 1 : House basement, northwest corner north room, after removal of dark brown fill (001), exposing brick feature (002). To north.

Area 1: House basement, northwest corner north room. To east.


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Area 2 : House basement, southwest corner of room. Removal of 001 and 002 exposing shale bedrock. To south-west.

Area 2 : House basement, southwest corner of room. Removal of 001 and 002 exposing shale bedrock. To south.

The "Counting House " Archaeological Investigation 13


View of House basement north room, showing exposed shale. To northwest.


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basement north room. This fill contained a high proportion of glass, ceramics and corks. Analysis showed that this assemblage comprised a range of Row's Embrocation bottles and matching corks, and Josephson's Australian Ointment jars.

The Row's Embrocation bottles came in a range of sizes (height 10-13cm) and colours (amber, blue and olive) (refer photograph p 25). A total minimum number of 28 were recovered. The assemblage also included building materials (nails, bolt, hasp,) and tools (file), as well as foodrelated items (tin can, metal plate - reft:r photograph p 26), a lock, and a wooden exercise club.

5.3.3 Warehouse Basement Area 3 Against the west wall of the warehouse basement test excavation was carried out because it was hoped to discover whether a staircase had formerly connected the ground and basement levels at this point. It was also intended to excavate this room so as to pave the floor, but the results of the excavation demonstrated that the shale bedrock had served as the original floor. It was therefore decided to retain the current level.

Removal of the sandy degraded whitewash (001 = 001 in area 2) surface exposed a thin layer of bitumen (002) which flaked off with ease. This exposed the shale bedrock which is occasionally found in the area, and which is evident in the walls of the building, where excavated for construction (004).

A square cut notch in the floor at the point expected for the putative stair was exposed (007). It was filled by two bricks (003) and a piece of decaying timber (008) bedded in loose grey fill containing a lot of mortar fragments (006). This material probably represents he removal of the room's former finish(es).

Also exposed was the cut made in the shale for the foundation trench of the west wall (005). The lowest course of sandstone blocks comprising the wall rest on a ferrous metal sheet. The fill of trench 005 consisted of mixed soft black loose material and bitumen (009).

Area 4 Excavation at the threshhold of the door to the courtyard, on the west side, as designed to investigate the former construction of the door frame and door.

Removal of the sandy surface (001 = 001 areas two and three) exposed the shale bedrock floor (002 = 004 area 3), cut for the foundation trench of the west wall, east return and doorway (003). Bitumen fill (004) was removed from the trench to expose dark brown soil with a high clay content, containing charcoal and plaster (005). This material formed a smooth "pillow" over the threshhold, marking the sloping change in level from the warehouse room to the outside courtyard.

A large (70 x 50 x 50cm) cement block was exposed at the base of the west side of the doorway. There was a large notch cut in it, presumably



Area 4 : threshhold to warehouse courtyard, showing construction of doorway and services in courtyard. To north.



Vuw of wanhouu colll'tylll'tl, showing serviees. Note shaU on left, excavated for constnu:tion of basenunt. To south.



to support a timber post. A large (50 x 50cm) square sheet of ferrous metal (007) was exposed lying on the bedrock floor, at an agle to the doorway. It may originally have formed part of the structure. A yellowbrown clay (008) had been packed around the cement block.

Excavation of the east side of the threshhold was also carried out. This revealed the continuation of the units exposed on the west, as follows: recent "demolition" comprising plastic paint flakes, mortar etc (001) was removed, exposing compact clay mixed with sandstone and burnt material (002), over the shale step down to the _courtyard.

Removal of the cement blocks exposed a notch in the s hale, presumably to support a door post, on the west side. On the east, a sandstone block was exposed.

Artefacts recovered in this area included glass food storage vessels (wine/beer bottle and pickle), and ceramics, including fragments of a garden pot and a tile.

5.3.4 The basement courtyard A brick infill panel below the steps leading to the ground level was removed under supervision. The panel comprised sandstock bricks ca.1850-1880s bonded with a modem portland cement (L:23cm W:llcm B:7-7.5cm). Traces of shell mortar adhering to the bricks' surface, covered by the later cement, suggested their re-use. The presence of Row's Embrocation bottles suggests that the wall was built during or after the tenancy of Row and Company, ca.1882-1924.

Fill containing large sandstone blocks and several bottles was observed through the aperture created. The fill was removed and the artefacts collected. These appeared to reflect domestic activities, comprising bone, glass, ceramic and metal objects. The bone (30 items) comprised rodent (1), chicken (2), cattle (5), and sheep (16) (6 unidentified). The glass included five complete champagne bottles, three wine/beer bottles, and four Row's Embrocation bottles. The ceramics included a blue sprigged eggcup and plate (available from 1841 onwards [Atkins 1991:62]), a handpainted Oriental porcelain bowl, a 99% complete platter and a gilt, greenglazed figurine. A copper alloy salt spoon and a stoneware jar were also found (refer photographs pages 25 -27).

5.3.5 The George Street North footpath It was decided to excavate the footpath in this area in order to ascertain the route of the water main. The work was carried out by a plumber under supervision. Removal of the asphalt surface revealed that the footpath had recently been disturbed, probably by the George Street North improvement carried out 1991-2. No service line was found, so excavation here was abandoned at a depth of approximately 40cm.

5.3.6 The attic Work on the attic level involved the re-opening of a square aperture in the north wall of the top house room. This revealed a space beneath the sloping roof, from which a cache of bottles and other items was recovered.



View of stllirs to House basement courtyard. lnfiU panel has been removed. To east.

Under stairs area, exposed by removal of brick inflll ptmel. To east.



Inside understair area, after removal of brick infill panel. To east.


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Excavation of footings trench at doorway between House and Warehouse basement. To south.



Excavation of footings trench at doorway between House and Warehouse basement. To east.


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Vuw of footings trench from WtU'ehouse btJSement. To west.



These included a number of kerosene bottles, presumably used for household heating. There were also a range of bottles, many with paper labels intact, which once contained olive oil, beer, sherry, tomato sauce, lemonade, lemon syrup, stout and cordial (refer photograph p 28). The assemblage also included a brass wax vesta box ("SUPERIOR LONDON WAX VESTAS/ WARRANTED" around a crest - refer photograph p 26), two cloth fragments - one the remains of a doll's dress - two pairs of leather shoes - one pair women's ankle-boots (refer photograph p26), the other men's boots - and a tea-cup. The cache primarily appears to represent the disposal of household refu_se during the twentieth century. There was also a slate roofing tile.

In the back, south-facing room on the same level, more items were collected from beneath the roof. These consisted of paper, including a range of mid-nineteenth-century newspapers and journals, as follow:

*"Receipt, issued by Moore's Wharf, Sydney 11th January 1856 I Please receive from Mr Henry Moore I on account of ?Henry ?VO?/ ?arf?/ 18 eighteen Chr? I E? I ? joined/ I To A.Fairfax? "

*The Young Ladies Journal

*London Journal Ladies' Supplement March 1876

*Sydney Morning Herald Aug 6 1875; Jan 20, Feb 5, March 25, May 6,10, July 20 1876;

*Table of first lines, hymn-book

* "D.F. TAYLER & CO. /BEST DOUBLE-JAPANNED/ HAIR PINS/ LONDON & BIRMINGHAM"

There were also twentieth century newspapers as follow:

* Telegraph Jan 9, 1941 * The Sun Sat Sept 6, 1958 * The Sydney Morning Herald Aug 9, 1971

Finally, from inside the building's front door-bell was recovered an 1890s receipt: "189-/ EDINBURGH HOUSE, 380 GEORGE STREET/ (TWO DOORS FROM POST OFFICE)/ SYDNEY/ BOUGIIT OF/ CHISHOLM & CO/ THE LADIES' DRAPER/ ANITHING YOU REQUIRE YOU CAN OBTAIN HERE/ CALL AND BRING YOUR FRIENDS WITH YOU/"


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A range of Row's Embrocation bottles (reverse reads "FARMERS FRIEND"). (House basement area 2: cat.# 001, 002, 003) JOcm scale


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Metal : tin plate (House Basement context 003 cat.#OOS), wax vesta box (Attic north room cat.# 003) and salt spoon (Courtyard, under stairs cat.#Oll). scale lOcm

Worn, but complete women's ankle boots (Attic north room, cat.# 001) scale lOcm


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Almost (98%) complete glazed stoneware "bung jar" (Courtyard, under stairs cat.#006). It may have been used in Row and Company's manufacture of pharmaceuticals. scale JOcm



A range of bottles, many still with intact paper labels, were recovered from the Attic, north room, including, from left to right, Tooth 's K.B.Australian Lager (cat.#008), Laurel kerosene (cat.#001), Orlando SpecUd Dry Centenary Sherry (cat.#011), Resch's SpecUd Export Pilsener (cat.# 010), Dinner Ale (cat.# 009), Orlando Sweet Sherry (cat.# 012), Max Royal Methylated Spirits (cat.# 025), an unidentified corked bottle (cat.# 027) and (to right of scale) a bottle marked "PIESSE/ AND/ LUBIN/ LONDON" (cat.# 028). scale 10cm


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6.0 DISCUSSION

6.1 What evidence is there for activities conducted on the site and its past development?

Alterations of the fabric were evidenced - the removal of steps in the warehouse basement, opening of a doorway between the warehouse and house basements, replacement of the ho_use' s courtyard stairs and replacement of flooring.

Evidence for Row and Company's use of the site was found, as well as for domestic occupation of the upper floors of the house in the 1870s, and early this century. The fill of the footings trench in the house basement room's south wall indicates that the connection between these buildings was opened at some time during the dual occupancy of Row and Company ca.1883-1924.

6.2 Was there a staircase providing access to the basement in Basement room 07?

Yes: evidence for the base of the stairs was exposed cut into the shale bedrock which forms the room's floor. A square cut notch in the floor at the point expected for the putative stair was exposed (007). It was filled by two bricks (003) and a piece of decaying timber (008) bedded in loose grey fill containing a lot of mortar fragments (006).

6.3 What former floor surfaces existed?

In the basement of the warehouse, the shale bedrock had been excavated to form flooring. At some later time, after removal of the staircase leading to the ground level, a bitumen floor was poured.

In the house basement, the shale bedrock was again exposed. Its surface in this area was much less smooth and even than in the warehouse, however, suggesting that a more level, possibly timber floor had once existed.

6.4 Do the artefacts (specifically the Row and Co. bottles and the Josephson's ointment jars) reflect manufacturing, bottling, and/or vending on the premises?

Listed as manufacturers and importers (in 1883, of cordial, soap powder and vinegar, as well as the more commonly advertised pharmaceutical range [Sands' 1883]), the numbers and range of glass vessels, as well as high proportion of corks suggests that the embrocation was being made on-site, or at least bottled for sale.

6.5 Was Row's embrocation imported in bulk from England for bottling and sale? By what means?



An advertisement appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald, 24/10/1850 (p.2 col.7) for "ROW'S EMBROCATION OR FARMER'S FRIEND An INFALLIBLE Remedy For Cuts, Bruises, Sprains, Galls with the Saddle or Collar, Broken Knees, Wounds, Lameness, Cracked Heels, Inflammation in either Horse or Bullock &c. &c. ". It purported to introduce the preparation to the public, as one which had been successfully manufactured and marketed by his father in England for twenty years without resort to "puffing" (exaggerated claims/advertising). The advertiser had been selling the embrocation for five years, and had now decided to bring it to public notice.

An advertisement appearing in The Australian Almanac and Handbook of 1875 showed Edward Row and Company at 219 Pitt Street, operating as wholesale and importing druggists, established c.1820. The products manufactured by the company were sold "by all Druggists and Storekeepers throughout trhe Australian Colonies . .. "and the following products are listed:

* Josephson's Australian Ointment, "'PATENTED' OF A PURE GREEN COLOUR, MADE FROM THE WILD PLANTS OF THE COLONY'' was sold in pots, ls.6d. each, and in covered pots, ls, ls.6d. and 2s.6d. each.

* Standard Household Remedies, Dr D .Jayne's Family Medicines, were advertised, including amongst others, Jayne's Expectorant, Jayne's Tonic Vermifuge ("For Worms, Dyspepsia, Piles, General Debility &c."), and Jayne's Carminative Balsam ("For Bowel and Summer Complaints, CoZies, Cramps, Cholera &c. ")

* Row's Embrocation or Farmer's Friend, the Universal Remedy.

A photograph of ca.l900 shows a large advertisement painted on the west side of the Counting House, 43- 45 George Street.

The documentary evidence suggests that the company imported the embrocation at least some of the time, which was possibly bottled on-site. There was no archaeological evidence for preparations other than the ointment and embrocation being manufactured and/or bottled on-site.

Can the different sized and priced pots be identified from the arcluuological record?

Three sizes of ointment jar ("covered pot") were recovered, corresponding to the advertised product.

6.6 How did the establishment "work" - that is, how were different activities coordinated and a"anged?

It appears that the upper floors of the house were used for domestic activities. The basement, however, at least from the Row's occupancy from the 1880s onwards, was used for commercial activities - the manufacture and/or bottling of the company's pharmaceutical products. No more exact statement can be made on the limited evidence recovered.

6. 7 Can the paper colkction be related to the activities/presence of a house-keeper?



The date of the gender-specific items (the ladies' journals and hat-pin box) suggests that they reflect the occupancy of the Reverend Thomas Gainford, minister for the Mariners Church in George Street (1873-5), or that of Charles Smith, accountant/confectioner (1876-ca.1882). The fact that they were found in the attic room suggests that the probable owner was a servant, possibly a house-keeper.

6.8 What event or behaviour does the understairs deposit represent? -

Its domestic character suggests that it is most probably household refuse. A range of domestic activities, including preparation and consumption of food and drink, and dining rituals, were evidenced, but the process of deposition was indirect, and can't be assumed to reflect activities performed nearby.

The fill appears to represent rubbish disposal at the time of or before the modification of the stairs. The date of the items suggests that this occurred during or after the Row and Company tenancy ca.1882-1924.



7.0 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The following statement is based on Clive Lucas et al (1990:20-24).

The planning of 43 George Street is typical of the late Georgian period townhouse. It is in Greek Revival style, and is the archtype of the London townhouse which formed a large part of Sydney's housing stock in the first half of the nineteenth century, but of which few examples survive.

The connection between Martyn and Combes, and the architects Bibb and Verge is of note. It is the only surviving example of adjoining store and residence.

The association of the site with the firms of Martyn and Combes, and later Edward Row and Co., is significant, as well the Reverend Thomas Gainsford. Like many buildings in the area the house reflects its use for lodgings, often for sailors.

The site has been continuously occupied from the late 1840s. Several major interventions have been made in the site's fabric, and the nature of its construction and occupation (excavated into bedrock, re-use of interiors) has prevented accumulation of deposits, with the exception of those investigated during this project. The site currently has little archaeological potential.


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8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Areas which were not involved in this project - the south room of the house basement, basement and ground levels of the house courtyard, the north area of the warehouse basement, and the superstructure of the building - should be investigated prior to disturbance.

8.2 Future intervention in the site's fabric should be monitored.



9.0 ILLUSTRATIONS

9.1 Plans

Location Plan - Sydney Cove Authority file p 2

Site plan - Architects drawings, Sydney Cove Authority drawing AP7 /10 p 37

Percy Dove 1880 Map of Sydney, City of Sydney Council Archives p 38

Trigonometric Map of Sydney 1887. Detail: 43-45 George Street. Water Board. p 39

9.2 Photographs

Area 1 : House basement, northwest corner north room, after removal of dark brown fill (001), exposing brick feature (002). To north. p 12

Area 1: House basement, northwest corner north room. To east. p 12

Area 2 : House basement, southwest corner of room. Removal of 001 and 002 exposing shale bedrock. To south-west. p 13

Area 2 : House basement, southwest corner of room. Removal of 001 and 002 exposing shale bedrock. To south. p 13

View of House basement north room, showing exposed shale. To northwest. p 14

Area 4 : threshhold to warehouse courtyard, showing construction of doorway and services in courtyard. To north. p 16

View of warehouse courtyard, showing services. Note shale on left, excavated for construction of basement. To south. p 17

View of stairs to House basement courtyard. Infill panel has been removed. To east. p 19

Under stairs area, exposed by removal of brick infill panel. To east. p 19

Inside understair area, after removal of brick infill panel. To east. p 20

Excavation of footings trench at doorway between House and Warehouse basement. To south. p 21



Excavation of footings trench at doorway between House and Warehouse basement. To west. p 22

View of footings trench from Warehouse basement. To west. p 23

Metal : tin plate (House Basement context 003 cat.#005), wax vesta box (Attic north room cat.# 003) and salt spoon (Courtyard, under stairs cat.#Oll). scale 10cm p 25

Worn, but complete women's ankle boots (Attic north room, cat.# 001) scale lOcm p 26

Almost (98%) complete glazed stoneware "bung jar" (Courtyard, under stairs cat.#006). It may have been used in Row and Company's manufacture of pharmaceuticals. scale 10cm p 27

A range of bottles, many still with intact paper labels, were recovered from the Attic, north room, including, from left to right, Tooth's K.B.Australian Lager (cat.#008), Laurel kerosene (cat.#001), Orlando Special Dry Centenary Sherry (cat.#Oll), Resch's Special Export Pilsener (cat.# 010), Dinner Ale (cat.# 009), Orlando Sweet Sherry (cat.# 012), Max Royal Methylated Spirits (cat.# 025), an unidentified corked bottle (cat.# 027) and (to right of scale) a bottle marked "PIESSE/ AND/ LUBIN/ LONDON" (cat.# 028). scale lOcm p 28

Historical photgraph SCA HP GE 113 View of George Street North looking to south-east. Note the advertisement for Row and Company painted on the western wall of the Counting House. p 40

9.3 Figures

Archaeological Management Plan Inventory form 27


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10.0 REFERENCES

10.1 Primary

Sands Sydney and NSW Directory

Sydney Morning Herald 24/10/1850

The Australian Almanac and Handbook 1875

10.2 Secondary

Atkins,M 1992 Not to be Excelled for Elegance or Utility: A Study of the Availability of Ceramics in Sydney 1803-1868 Historical Archaeology IV, University of Sydney

Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners and Maisy Stapleton Projects 1990 Conservation Analysis and Draft Conservation Policy Heritage Centre Feasibility Study, 43-45 George Street North, The Rocks, Sydney Sydney Cove Authority

Higginbotham,£, Kass,T and Walker,M 1991 Archaeological Management Plan for the Rocks and Millers Point Sydney Cove Authority and the Department of PLanning

Lydon,E 1992 Archaeological Investigations Susannah Place, Gloucester Street, the Rocks Sydney Cove Authority

Snelgrove,C 1990 A Report on the Methodology used in the Recording of the Sydney Cove Authority's Artefact Collections Sydney Cove Authority

Walker,E 1901 Old Sydney in the 'Forties Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society: 292-320


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Percy Dove 1880 Map of Sydney, City of Sydney Council Archives


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43-45 George Street

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Trigonometric Map of Sydney 1887. Detail: 43-45 George Street. Water Board.


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Historical photograph SCA HP GE 113. View of George Street North looking to south-east. Note the advertisement for Row and Company painted on the western wall of the Counting House.


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -The Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan. Inventory page 1

Location details.

Inventory 27 land category Allotment of land.

Section

Allotment

Tille 8.

Street no 43

location George Street.

Suburb The Rocks.

Name The Counting House.

Above ground archaeological remains.

Site category Standing structure, largely intact.

Original u.. Housing and offices.

Deacrlpllon 1844 or 1847. The Counting House.

Ralarancea SCA. Building Data Sheets.

Below ground archaeological remains.

Assessment of condition Mostly disturbed.

Basis lor assessment Cellars. Floors level with George Street Stone quarried out at rear.

Archaeological investigations.

Type of Investigation

Reference a

Edward Higginbotham, Terry Kass & Meredith Walker. 1991.

Historic sequence of development.

Buildings by 1840s

Historical notes ,-

References

Management plan.

Recommendations Above and below ground archaeological remains. An archaeological conservation plan is recommended.

Refer to the 'Basemap ', to locate any site induded in this Inventory. This plan is included in the Archaeological Management Plan, Volume 1.

A recommendation for an archaeological watching brief or monitoring programme is made for all streets not included in the Inventory.

Refer to the Archaeological Management Plan, Volume 1, for: 1. Legal obligations for the protection of archaeological resources (Chapter 6). 2. Circumstances in which archaeological investigations are required (Chapter 7). 3. The types of archaeological investigations and the procedures associated with them (Chapter 8). 4. Permits and other approvals (Chapter 9).

The Archaeological Management Plan does not affect, or remove any obligations or requirements that apply by way of legislation to The Rocks and Millers Point.

Department of Planning & Sydney Cove Authority.

-


11.0 APPENDICES

11.1 Excavation Permit Application

11.2 Field notes

11.3 Artefact catalogue

11.4 Sands Sydney and NSW Directory


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43-45 GEORGE STREET NORTH, THE "COUNTING HOUSE", THE ROCKS

APPLICATION FOR EXCAVATION PERMIT UNDER SECTION 140, HERITAGE ACT, 1977 : Attachments

1. Reason for excavation

I have been advised that conservation of this building will involve basement works as follows:

1. the installation of services, along existing lines, 2. exposure of former floor surfaces now covered by deposit, 3. installation of a staircase (Basement room 07)

REFER SITE PLAN

2. Research Design (i) Detailed history The following account is taken from Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners/Maisy Stapleton Projects (1990).

The buildings at 43-45 George Street are situated on a parcel of land granted by Crown Grant in 1834 to Robert Campbell snr (LTO 734, Bk 290).

In 1841 Lot 4, now 47 George Street, was conveyed to John Martyn and James Combes for 825 pounds, who erected a three storey stone store designed by John Bibb, ca.1841-3 (LTO, Bk 2, 819). Martyn and Combes were then trading in partnership as plumbers, painters and glaziers at the comer of Jamison and George Streets (The Australian 23/1/1841).

In 1847 Martyn and Combes bought Lot 5 for 300 pounds from George Campbell (LTO Bk 13, No.622). During 1848 they erected the present buildings at 43-53 George Street, described as " .. consisting of a commodious dwelling house and spacious stores, replete with every convenience." They were rated as having stone walls, slate roof and three floors, with a width at George Street of 33'(City of Sydney Council Gipps Ward, Reel 37). By 1850 Lawrence and Spyers, merchants and commission agents, were tenants of house and store. In 1852 the house was tenanted by Archibald Walker, merchant. Between 1859- 1864 John Martyn resided in the house, and Martyn and Combes occupied the store. The Martyn's business continued to be run at the store until 1868 (RAB Reel 38), although the house was tenanted 1865-7 by William Rielly.

Between 1868-1872 Richard Peek, JP, occupied the house (Sands). In 1869 the store was occupied by James Reid and Co., wool brokers. Between 1873-5 the Reverend Thomas Gainford, minister for the Mariners' Church in George Street, occupied the house. The store was leased between 1870-5 by Ward and Co., soap powder manufacturers.



In 1876 the store was leased by Edward Row and Co., Wholesale and manufacturing chemists. The house was occupied by Charles Smith, alternately described as accountant or confectioner (Sands). Ca. 1882 Edward Row and Co. occupied both store and house, continuing to do so until 1924. It is probable that openings in the common wall to 43 and 45 were made.

On Dove's 1880 plan a timber addition to the rear of 43 George Street is shown. A Trigonometric Map of Sydney, 1887, shows that the rear yard area of 43-47 George Street was enclosed by a wooden and corrugated iron structure, probably forming part of. Row's manufacturing establishment.

REFER PLANS

In 1902 the buildings were resumed under the "Public Works Act, 1900"(LTO Bk 734, No.290). The NSW Government Rocks Resumption Board appear to have carried out various repairs to the building at this time, and possibly demolished the timber rear addition also (RAB Gipps Ward, Reel 41).

From 1922 the buildings were subdivided, the Rows sharing the house and store with F.A.Lawrence, commercial designer (Sands). In 1925 the house was occupied by P.S.Blake, indent agent, F.A.Lawrence and Cecil C.Row. The store at 45 George Street was used by Lawley and Co as a box manufacturing factory (Sands).

From 1927 the NSW Maritime Services Board were responsible for the administration of the premises (RAB Reel 42).

In 1928 Mary O'Grady occupied store and house for residential accommodation, following repairs and alterations(SCNMSB Tenancy cards). Further renovations were made in 1934, including a kitchen, improved water supply, the toilet fitout and a creation of a door between Basement rooms 04 and 05 (SCA 8, MSB Tenancy cards).

In 1935 after Mrs O'Grady's departure, Haigh Ziolkowski leased the premises, until 1941 For a period in 1942 the premises were used as accommodation for the Royal Indian Navy (SCA, MSB Tenancy cards).

From 1943 Mrs Alice Auguston again leased the premises, for residential accommodation (SCA Tenancy file T416). In 1960 the roof was re-covered in galvanised corrugated steel.

In 1981 the fire stair and enclosing walls in 45 George Street was built, and other alterations were effected. From 1982 the Sydney Cove Authority has administered the buildings, making a few alterations such as new flashings to the parapet and cornice. The premises were leased by the Auguston family until 1985 (SCA Tenancy file T416).

(ii) Statement of Cultural Significance The following statement is based on that made in Clive Lucas et al (1990:20-24).

Architectural.



The planning of 43 George Street is typical of the late Georgian period townhouse. It is in Greek Revival style.

It is the archtype of the London townhouse which formed a large part of Sydney's housing stock in the first half of the nineteenth century, but of which few examples survive.

The connection between Martyn and Combes, and the architects Bibb and Verge is of note.

It is the only surviving example of adjoining store and residence.

Historical. The association of the site with the firms of Martyn and Combes, and later Edward Row and Co., is significant, as well the Reverend Thomas Gainsford.

Like many buildings in the area the house reflects its use for lodgings, often for sailors.

Archaeological. The site has been continuously occupied from the late 1840s, without any major intervention in the physical fabric.

(iii) Research Questions

What evidence is there for activities conducted on the site and its past development? Was there a staircase providing access to the basement in Basement room 07? What former floor surfaces existed?

(iv) Accurate location plan -attached (v) Accurate site plan -attached

(vi) Proposed excavation methods. Standard excavation methods will be employed. Only one test excavation will be carried out, in basement room 07, in order to determine whether a staircase existed in this area. It is not proposed to disturb deposits elsewhere except to record finishes and surfaces. Installation of new services along exisitng service lines will be monitored, and any significant features recorded.

(vii) Personnel. The work will be carried out by Jane Lydon.

(viii) Bibliography and illustrative material.

Bibliography Clive Lucas, Stapleton and Partners and Maisy Stapleton Projects 1990 Conservation Analysis and Draft Conservation Policy Heritage Centre Feasibility Study, 43-45 George Street North, The Rocks, Sydney Sydney Cove Authority

Illustrations


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Location Plan - Sydney Cove Authority file Site plan - Architects drawings, Sydney Cove Authority drawing AP7 /10 Percy Dove 1880 Map of Sydney, City of Sydney Council Archives Trigonometric Map of Sydney 1887. Detail: 43-45 George Street. Water Board.


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Brick taken from in-fill wall below courtyard steps.

Hand-made sandstock. Traces of shell mortar covered by modern cement suggests that the brick has been re-used from a nineteenth century structure. Fabric Very orange, cinder inclusions and red ironstone, white clay impurities. Cinder added later in cl9 to facilitate burning in kiln. Mixed texture due to poor mixing, unground materials.

1-tcint face mark

Frog Covered by cement, but trace at one end. Used widely post 1850.

Size L: 23cm W: llcm B: 7-7.5cm

Post 1850s size -ie thicker than pre-1840s/50s which was usually shallower eg 6.4-7.1cm.

Conclusion The brick is a later sandstock, ca.1850-1880s (when handmade bricks were superseded by machine-made bricks). It was re-used at least once, as evidenced by the modern cement used to build the in-fill wall.

Note: the olive champagne bottle visible through the hole made by the brick's removal were also commonly re-used, and ranges in date from the mid- end nineteenth century.



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SANDS SYDNEY AND NSW DIRECTORY

1870 George Street - west side Here Cumberland Street and Fort Street Lower Vacant land 7 Urquhart, James 9 Butler, Mrs

Vacant land 43 Rucker ,John H. , accountant 45 Leishman, Rev. William

Vacant land 51 Vacant 53 Ward and Co., soap powder manufacturers 55 Martyn,W.M., merchant

Here Union Street

1871 Here Fort Street, lower and Cumberland Street

7 Lockyer, Mrs Eliza 9 Vacant

Vacant land Farley, James, wood and coal merchant

43 Rucker ,John H. 45 Kealy John

Vacant land 51 Peek, Richard 53 Ward and Co., soap powder manufacturers 55 Martyn,W.M., merchant

Here Union Street

1873 Gloucester Street Levie and Alexander, coal merchants 43 Cohen,E 45 Davis Frederick

Vacant 51 Gainford,T., Rev. 53 Ward and Co., soap powder manufacturers 55 Vacant

Union Street

1875 55 Row, Edward and Co., laboratory (also note advertisement front pages, address listed as 219 Pitt Street)

1876 Gloucester Street

Vacant land Tanner and Bowman, coal dealers



43 Eady, Thomas, leather merchants 45 McCarthy, James, bootsellers

Vacant land 51 Smith, Charles, accountant

1879 George Street - west side Gloucester Street Tanner, John, coal merchant Vacant land 43 Eady, Thomas W 45 McCarthy, William, importer

Vacant land 51 Smith, Charles, confectioner 53 and 55 Row, Edward and Co., wholesale and manufacturing chemists

1880 George Street - west side Gloucester Street McHugh,John, wood and coal yard Vacant land 43 Eady, Thomas W 45 McCarthy, William, importer

Vacant land 51 Smith, Charles, confectioner 53, 55 Row, Edward and Co., laboratory

Atherden Street

1882 Gloucester Street Stables 27 Eady, Thomas W 29 McCarthy James

Vacant Houses in course of erection

43 Row and Co., laboratory

1883 37-9 Vacant

Row and Co (E., Warren E.), cordial, soap powder and vinegar makers

Atherden Street

1884 43-5-7 Rowe, Edward and Co. (Row, Edward, Row, Warren E.) importers and manufacturers

1885 43-45-47 Row, Edward and co., importers and manufacturers

1890 43-47 Row, Edward and co., importers and manufacturers

1900 43-47 Row, Edward and co., iptporters and manufacturers


I I

1910

I 43-47 Row, Edward and co., importers and manufacturers

1920

I 43-47 Row, Edward and co., importers and manufacturers

1930

I no listing

I I I I -I I I I I I I I I I I The "Counting House" Archaeological Investigation 48

I

Documents

University of Sydneynswaol.library.usyd.edu.au/data/pdfs/22550_ID_Lydon1993...I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ll l~MII~~~jili~l~ll~ill\[1\ H00473 ~-i:erif&g~ ~ihrttr}J CONTENTS