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© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Maria Papadopoulou & Christophe Roche
Equipe CondillacUniversité Savoie Mont-Blanc (France)
www.condillac.org
KETRCUniversity of Liaocheng (China)
www.ketrc.com
1
Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019University of Copenhagen, 5/3/2019
Twinning Classics and A.I.: Building the new generation of ontology-based
lexicographical tools and resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
5. Recommendations for good practice
2. Problem
2
Twinning Classics and A.I.:
Building the new generation of ontology-based lexicographical tools and
resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web
chlamys
1. Teaming up
4. The collaboration experience
3. Solution - Results
theoretical assumptions
resources
methodology: ontology-based terminology building for Humanists
tool and use case
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
3
1. Teaming up: the Classicist and the A.I. expert
MSCA Chlamys (Copenhagen)
Condillac Research Group (Savoie)
KETRC (China)
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
www.condillac.org
Equipe Condillac, Laboratoire Listic, Université Savoie-Mont Blanc)
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac
(1714 – 1780) French Philosopher
Because words are the signs of our
ideas, the system inherent in natural
language must be based on the
system inherent in our knowledge.
Grammaire 1775: 27
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
8
2. Problem statement:
How to name things in the domain of Greek Dress?
How to define objects consistently?
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
9
i) The need for consistent terminology (names for objects in the domain):
“Research into dress history, whether the approach is founded in history, art or archaeology, incorporates terminology, one way or another.” Dahl in Andersson-Strand et al. 2010
“Studies of garment-terms in historical societies tend to be hampered by a lack of understanding of the specific vocabulary of dress.” Llewellyn-Jones 2003.
“…it would help if we could work out a list of standard vessel shapes, clearly defined and illustrated, and a set of terms for them.” Kim 1970.
ii) The need to clearly define the objects of the domain:
« le flou terminologique ... dans les études consacrées au costume ... une cause de difficultés decommunication entre chercheurs » Delaporte 1981
“terminological vagueness….in the studies dedicated to dress….hampers communicationamong experts” Delaporte 1981
Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019University of Copenhagen, 5/3/2019
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
« Naming Things »
Identify the Terms Identify the Objects
1’1
Textual Sources & Resources :
- primary texts, dictionaries
- thesauri, ontologies
Object Conceptualisation
- description of objects
- organisation
WORDS and TEXTS
Textual expert:Papyrologist, Epigraphist,
Philologist, Lexicographer
OBJECTS and IMAGES
Material & visual culture expert:Archaeologist, Art Historian
Abstract the Concepts
from Objects
Get the Terms
from Texts
Put into relation
Terms and Concepts
2 2’3
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
11
3. Solution - Results:
theoretical assumptions
resources
a tool assisted method & workflow
for ontology-based terminology building for Humanists
tool & use case
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Theoretical Assumptions
Object: anything perceivable or conceivable- variable, token, instance of a class- real world entity, i.e. chair, computer mouse
There exist knowledge primes (primitives)
In epistemology, primitive knowledge or belief knowledge is immediate,self-evident experience, which does not need the support of any outside evidence.
The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy, 2004, s.v. primitive knowledge
chiton
himation
Concept : set of « knowledge primitives » stable enough to carry a name in language- knowledge based on a plurality of things- is extralinguistic- belongs to the ontology of the domain
Term : “verbal designation of a concept” (ISO 1087-1)• belongs to the terminology of a domain• exists within language
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
13
Example : Chlamys
A.short mantle, worn by horsemen; borrowed with the πέτασος from Thessaly; but said to be Macedonian; worn by Hermes, Luc.Tim.30
chlamys (definition in LSJ)
Terracotta lekythos (oil flask)Attributed to the Tithonos painterc. 480–470 B.C. New York: The Met, 25.78.2. Fletcher Fund, 1925.
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
14
Example : Chlamys
A.short mantle, worn by horsemen; borrowed with the πέτασος from Thessaly; but said to be Macedonian; worn by Hermes, Luc.Tim.30
chlamys (definition in LSJ)
Terracotta lekythos (oil flask)Attributed to the Tithonos painterc. 480–470 B.C. New York: The Met, 25.78.2. Fletcher Fund, 1925.
1 point of attachment
What is it worn with?
What is a chlamys?
attached
Who wears it?
One-piece garment
10 differences (with or without sleeves?) suffice to
end up with a Porphyry tree of 1024 (210) concepts
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Ancient Greek vases
Volute-krater definition in the Beazley Archive
15
Source: https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/tools/pottery/shapes/volute.htm
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Objet - Concept - Term
concept unit of thought knowledge based on a plurality of things belongs to the ontology of a knowledge domain is extralinguistic
(individual) object
material immaterial
Semiotic Triangle
term
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Theory of concept
nature of things
« knowledge primitives » : essential characteristicsdescriptive characteristics : type of fibre, colour, etc.
formal langage* for defining the ontology?*language whose rules are explicitly established before its use
Example: OWL (Web Ontology Language) – OWL 2 (2012)
chlamys
17
concept?
Language of representation?
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
himationTerminology
Linguistic Conceptual
« There is no term without concept »
Ontoterminology :
a terminology whose conceptual system is a formal ontology
Ontology (KE*) :
machine-comprehensible definition of a conceptual system in a formal language *KE = Knowledge Engineering
Ontology - Terminology - Ontoterminology
18
Terminology :
the discipline which studies terms, i.e. verbal designations of concepts (ISO 1087-1).
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Resources
✔ corpus of reference (ancient Greek texts) Perseus Hopper
✔ dictionaries of ancient Greek
✔ metadata (thesauri)
19
✔ digital collections of Greek cultural heritage objects
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
OWL (Web Ontology Language) - Protégé
20
OWL ontologies consist of o individuals or instanceso concepts or classes* lump together sets of individualso properties or roles or slots or relations, i.e. binary relations between individuals
“The key idea is that a class of individuals is describedor defined by the relationships that these individualsparticipate in. In OWL we can define such classes byusing restrictions.
Horridge 2011
Horridge, M. 2011 A Practical Guide To Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 4 and CO-ODE Tools Edition 1.3
*concept and class are taken to be equivalent
Protégé is an editor for building OWL ontologies
“Classes are a concrete representation of concepts.”(Horridge 2011)
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Why not Protégé?
21
Using Protégé requires writing role restrictions and formulas in descriptionlogics and supports OWL (Web Ontology Language).
Asking humanists to work with Protégé means asking them to think, reasonand analyze with the principles (DLs) underlying these computer languages(OWL) (because we think according to the language we use).
Rather than imposing the use of these languages, we propose to respect theexpert's way of thinking, then translate into a W3C language.
“As the group that developed Protégé, the most widely used ontology editor, we are keenly aware of how difficult the users perceive this task to be. ”
Horridge et al. 2013
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Shared Ontology
Multilingual
Terminologies
Concept editor
Term editorTerm Editor
Object editor
Pro
per
nam
es
edit
or
Tedi : ontoTerminology editor
Editor of multilingual ontoterminologies
- multilingualism
- linguistic diversity
- operationalisation
Pro
per
nam
es
edit
or
24
alignment
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Exomis: Term editor generation of a pattern of definition in NL
terminological equivalents
terminological synonyms
statusPOS
gender
notescontexts
denoted concept
terminologicalhypernyms
25
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Exomis: Concept editorgeneric concepts
inferred (Tedi reasoner)and declared (user)
essential characteristics inherited (Tedi reasoner)
and declared (user)
terms
explicit concept name
descriptive characteristics
inherited (Tedi reasoner)and declared
(user)
relations
26
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Exomis : Putting into relation « term » - <Concept>
a term denotes a set of essential characteristics « stable » enough to carry a name in language
list of possible essential characteristics (compatibility, dependency)
list of concepts possessing the selected characteristics
list of terms denoting the selected concept 27
term
Putting into relation
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Definitions of exomis : Tedi (en, fr) - LSJ
exomis : Short and non-pleated garment for man, usually worn around the bodydirectly on the skin, this sleeveless garment consists of two pieces ofcloth sewn together along the sides, attached on the left shoulderleaving the right shoulder and part of the chest naked.
exomide : Vêtement de corps pour homme, court, non-plissé et sans manches.Composé de deux pièces cousues le long des côtés, attaché sur l’épaulegauche laissant l’épaule droite et une partie de la poitrine nues, il estgénéralement porté directement sur la peau.
exomis : tunic with one sleeve (LSJ)
« L’adjectif amphimaschalos attribué au chiton grec n’implique en rien l’idée de manches,mais seulement, de par son étymologie même, celle des deux aisselles » (Losfeld 1991,100),« (…) c’est abusivement, à mon sens, que nos traducteurs ou nos lexicographes parlent detunique "à manches" alors qu’il s’agit de tunique à deux emmanchures. » (ibid. 102).
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
31
For an excerpt from the Greek Dress Ontoterminology please visit:
http://ontoterminology.com/e-dictionaries
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Why this approach?
Added value for Humanists
Consistent terminology for communicating domain knowledge
Term definitions can be checked for consistency and completeness
Ease-of-use
Intuitive concept theory
Term complexity is successfully managed
Data is finely structured
Interoperability (W3C)
Improved search options: on concepts and characteristics
Multilinguality & multimodality
32
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
33
4. The collaboration experience
Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019University of Copenhagen, 5/2/2019
The good stuff:
- fostering mutual understanding of the research through frequent meetings
- taking initiatives to strengthen the collaboration
- constant discussing and negotiating
The challenging stuff:
- own way of thinking and working constantly challenged
- Humanist: building skills in concept modelling
- A.I. expert: adjusting to the particularities and irregularities of knowledge when working with past
cultures
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
34
5. Lessons learnt and Recommendations for good practice
Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019University of Copenhagen, 5/2/2019
• team work is mutually enriching and empowering
• the more one practices interdisciplinary research, the better one becomes at it
• a digital solution offered to Humanists should cater to their discipline’s specific needs
Think like a Humanist:
A Humanist seeks to understand and analyze how humanity manifests itself in different
periods, cultures, media
Think like a Computer scientist:
A Computer scientist develops digital tools and media for real-life problem solving
Getting to understand each other’s way of thinking raises awareness and
improves not only the product, but also the process of the collaboration.
© M. Papadopoulou & C. Roche
Maria Papadopoulou & Christophe Roche
Equipe CondillacUniversité Savoie Mont-Blanc (France)
www.condillac.org
KETRCUniversity of Liaocheng (China)
www.ketrc.com
35
Twin Talks 2019 Understanding Collaboration in DH at DHN 2019University of Copenhagen, 5/2/2019
Twinning Classics and A.I.: Building the new generation of ontology-based
lexicographical tools and resources for Humanists on the Semantic Web
Thank you!