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Universitatea Spiru Haret,
Facultatea de Ştiinţe Economice Câmpulung Muscel
Lect. univ. dr. Tascovici Daliana
2016-2017
LIMBA STRAINA ENGLEZA 2
The course presentation:
Themes:
1. MEETING AND GREETING PEOPLE - 2 ORE
2. JOBS- 2 ORE
3. SOCIALISING IN BUSINESS- 2 ORE
4. HOBBIES AND INTERESTS- 2 ORE
5. OBTAINING INFORMATION- 2 ORE
6. HIGHER EDUCATION AND CAREERS- 2 ORE
7. EUROPEAN UNION MEMBERSHIP- 2 ORE
8. COMPANY ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES - 2 ORE
9. ACCOUNTING- 2 ORE
10. BANKING- 2 ORE
11. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING- 2 ORE
12. FILING SYSTEMS- 2 ORE
13. INTERNATIONAL TRADE - 2 ORE
14. THE STOCK EXCHANGE- 1 ORĂ
15. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT- 1 ORĂ
Obiectivul principal al cursului: 1. Fixarea si îmbogatirea cunostintelor de limba
straina, dobândite în ciclul preuniversitar si aplicarea acestora la situatiile specifice
domeniului financiar-contabil si bancar 2. Identificarea conceptelor pe care le reclama
situatia profesionala de referinta, sub raportul utilizarii limbii engleze 3. Dobândirea
competentelor socio-lingvistice si pragmatice necesare receptarii si producerii diferitelor
tipuri de discursuri si texte de specialitate în situatiile profesionale date 4. Sprijinirea
cursantilor în a putea maximiza propriul repertoriu strategic de învatare si utilizare
efectiva a limbii engleze si dupa încheierea cursului urmat.
Bibliography:
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1. Niculescu A., Crişan C., Marcoci S., Vald C., The Language of Business
Accounting. Banking, Finance – Workbook, Ed. Fundaţiei Romănia de Mâine, Bucureşti,
2006.
2. Ştefan R., Vasilescu R., Marcoci S., Beldea E., Come Along, Ed.Fundaţiei
Romănia de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2005.
3. Moldoveanu Sara, Economic Discourse, Applications, Ed. Fundaţiei România de
Mâine, Bucureşti, 2006.
4. Mihăilă Ramona, Current Issues, Ed. Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucureşti,
2006.
5. Lupu Janeta, English Practical Course for Intermediate Students, Ed. Fundaţiei
România de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2001.
6. Barbu Adina Mihaela, Chirimbu Sebastian, English Language for Daily Use, Ed.
Fundaţiei România de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2006.
Bibliografie facultativa:
_ Dictionar de termeni economici (român-englez-francez-spaniol), Vasilescu,
Dumbravescu,
Burcea, Niculescu,: Iasi, Editura Polirom, 2008
_ A Review of Essentials of Accounting, Anthony R.N, Prentice Hall, 1997
_ Engleza de afaceri în economia de piata, Fulvia Turcu, vol. 1 si 2, editura Uranus, 1991
_ Go ahead, Stefan R, Pricope M., Beldea E., - Editura Fundatiei România de Mâine,
2005
_ English for business purposes , Ciuciuc O., Tanasescu,E., editura Teora, 1998
Prezentarea cursului/Rezumatul cursului: The Language of Business-accounting-
bankingfinance
is an upper-intermediate course for learners who need to be able to express the key
concepts of accounting, banking and finance in English. The aims of The Language of
Business
are:
_ To present learners with the language and concepts found in company documents and
in
newspaper articles on business;
_ To develop reading skills and give practice in the comprehension of business texts;
_ To provide learners with opportunities to express business concepts themselves, by
reformulating them in their own words while summarizing, analysing and discussing
Unit structure : most of the units contain an informative reading passage designed to give
an
overview of a particular topic followed by a variety of comprehension, vocabulary,
writing and
grammar exercises as well as discussion activities. Exercise types include open-ended
questions,
true/false statements, multiple-choice, matching, sentence completion, and summarizing.
The
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units are grouped according to subject matter: Recruitment, Types of Business
organisations,
Financial accounting, Management accounting, Financial Management-sources of funds,
Banking, International Trade, The Stock Exchange, Filing systems. As well as
introducing
crucial accounting and finance concepts the reading passages have a high density of
relevant
technical vocabulary. Moreover, the Vocabulary development section is meant to help
students
increase and practice their business vocabulary in context. The Grammar section
highlights
language functions and structures which are particularly useful in business situations.
Together,
the texts, vocabulary and grammar exercises build up to a fair collection of business
terms
mainly in the area of finance and accounting, the most important of which are collected in
a
glossary at the back of the book. The different groups of units are not graded in terms of
difficulty, and so need not necessarily be followed in the printed order. Emphasis is
placed on
learner independence and students are encouraged to work out rules for themselves. Each
unit is
designed to provide two or three hours’ work. The handbook offers enough material for a
two hour
a week course lasting a single academic year. Answers or suggested answers to all the
exercises are contained in the Answer Key at the end of the book.
Lista subiectelor posibile
1. Management accounting has been described as “the eyes and ears of management”.
What do
you think this expression means?
2. What information is usually included in a balance sheet?
3. What is the primary source of your revenue? Is the amount of revenue that you will
receive
an important criterion in a career decision? Why or why not?
4. Write a sentence correctly using revenue. (Be sure to include context clues to show
that you
understand the meaning of the word).
5. What is the biggest expenditure for you as a student? Why?
6. Prepare a talk about your bank’s products and services.
7. Accounting information should be understandable. As some managers have a poor
knowledge of accounting we should produce simplified financial reports to help them. To
what extent do you agree with this view?
8. Why do most businesses give credit?
9. Write a 100-word paragraph to compare and contrast the sources and uses of short term
funds.
10. What is the difference between letters and memos?
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11. What kind of degrees are awarded by academic / university education institutions?
12. Describe the traditional English units of length, distance and weight
13. Write a letter of application for a scholarship in a member country of the European
Union.
14. Which sector of the economy do you find more interesting, public or private? Why?
15. Most people think they are overworked and underpaid. What’s your opinion?
16. Would you like to be an entrepreneur? Why or why not? What business would you
operate
or own as an entrepreneur?
17. Suppose you are writing a cover letter to apply for a job. Pick up four adjectives that
best describe you. Then write four sentences that describe your qualities. (Do not include
the four
adjectives in your sentences).
Teme de casa
Rezolvarea tuturor exercitiilor din manualul The Language of Business: accounting-
bankingfinance,
2006, Niculescu (coord.), Editura Fundatiei România de Mâine
Unit I. MEETING AND GREETING PEOPLE
Key words: identification, greetings, present tense simple, present tense continuous
Objectives: The students have to be in the measure:
- to greet different categories of people
- To use the present tense simple and continuous in correct contexts.
Notes
Introducing yourself. Pay attention to the following text:
„A.: Mr. Black?
B.: Yes, that’s right.
A.: Let me introduce myself. I am A. I work for Mr. Pop.
B.: Mrs. A: How do you do? I am looking forward to meeting you. (they shake hands).
A.: It is nice to meet you, Mr. You have come a very long way on this trip, so I hope
things
are going well. Welcome to Bucharest.
We use different expressions to great people. Study the expressions given below:
Introducing formal: - May I introduce…
- I would like to meet...
Introducing informal: - This is…
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Greeting formal: - Pleased to meet you
- It is nice to meet you
- How do you do?
Greeting informal: - Hello! It is good to see you.
- Hi! How are you?
The possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, yours, theirs.
The possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their. All these forms show
that
something belong to someone.
Eg. I like your suit. It fits better than mine. mine = my suit
Yours is a nicer colour, though. Yours = your suit
You use an object pronoun (me, you, him, us, you, them) as the direct object of the verb.
Eg. Her teacher wants her to study science at university.
The plural of nouns
There are two grammatical numbers in English: singular or plural.
There are several ways of writing the plural. The essential one are:
1. by adding „s” to the singular.
eg. Boy – boys; school – schools
2. by adding „es” to the most word that end in „o” and to the words ending in „s”, „z”,
„x”, „sh”, „ch”:
eg. Negro – negroes, potato – potatoes, hero – heroes
3. words ending in „y”, with a consonant immediately before it, change the „y” into „ies”.
eg. Lady – ladies, fly – flies, story – stories
4. words endind in „y” with a a vowel immediately before it simply add „s”.
eg. Valley – valleys, donkey – donkeys.
5. words ending in „f” or „fe” generally change this to „ves”.
Eg. Leaf – leaves, wifw – wives, shelf – shelves.
6. some words form their plural by a change of vowel.
Eg. Man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth.
7. two words form their plural differently from all the others.
Eg. Child – children, ox – oxen.
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8. some words have the same form for singular or plural.
Eg. Sheep, deer
The Present Tense Simple
It is used to show permanent activities
Eg. M and S sells food and clothes.
It is used to express frequent, habitual activities.
Eg. Steve watches television every evening.
It is used in Time Clauses to express the future, after when, before, till, until,…
Eg. When you call, I will be there.
The relatives
Mother, father, husband, wife, son, daughter, brother, sister, grandmother, grandfather,
granddaughter, grandson, uncle, aunt, cousin, nephew, niece, …-in-law, step-…,
Possible subjects:
I. Un singur răspuns corect
1. My mother’s brother is for me:
A. my grandpa
B. My uncle
C. My cousin
2. My busband’s mother is for me:
A. my mom
B. my mother-in-law
C. my aunt
3. Choose the correct sentence to express the age:
A. He is seven.
B. He is seven years.
C. He has seven.
4. Choose the correct sentence to express the age:
A. I am twenty years.
B. I had twenty.
C. I am twenty years old.
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5. Choose the correct sentence to express the date:
A. It is the 6 May.
B. It is the 6th of May.
C. It is 6th may.
6. Choose the correct wish for Christmas:
A. A Merry Christmas!
B. Many Returns!
C. The Same to You!
7. Choose the correct wish for someone’s birthday:
A. Wishes!
B. Many Returns of Day!
C. Happy Birthday!
8. Which is the Present Simple, the third person singular form of the verb „to be”?
A. Is.
B. Are.
C. Am.
9. Which is the Present Simple, the second person form of the verb „to be”?
A. Am.
B. Is.
C. Are.
10. Which is the Present Simple, the first person form of the verb „to have”?
A. Have.
B. To Have.
C. Has.
11. Which is the plural form of „thief”?
A. Thiefs
B. Thievs
C. Thieves.
12. Which is the plural form of „child”?
A. Childs.
B. Childrens.
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C. Children.
13. Which is the plural form of „bus”?
A. Buses.
B. Buss.
C. Busez.
14. Which is the plural form of „tooth”?
A. Tooths.
B. Teeths.
C. Teeth.
15. Choose the right pronoun: We are stronger than…. At football.
A. They.
B. Them.
C. Their.
16. Choose the right pronoun: Let … go all for a walk.
A. We.
B. Us.
C. I.
17. Choose the right pronoun: Do you think … is better than me?
A. He.
B. Him.
C. His.
18.Choose the right possessive adjective: Help me carry … bag.
A. Her.
B. She.
C. Hers.
19. Choose the right possessive: … sister is fainted.
A. Me.
B. My.
C. Mine.
20. The indefinite article for „horse” is:
A. An.
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B. A.
C. The.
21.The Indefinite article for „hour” is:
A. A.
B. An.
C. The.
22.The indefinite article for „window” is:
A. A.
B. An.
C. The.
23.The zero article is used with:
A. Numerals.
B. Names of waters.
C. Name of days.
24.The zero article is used with:
A. Names of towns.
B. After „many”.
C. Numerals.
25.The Simple Present expresses:
A. A general truth.
B. An action taken place at the moment of speaking.
C. A perssonal plan for future.
26.The Present Continuous expresses:
A. A repeated action.
B. An action taken place at the moment of speaking.
C. A habitual action.
Autoevaluation
1. Daţi exemple de folosire a articolului nehotărât.
2. Daţi exemple de formule oficiale de prezentare a unei persoane.
3. Ce categorii de verbe nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu?
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4. Exemplificaţi reguli de ortografie la adăugarea terminaŢiei „s” la prezentul simplu.
Responses:
1. Articolul nehotărăt se foloseste cu :
- substantive abstracte nedefinite: Life is wonderful.
- numele meselor zulei, folosite în sens abstract: In our house, dinner is serve dat seven.
- nume de sporturi: Everybody likes football.
- nume de orase: London is an old city.
2. May I introduce…
I would like you to meet…
3. Nu se folosesc la aspectul continuu, următoarele categorii de verbe: Verbe modale,
verbe care
arată sentimente, verbe care arată activităŢi mentale, verbe care arată percepŢii
senzoriale, alte
verbe.
4.- „y” final precedat de consoană se transformă în –ie: try-tries
- verbele terminate în „s”, „z”, „x”, „sh”, „ch”, vocală, primesc terminaŢia –es: to
watchwatches.
Unit 2: JOBS
Keywords: job application, letter of application, CV, interview, letter writing, personal
letter, business letter
Obiectives:
- să cunoască paşii în alcătuirea unui CV
- să alcătuiască o scrisoare de intenţie
- să formeze fraze condiţionale
Notes:
Of all forms of writing, letter writing is probably the most free and the most
agreeable. Letter writing is really „a piece of conversation by post”. You would not
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be writing the letter unless you had something to say, and the nearer what you have to
say approaches to level of conversation, the better the letter is likely to be.
Letters, broadly speaking, fall into two classes: personal letters and business
letters. More often then not, a business letter plays a specific part in a transaction. It is
written to achieve a definite purpose and often gives rise to legal obligations. The
business letter calls for the language that is precise, in other words for a different
style, and above all, for clearness and accuracy.
Businessmen have many letters to read and naturally wish to gain their
information without waist of time. They welcome the kind of letter that is clear and to
the point. The advice „Be brief” must be accepted with caution Never seek for brevity
at the expense of clearness. But, on the other hand, the directness associated with
brevity must not be confused with curtness. True conciseness consists in saying only
what needs to be said and in avoiding tedious and unnecessary detail. It does not
mean saying less then required, but it does not saying more. Nor is conciseness to be
achieved at the expense of good English. The letter must be clear, complete, concise,
courteous and correct.
There are four main reasons for writing business letters:
- to provide a convenient and inexpensive means of communication without
personal contact
- to seek or give information
- to furnish evidence of transactions entered into
- to provide a record for future reference
There is also a less obvious reason – that of creating in the mind of the receiver a
good impression of the writer’s firm, and also of the writer himself as an efficient
person eager to be of service.
This you attitude means that you must put yourself into your correspondent’s
shoes-sense his feelings and anticipate his reactions.
This ability to adapt yourself to the point of view and outlook of your
correspondent outstanding quality of a good letter-writer and a good letter will always
be written with the reader’s reactions in mind.
Create reader benefits which are important in both informative and
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What is the employment outlook for office careers? The great influx of computers
and other office technological advances has not changed the need for people with good
skills. Statistics estimate a 10 per cent increase in secretarial positions in the ten-year
period through 2010. Managerial / administrative positions are expected to increase by
more then twice that percentage.
Now that you are aware of promising outlook for office employees, you should
familiarize yourself with steps you must follow in seeking employment.
If you work full time, you will work approximately 50 percent of your working
hours at your job. Make sure you can give your best efforts.
Before you apply for a job with a particular company, find aut all you can about
the company. This information is needed for two major reasons. First, you need to
know if you meet your career goals by working for this company.
Secondly you need to know as much about the company as possible in order to be
prepared for the interview. One question often asked in the interview is „Why do you
want to work for this company”. Unless you know something about the company, you
can not satisfactorily answer this question.
When a company needs to employ new people, it may decide to advertise the job
or position in a newspaper. People who are interested can then apply for the job by
sending in a letter of application or covering letter (US cover letter) and a curriculum
vitae or CV containing details of their education and experience. In some cases, a
company may prefer to do this initial selection after asking candidates to complete a
standard application form. The company’s human resource department will then
select the applications that is considers the most suitable and prepare a shortlist of
candidates or applicants who are invited to attend an interview.
How to write a Letter of Application?
A letter of application should be concise and to the point. It should contain three
or four paragraphs.
First paragraph
- state your interest and purpose for writing the letter
- if you know of a specific job opening, state that you are applying for it and how
you learned about it.
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Second paragraph
- emphasize your qualifications. Highlight only those areas that will give you an
advantage over other applicants.
- State what experience you have and how useful you can be to the company.
- Create interest in your abilities and state your desire to work for that firm.
Third paragraph
- request an interview. Be clear as to when and where you can be reached. If you
are responding to an advertisement which asks for salary requirements, give a
range instead of a specific number.
How to write a CV
The CV or resume is a concise statement of your background, education, skills
and experience. In writing your CV, remember that it is one of the tools that should
help you to get a job. You should present your qualifications in the best light possible.
In addition to personal information such as your name, address, and telephone
number, other information include:
- your career objective
- education
- list degree, institution, major and date (suggest beginning with the highest degree
and working backwards)
- office skills and abilities
- work experience, work history
- title, employer’s name, dates (date can go first if you wish, list your experience in
reverse chronological order)
- achievements and accomplishments (if relevant to your objective)
- references
The interview
If you have done well, thus far in the application process, you may get the
opportunity you have been hoping for – the chance to meet the employer’s face-to-
face. Helpful hints:
-dress appropriately
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- give a firm handshake
- maintain good eye contact
- try not to act nervous, display good humor
- show a genuine interest in what the interviewer says and be alert to all questions
- try to understand what your prospective employer’s needs and show how you can
fill them
- express yourself clearly and with a well-modulated voice.
From your application, your CV, and your employment tests that may have been
administrated, an interviewer can determine your specific skills. What must be
determined, however, is your ability to project yourself through your use of good
grammar, your knowledge of current events, your interests and your attitude toward
people and work in general.
Possible subjects
- make a CV
- make a cover letter
- explain the main purpose of a cover letter
- show the differences between a CV and a cover letter
Evaluation
True/False
1. A signed advertisement includes the name of the firm placing the advertisement
2. A blind advertisement includes the name of the firm placing the advertisement
3.A letter of application should not be concise and to the point.
Answers: 1. True 2. False 3. False
Unit 3: SOCIALISING IN BUSINESS
Keywords: socializing, business, dialogues
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Objectives. The students have to:
- have a conversation on different themes
- know the terms related to business
Business people have to talk not only on the actual aspects of the business, but also in a
variety of social situations, while travelling abroad or receiving visitors.
Notes:
Customer: How do I sign up?
Representative: Just let me know, I'll sign you up immediately.
Customer: Can you tell me how the telephone banking services work?
Representative: You can do all your day-to-day banking over the telephone, 24 hours a
day.
Customer: That's great. How do I access my account?
Representative: Just call the bank, key in your PIN number and listen to the menu of
options available.
Customer: How do I choose which option I want?
Representative: Just press the number for the service stated by the recording.
Customer: What kind of things can I do?
Representative: You can check your balance, pay bills, order a statement or even
transfer money to another bank.
Exercises for auto evaluation
Grammar:
Complete the dialogues:
R: Good afternoon. … I help you?
C: Good afternoon. My name is C.S. I am … Best Motors Ltd. I ….. an appointment with
Mary Taylor …….. be with you at 2 o clock.
R: Oh, yes. Take a seat, please. Mrs. Tylor ….. be with you in a moment.
Responses: 1. Can/may, 2. From/with, 3. Have, 4. Will
Complete:
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1. C.S. works/works/is working for Best Motors in the Sales Department.
2. He is/was/has been in the company for three years now.
3. He enjoys many/a lot of/few time on the road visiting customers from all over the
Britain.
4. Sometimes he travels hundred miles in a day. Last week he drive/drove/dived
more than that.
Responses: 1.works, 2. has been, 3. a lot of, 4. drove
Unit 4: Hobbies and interests
Keywords: entertainment, sport, hobbies, determinants
Objectives: După parcurgerea temei, studenţii trebuie să fie în măsură:
- speak about the favorite sports (English Language for Daily Use, p. 178-188; Come
Along, p.128-144)
- describe a hobby (English Language for Daily Use, p. 178-188; Come Along, p.128-
144)
- use correctly the determinants
- use in contexts the past tense continuous tense.
Notes
„Hobbies” are a great British and American tradition. A hobby is a special interest
or activity that people do in their time off. Some people have animals as hobbies. Others
are crazy about plants.
Sports represent other worldwide hobbies. English play football, cricket and polo
but play other sports too. We must consider the many advantages which education
derives from games, when practiced as they ought to be. “Games are the handmaid of
lessons – a means of making you fit and fresh for work and a means where the game
itself is only of secondary importance, compared with the spirit in which it is played.
People will generally play games in the right spirit, if those who control them show in
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their own methods and conduct what that spirit is” the educational writer Max O’Rell
from ‘Daily Mail’ says.
Words related with sports: team, competition, stadium, fan, player, international
tournament, to enjoy sailing, enthusiastic, own boat, sailing races (‘regattas’), baseball,
summer sport, winter sport, bowler, ball, bat, batsman, pitcher, batter at cricket, a bowler
throws the ball and the batter hits it with his bat league, top player, big star...
The Past Continuous Tense arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat in mod continuu si
neintrerupt intr-o perioada de timp bine definit din trecut, sau in acelasi timp cu una sau
mai multe actiuni tot din trecut. Se traduce prin imperfect.
Se formeaza:
Afirmativ: was/were + V-ing
Interogativ: was/were + subiect + V-ing?
Negativ: subiect + was/were + not + V-ing
“Have you header the news?” “Yes, they were talking about it in the office all
morning yesterday”.
When we meat they were coming from school and we were going home.
“What were you doing when I rang you up?” “I was not sleeping. I was writing
some letters.”
Describing things
You may often have to describe an object, or a piece of equipment or a machine or
gadget to people. You may need to do this because your listener is unfamiliar with the
object, or because you can not think of the name for it. In describing an object, we often
have to answer
wuestion like these:
What size is it?
What shape is it?
What colour is it?
What is it made of?
What size it look like?
What is it used for?
What does it work?
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Possible subjects
1. A pet is…
A. an animal
B. a favourite animal
C. a toy
2. Which is an indoor sport?
A. cards
B. football
C. baseball
3. Which is an outdoor sport?
A. cards
B. ice-skating
C. dancing
4. Which is a winter sport?
A. Windsurfing
B. Skiing
C. swimming
5. If you practice fishing, you need:
A. a partner
B. a fishing-rod
C. a table
6. Defender is connected to
A. golf
B. gymnastics
C. football.
7. I … while you were listening.
A. have read
B. have been reading.
C. was reading
8. When you … the room, everybody stopped talking.
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A. enter
B. entering
C. entered
9. When I heard the news, I …crying.
A. start
B. started
C. have started
10. A hobby is…
A. a special interest people do in their time off
B. an activity people do in their time
C. any activity people do
11. The entertainment … to making a person famous.
A. contributed
B. industry
C. affected
12.The technology affected the way we spend the … way.
A. our
B. free
C. off
13. Nowadays, the children spend more time….than outdoors.
A. home
B. spare
C. indoors
14. Children spend too much time in front of a ..
A. mouse
B. screen
C. playing
15. Police blame football… for the vandalism.
A. players
B. hooligans
C. rivals
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16. The Olympic Games require locations capable of seating a large number of…
A. opponents
B. tournament
C. spectators
17. Children’s … can be damaged because of spending too much time indoors.
A. play
B. health
C. computer
18. Children have a few favourite … at television.
A. programmes
B. screen
C. conflict
19. A growing number of teenagers are becoming … because of spending too much time
indoor.
A. thin
B.flat
C.obese
20.Children have to …a sport regularly.
A. make
B. practice
C. see
21. Coal is…
A. red
B. black
C. scarlet
22. The crow is…
A. black
B.orange
C. purple
23. The blood is …
A. violet
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B.crimson
C. red
24. The swan is …
A.yellow
B.brown
C. white
25. The strawberry is…
A. red
B. white
C. pink
SOME We use "some" in positive sentences. We use some for both countable and
uncountable nouns. Example: I have some friends. ANY We use "any" in negative
sentences or questions. We use any for both countable and uncountable nouns. Example:
Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any friends in Chicago. EXCEPTION!
We use "some" in questions when offering or requesting something that is there.
Example: Would you like some bread? (offer) - Could I have some water? (request)
ANY We use "any" in negative sentences or questions. We use any for both countable
and uncountable nouns. Example: Do you have any cheese? - He doesn't have any
friends in Chicago. SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING We use "some"
words - somebody, someone, somewhere and something - in positive sentences.
Example: He lives somewhere near here. ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING
We use "any" words - anybody, anyone, anywhere and anything - in negative sentences
or questions. Example: Do you know anything about that boy? - She doesn't have
anywhere to go.
1. Speak about collectors.
2. Name objects that can be collected.
3. What is a hobby?
4. Speak about your favorite means of relaxing.
5. Match the words with their explanation:
1. auction a. a person’s signature
2. handwriting b. something written by hand, not typed or printed
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3. autograph c. a person’s style of something written by
hand or with a pen or pencil
4. manuscris d. a person who makes careful study and
investigation, in order to discover new facts or information
5. collector e. a person who collects things
6. researcher f. a fraudulent imitation or copy in order to
pass it off as real
7. forgery g. a public sale in which articles are sold to the
highest bidder.
Answers:
1. Today, collectors are prepared to pay ever-increasing prices for coveted autographs-
handwritten and signed letters or manuscripts, not just scrawled signatures on photos or
slips of paper.
2. Posters, coins, furniture, stickers, cars, postcards, stamps, key-holders, paintings,
watches, napkins, rare books, old cameras, perfumes, porcelain objects, jewelry.
3. a hobby is a special interest or activity that people do in their time off.
4. „Silence’s most eloquent contradiction is music – not because music breaks silence
with its sounds, but also because it interrupts its motion. All the arts do this: books freeze
events between two covers, pictures pin them against a wall. But music goes viscerally to
the source of our mortality. What a supernatural act is a command a tempo and a rhythm,
to set time in motion and bring it to a halt.”
5. 1 = g; 2 = b; 3 = a; 4 = c; 5 = e; 6 = d; 7 = f.
Unit 5: Obtaining information: telephoning
Keywords: telephone call, telephone conversation, phrasal verbs
Objectives: The students have to:
- Make a phone call
- Know the telephone language
- Use the phrasal verbs
1. Hello. Could I speak to Jack Parkins, please?
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2. Who's calling, please?
1. This is Fred Blinkingham. I'm a friend of Jack's.
2. Hold the line, please. I'll put your call through. (after a moment) - I'm afraid he's
out at the moment. Can I take a message?
1. Yes. Can you ask him to give me a call? My number is 345-8965
2. Could you repeat that, please?
1. Certainly. That's 345-8965
2. OK. I'll make sure Mr. Parkins gets your message.
Phrasal verbs
abide by respect or obey. (the law, a decision, a rule) If you want to stay at this school,
you must abide by the rules.
account for explain, give a reason I hope you can account for the money you spent!
add up make sense, seem reasonable Her story just doesn't add up.
advise against recommend not doing something The doctor advised him against
carrying heavy loads.
agree with have the same opinion as somebody else. I agree with you. I think she
deserves the award too.
aim at point something in the direction of a target The policeman aimed his gun at the
hijacker.
allow for take into consideration, include in a calculation You'd better leave early to
allow for traffic jams.
answer back reply rudely Don't answer back your mother! appeal to 1) plead or
make an earnest request
2) be attractive or interesting 1) The organizers appealed to the crowd to stay calm.
2) A trekking holiday doesn't appeal to me.
apply for make a formal request for something (job, permit, loan etc.) He applied for
the job he saw advertised in the newspaper. avail (oneself) of take advantage of
something (an opportunity) When the company is privatized, you should avail yourself
of the opportunity and buy some shares.
boot up start a computer by loading an operating system or program. Just give my a
few minutes to boot up the computer.
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break away escape from captivity A few horses broke away from the paddock. break
down 1) go out of order, cease to function 2) lose control of one's emotions 1) John's car
broke down so he had to take the bus. 2) The parents broke down when they heard the
bad news.
break into enter by force Burglars broke into the house around midnight.
break out start suddenly Rioting broke out as a result of the strike. break out of
escape from a place by force Three prisoners broke out of jail.
break up come to an end (marriage, relationship) After her marriage broke up, Emma
went to live in London. bring up raise (a child) She stopped working in order to bring
up her children.
Auto evaluation: Complete the texts with the following phrasal verbs: is off, pencil in,
come up, pin down.
1. I have been trying to arrange with Mrs. C. for weeks but she is a difficult woman
to ………….
2. I am afraid I can not make this afternoon meeting. Some urgent has ………
3. Shall we ………… next Tuesday?
4. Tomorrow meeting …………. Everyone seems to be too busy doing other things.
Answers:
1. Pin down, Come up, Pencil in, Is off
Unit 6: Higher education and careers
Keywords: education, career, Curriculum Vitae, future tense simple and continuous
Objectives:
După parcurgerea temei, studenţii
trebuie să fie în măsură să:
- vorbească despre cariera pe care si-o doresc (English Language for Daily Use, p.34-63)
- întocmească un Curriculum Vitae (English Language for Daily Use, p.34-63)
- să exprime planuri de viitor (Come Along, p.89-106)
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- să folosească timpul viitor în mod corect. (Gramatica limbii engleze, p.55-58)
Notes
You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, you will pass / do well in your
exam. If you
skip lectures, you will probably fail / do badly in the exam. Therefore, before an exam, i
tis a
good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, you graduate from university ,
you are
a graduate.
Facts about future trends:
- how important these things will be: a computer, the opportunity to work at home, the
opportunity to share your job with another person, the opportunity to work abroad.
- what about the most important source of energy
- what about the nuclear weapons
A Curriculum Vitae must concern the following headings:
1. Family name
2. First names
3. Date of birth
4. Nationality
5. Civil status
6. Education and competitive examinations (institution, degree or diploma obtained)
7. Further Diplomas and Qualifications ( field, degree or diploma obtained, institution)
8. Language skills (indicate competence on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is excellent, 5 is
basic, for
mother tongue and foreign languages)
9. Membership of professional bodies
10. Other skills
11. Present position
12. Years within the firm
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13. Specific experience abroad (country, dates, company/institution, position,
description)
14. Previous professional experience (date, location, company, position, description)
15. Other relevant information
16. References
Future Tense
Viitorul simplu exprimă o acţiune care se va desfăsura într-un moment din viitor.
S + shall / will +V
Shall / will +S +V?
S + shall not / will not + V.
În vorbirea curentă se foloseste WILL la toate persoanele. Auxiliarul SHALL, folosit la
toate
persoanele, datorită sensului său modal (a trebui), implică ideea de obligaŢie, certitudine,
ordin.
You shall come tomorrow. = trebuie să vii mâine.
Viitorul apropiat poate fi exprimat prin următoarele construcŢii:
TO BE GOING TO = a avea de gând să, a intenŢiona să.
What are you going to do now?
TO BE TO = a urma să, arată că acŢiunea a fost planificată
We are to visit the museum on Sunday. = urmează să vizităm muzeul duminică.
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
I am leaving now.
THE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE
The train comes in 5 minutes.
People at work:
- flexi time job,
- full time job,
- part time job,
- share time job,
- temporary job.
Teleworking means working with a computer terminal from home.
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Commuting involves that some people travel regularly over some distance between their
home
and office, especially between a new city and another.
Letter of application / covering letter
It normally contains three or more paragraphs in which we should:
- confirm that you wish to apply and say where you learned about the job,
- say why you are interested in the position and relate your interests to the company,
- show how you can contribute to the job by high ling your most relevant skills and
experience,
- indicating your willingness to attend an interview.
During an interview you may follow the steps:
- you are coming into the interview’s office
- the interviewer invites you to sit down
- you are asked what sorts of books you read
- you want the interviewer to stop talking and clear up a point
- you are asked why you want the position
- you are leaving.
Possible subjects
1. How old … you be in the year 2010?
A. will
B. shall
C. are
2. Where … you think your home will be?
A. will
B. shall
C. do
3. … you be single?
A. shall
B. will
C. shall not
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4. When people can not read or write, they are…
A. elder
B. teleworker
C. illiterate
5. Refrigerator, vacuum cleaners are …
A. man-made
B. job insecurity
C. household appliances
6. The … are people past middle age.
A. elderly
B.teens
C. wives
7. Young people have more
A. number
B. fuel
C. life-style
8. Teenagers think of them as European…
A. citizens
B. flexi time
C. decade
9. … a dramatic decrease in the number of young in Europe.
A. is
B. there is
C.will
10. There will be more adolescents in Britain at the end of the …
A. fuel
B. decade
C. decrease
11. It is important to learn what technology can … for you.
A. do
B. make
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C. give
12. What … do you need if you want to go on to further education?
A. exam
B. qualifications
C. course
13. This poem has to be learned …
A. attention
B. grant
C. by heart
14. You have to … for a better job.
A. ask
B. want
C. apply
15. I hope it … rain tomorrow.
A. shall
B. shan’t
C. won’t
16. We … visit this church, immediately.
A. are going to
B. to be going to
C. go to
17. They … see the exhibition.
A. are to
B. are
C. be to
18. … we meet this afternoon?
A. shall
B. will
C. did
19. Cambridge remains a … of intellectual life.
A. centre
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B. faculty
C. company
20. Do you think that the number of students … be greater?
A. have
B. can
C. should
1. Which term expresses a kind of work?
A. Flexi time.
B. Employee.
C. Employer.
2. Which kink of job means working with a computer terminal at home?
A. Teleworking.
B. Manager.
C. Commuting.
3. Which kind of job means that some people travel regularly over some distance
between
their home and office?
A. Share time.
B. Commuting.
C. Teleworking.
Unit 7: European Union membership
Keywords: the European Union, the passive voice
Objectives: the students have to
- Speak about the European Union
- Know the major steps in European Union history
The European Union (EU) was created by the Maastricht Treaty on November 1st 1993.
It is a political and economic union between European countries which makes its own
policies concerning the members’ economies, societies, laws and to some extent security.
To some, the EU is an overblown bureaucracy which drains money and compromises the
31
power of sovereign states. For others, the EU is the best way to meet challenges smaller
nations might struggle with – such as economic growth or negotiations with larger
nations – and worth surrendering some sovereignty to achieve. Despite many years of
integration, opposition remains strong, but states have acted pragmatically, at times, to
create the union.
Auto evaluation
1. The European Union was formerly known as the NATO. True/false
2. The EU was established under that name in 1992. True/false
3. There are 25 member states now in EU. True/false
4. Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia do not belong to the EU. True/false
Responses: 1. False, 2. True, 3. True, 4. False
Match the words and phrases in column A to the right definitions in column B:
A. 1. customs union 2. bilateral agreement 3. application 4. Summit
B. a) a meeting attended by heads of two or more countries
b) an arrangement agreed between two persons and groups
c) a group of countries that have arranged to charge the same amount of
duty on imported goods
d) making a formal request
Responses: 1c, 2b, 3d, 4a.
Unit 8: Company organizational structures
Keywords: company, structure, organization, manager, provost, department chairs,
human resource managers, executive, chief executive officer, chief financial officer,
employee, employer.
Objectives: După parcurgerea temei, studenţii trebuie să fie în măsură să:
- cunoască structura unei companii
- să definească diferite funcţii din cadrul unei companii
32
- să înţeleagă şi să folosească în alte situaţii de limbă expresii legate de Unit
discutată
- să cunoască regulile gramaticale de transformare a vorbirii directe în vorbire
indirectă
Notes
You already know that there are different types of managers.
In your college, for example, there are presidents, vice presidents, provosts, deans
and department chairs. There are also administrators, such as human resource managers
and the head of public safety.
In practice we can differentiate managers in three ways:
- based on their organization level: top, middle, first line
- position: manager, director, etc.
- functional title: sales manager, vice president for finance, etc.
The manager sat the top, of course, are the firm’s top management. These are the
managers we call executives.
Typical positions here are:
- president
- senior vice president
- executive vice president
Functional titles here include:
- chief executive officer CEO
- vice president for sales
- general manager
- chief financial officer CFO
beneath the top management level may b eone or more levels of middle managers.
The positions here usually include the terms managers or director in the titles:
- production manager
- sales director
- HR manager
- Finance manager
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First-line managers are at the lowest rank of the management ladder. Positions here
might include supervisor or assistant manager.
Functional titles might include
- production supervisor
- assistant marketing manager.
All managers have a lot in common. They all plan, organize, lead and control.
All manager sat all levels and with every functional title also spend an enormous of
their time with people-talking, listening, influencing, motivating and attending
meetings
However, there are two big differences among the management levels. First, both top
and middle managers have other managers for subordinates.
Supervisors have workers-nonmanagers as subordinates. Manager sat different levels
also use their time somewhat differently.
Top managers tend to spend more time planning and setting goals.
Middle managers then translate these goals into specific projects for their
subordinates to execute.
First-line supervisors then concentrate on directing and controlling the employees
who actually do the work on these projects.
Vocabulary and useful terms and phrases
Dean – head of a university
Provost – senior administrative officer in certain universities
Department chairs – department positions
Human resource managers – personin charge with hiring people and solving the
employees’legal problems
Executive – person or group of persons who has the power to put important plans,
decisions, etc. into effect
CEO – chief executive officer
CFO – chief financial officer
HR manager – human resources manager
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Direct and Indirect Speech
We use the Indirect Speech in order to report what people say or think, changing
verb forms and pronouns as necessary.
We can use the introductory verb said, responsed, told, etc. It is not necessary to
follow the introductory verb said by that.
Direct Speech: She is getting annoyed.
Indirect Speech: He said that she was getting annoyed.
Direct Speech:I have forgotten this area code.
Indirect Speech: He said that he had forgotten that area code.
Certain adverbial expressions used in Direct Speech, also change:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Today that day
Yesterday the previous day
The day before
Tomorrow the next day
The following day
Last week the previous week
A week ago the week before
Next year the following year
Now then
Here there
This that
These those
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Reporting question
When reporting yes/no questions, we use if or whether and make the necessary tense
changes.
Will you be going to the reception?
She asked me if/whether I would be going to the reception.
Direct Speech: Indirect (Reported) Speech:
Reporting verb is present in direct speech:
e. g. Tim says: “I am tired.”
Reporting verb is present in indirect speech:
e. g. Tim says (that) he is tired” (only
pronoun changes!)
Reporting verb is past in direct speech: e. g.
Tim said: “I am tired today.”
Reporting verb is past in indirect speech: e.
g. Tim said (that) he was tired that day”
(pronoun, adverb and tense change!).
Present form in direct speech changes
to past.
Past form in direct speech changes to
past perfect.
Present perfect form in direct speech
changes to past perfect.
Future form in direct speech changes
to conditional 1.
do not need to change the verb!
Direct questions and direct orders
(Examples):
She asked me: “Are you going to come to
my party?”
He told me: “Stop!”
Indirect questions and indirect orders
(Examples):
She asked me if I was going to her party.
He told me to stop.
Possible subjects
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1. Define the terms: dean, provost, CEO, CFO, HR manager.
2. Enumarate the main activities for the following jobs: chief officer, chief financial
officer, manager.
3. Speak about the company structure, from your point of view.
4. Which are the transformations needed from Direct to Indirect Speech?
5. Speak about the main responsabilities of a manager
6. Describe your ideal manager.
Evaluation
1. The dean is
A. the head of a university
B. the person in charge with students
C. the senior administrative manager
2. HR manager is
A. the head of a university
B. human resources manager
C. the senior administrative manager
3. Department chairs means
A department positions
B. human resources manager
C. the senior administrative manager
True/False
4. All managers spend their time listening to their people.
5. First-line managers are managers of top.
6. The sentence: „I am a good employer” turned into Indirect Speech becomes „He said
he was a good employer”
Answers
37
1. A, 2. B, 3. B, 4. False, 5. False, 6. True
More and more companies are organizing themselves along product lines where
companies have separate divisions according to the product that is being worked on. In
this case, the focus is always on the product and how it can be improved.
The importance for multinational companies of a good geographic structure could
be seen when a manufacturer produced an innovative rice cooker which made perfect
rice-according to western standards. When they tried to sell i ton the Asian market, the
product flopped because there were no country managers informing them of the changes
that would need to be made in order to satisfy this more demanding market.
The matrix structure first evolved during a project developed by NASA, when
they needed to pool together different skills from a variety of functional areas.
Esentially, the matrix structure organises a business into project teams, led ba
project leaders, to carry aut certain objectives.
Training is vital important here in order to avoid conflict between the various
members of the teams.
During the 1980s a wave a restructuring went through industry around the globe.
This process, known as delayering, saw a change in the traditional hierarchical structures
with layers of middle management being removed.
This development was driven by new technology and by the need to reduce costs.
The overall result was organisations that were less bureaucratic.
What is the employment outlook for office careers? The great influx of computers
and other office technological advances has not changed the need for people with good
skills. Statistics estimate a 10 per cent increase in secretarial positions in the ten-year
period through 2010. Managerial / administrative positions are expected to increase by
more then twice that percentage.
Now that you are aware of promising outlook for office employees, you should
familiarize yourself with steps you must follow in seeking employment.
If you work full time, you will work aproximately 50 percent of your warking
hours at your job. Make sure you can give your best efforts.
Sources of job information
38
- newspaper advertisments: the classified section of newspapers is a major source
of job openings. Two kinds of classified advertisments are listed in newspapers:
signed and blind.
A blind advertisment does not show the firm’s name. In many cases only a telephone
number or a post office box number is given in a blind advertisment. Private
employment agencies must place signed advertisments;
- employment agencies
- placement oggices and instructors: most schools and colleges have placement
counsellors that aid students in career planning
- friends and relatives.
Evaluation
1. Advertisment is
A. a reduction in the price
B. a buyer
C. exploring a new market
2.Customer is
A. a reduction in the price
B. a buyer
C. exploring a new market
3. Discount is
A. a reduction in the price
B. a buyer
C. exploring a new market
Answers: 1. C, 2. B, 3. A
Unit 9: ACCOUNTING
39
Keywords: accounting, financial accounting, board, management accounting, letter
writing, personal letter, business letter
Objectives: the students have to:
- define the accounting and its specific actions;
- notice the difference between the financial and management accounting;
- know the sense of the terms connected to financial accounting;
- make a business letter correctly;
- know how to form and use the if clause in the contexts, correctly.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board is board of seven independent members
who are accounting professionals that was developed in 1973. This seven member group
is responsible for communicating the standards that are in place for financial accounting
and reporting that takes place in the United States. Generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP) are the standards that are used by the FASB to govern the way in
which corporations prepare their financial reports. This process of utilizing these
standards to maintain and report accounting files is the only method that the US
Securities and Exchange Commission will accept.
On September 28, 1998, Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Arthur Levitt sounded the call to arms in the financial community. Levitt asked for,
"immediate and coordinated action… to assure credibility and transparency" of financial
reporting. Levitt’s speech emphasized the importance of clear financial reporting to those
gathered at New York University. Reporting which has bowed to the pressures and tricks
of earnings management. Levitt specifically addresses five of the most popular tricks
used by firms to smooth earnings. Secondly, Levitt outlines an eight part action plan to
recover the integrity of financial reporting in the U.S. market place. What are the basic
objectives of financial reporting? Generally accepted accounting principles provide
information that identifies, measures, and communicates financial information about
economic entities to reasonably knowledgeable users. Information that is a source of
decision making for a wide array of users, most importantly, by investors and creditors.
Investors and creditors who are responsible for effective allocation of capital in our
40
economy. If financial reporting becomes obscure and indecipherable, society loses the
benefits of effective capital allocation. Nothing illustrates the importance of transparent
information better than the pre-1930’s era of anything goes accounting. An era that left a
chasm of misinformation in the market was gone.
Conditional Clauses Examples:
Type 1 for a general fact or something
that is always true: If + Simple Present,
Future “will” (or Simple Present for
general facts).
Type 2 for imaginary or unreal events
and actions: If + Simple Past,
Conditional 1.
Type 3 for past situation that did not
happen: If + Past Perfect, Conditional 2.
Type 1: “If the rain stops, the
game will continue”
Type 2: “If he invited me to his
party, I would come”.
Type 3: “If he had taken better
care, the accident would not
have happened”.
Auto evaluation
1. Financial accounting reports may provide information concerning future
performance as well past performance. True/false
2. Management accounting exists in order to improve the quality of
economic decisions made by users. True/false
3. Managers are interested solely in information expressed in monetary
terms. True/false
Responses: 1.False, 2. True, 3. False.
Find the definitions for the following. Choose from: regulatory state commission,
supplier, shipment.
a) A quantity of goods to be sent together
b) A person or organization that provides necessary goods or services
c) a committee or an organization appointed by the government that draws up and
enforces codes or conduct for the control or certain economic issues.
41
Answers: a shipment; b supplier; c regulatory state commission
True/False
1. A letter must be clear, complete, concise, correct.
2.When you read a business letter try to be informal.
Answers:1. True, 2. True
Possible subjects
- Realise a business letter on a given topic
- Realise a personal letter on a free chosen topic
- Transform different statements from active to passive voice
1. If we …, we can catch the bus.
A. will run
B. run
C. would run
2. If we …, we could catch the bus.
A. ran
B. run
C. would run
3. If we …, we could have caught the bus.
A. ran
B. run
C. had run
Answers:1 B, 2A, 3C
Unit 10: BANKING
Keywords: bank, Romanian banks, credit, interest, debt, mortgage
Objectives: the students have to:
42
- define and describe the activities in a bank;
- know the terms related to banks;
- form and use correctly the passive voice.
Active: Passive:
An active verb is used to express what the
subject does:
A passive verb is used to express what
happens to the subject (form of “to be” +
past participle):
Tenses with example:
Present Tense: “He opens the door”.
Present Perfect Tense: “He has
opened the door”.
Past Tense: “He opened the door”.
Past Perfect Tense: “He had opened
the door”.
Future Tense “will”: “He will open
the door”.
Future Tense “going to”: “He is
going to open the door”.
Tenses with example:
Present Tense: “The door is opened
by him”.
Present Perfect Tense: “The door has
been opened by him”.
Past Tense: “The door was opened
by him”.
Past Perfect Tense: “The door had
been opened by him”.
Future Tense “will”: “The door will
be opened by him”.
Future Tense “going to”: “The door
is going to be opened by him”.
Cashier: Hi. May I help you?
Paul Ryefield: Yes. What´s the buying rate for euro?
Cashier: 1.15 U.S. dollars to the euro.
Paul Ryefield: Okay. I´d like to change some euro into US dollars, please.
Cashier: Sure. How much would you like to change?
Paul Ryefield: Six hundred euro.
Cashier: Very good. May I see your passport?
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Paul Ryefield: Here you are.
Cashier: How would you like your bills?
Paul Ryefield: In fifties please.
Bank drafts ( cecuri bancare)
I want to make a remittance to New Delhi.
Bank Clerk: Good morning. May I help you, sir?
Bill Nichols: Yes. I want to make a remittance to New Delhi.
Bank Clerk: Do you want an international money order or a banker's draft?
Bill Nichols: I'd like a banker's draft please. It's not really urgent.
International transfers
(Viramente internationale / transferuri de bani)
How long does it take?
Bank clerk: Hello. Can I help you, ma'am?
Mary Jones: Yes. Could you tell me how to send some money to someone with an
account with a bank in Germany?
Bank clerk: Well, you can pay by mail, telegraphic or SWIFT transfer. Or you can have
a banker's draft and mail it yourself to the beneficiary.
Mary Jones: Which is the best way?
Bank clerk: It depends on the amount and how fast you want that person to receive the
money. A SWIFT transfer is the fastest method but a banker's draft is
usually the cheapest. How much do you wanna send?
Mary Jones: $800.
Bank clerk: Why don't you send it by mail payment order?
Mary Jones: How long does it take?
Bank clerk: About a week.
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Mary Jones: I don't know. Can I send it more quickly?
Bank clerk: Sure. You can have a Telegraphic or a SWIFT transfer.
Mary Jones: And how long do those take?
Bank clerk: Both a Telegraphic Transfer and a SWIFT transfer will normally be credited
to the payee's account within three or four working days, depending on
whether the beneficiary's bank is among our correspondent banks or we
have to route the transfer through a third bank.
Mary Jones: I see. How can I pay by Telegraphic Transfer?
Bank clerk: You have to fill out this form, ma'am.
Possible subjects:
1. Make up short dialogues at the exchange office
2. Speak about banks drafts
3. Complete if clauses with the required verb forms.
Unit 11. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Keywords: accounting, financial accounting, balance sheet, assets, liabilities, equity,
profit and loss account
Objectives: the students have to:
- define the object of study of the financial department;
- know the component parts of the balance sheet;
- define the profit and loss account;
- explain the cash flow course;
- use the subjunctive constructions correctly.
The balance sheet comprises three major components:
1. the assets the entity controls
2. the liabilities the entity is obliged to meet
3. the ewuity interests of the entity’s owners
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The profit and loss account presents the entity’s performance during the durrent
accounting period. It measures the profit or loss for the period. Unlike the balance sheet
which is dealing with the capital of the business, the profit and loss account is basically
concerned with the performance of the business.
The cash flow statement shows how the movements in the balance sheet from the
previous year to the present one have been brought, so it ties together two consecutive
year-end balance sheets, illustrating the companies ability to earn cash.
Autoevaluation: Match the words with their definitions: liabilities, assets, equity,
revenue.
1. money owed by a company, a debt;
2. an item of value belonging to a person or a company, such as a share, a piece of
land, a building or a machine, especially if it can be sold to pay a debt;
3. the amount of money put into a company by its shareholders when they buy
shares and used to buy the items it needs to carry on its activities;
4. money received from the sale of goods or services.
Answers: 1 liabilities, 2 assets,3 equity, 4 revenue.
The Subjunctive
Form:Use the simple form of the verb. The simple form is the infinitive without the "to."
The simple form of the verb "to go" is "go." The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain
forms and tenses.
USE
The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain
expressions (see below).
Examples:
I suggest that he study.
Is it essential that we be there?
Don recommended that you join the committee.
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NOTICE
The Subjunctive is only noticeable in certain forms and tenses. In the examples below,
the Subjunctive is not noticeable in the you-form of the verb, but it is noticeable in the
he-form of the verb.
Examples:
You try to study often. YOU-FORM OF "TRY"
It is important that you try to study often. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM OF "TRY" LOOKS THE
SAME.
He tries to study often. HE-FORM OF "TRY"
It is important that he try to study often. SUBJUNCTIVE FORM OF "TRY" IS
NOTICEABLE HERE.
Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:
to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)
Examples:
Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
Donna requested Frank come to the party.
The teacher insists that her students be on time.
Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive
The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:
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It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)
Examples:
It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
It is important she attend the meeting.
It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to
the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive
The Subjunctive can be used in negative, continuous and passive forms.
Negative Examples:
The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.
The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during
business hours.
I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.
Passive Examples:
Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.
Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.
We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.
Continuous Examples:
It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.
It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over.
I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.
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Should as Subjunctive
After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the
idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most
common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."
Examples:
The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.
Auto evaluation
1. Which of the following will appear as a current asset on a balance sheet:
a. Creditors
b. Trade debtors
c. Bank loans
2. Which of the following assets are intangible:
a. Buildings
b. Machinery
c. Trademarks
3. True or false: The ammount reported for the paid-in-capital item is approximately
the market value of the stock.
4. True or false: Land is reported at approximately what is worth.
Responses: 1.b, 2. c, 3. False, 4. False.
UNIT 12: FILING SYSTEMS
Keywords: alphabetical filing system, numerical filing system, non paper filing
system, numerical filing system.
Objectives: at the end of the course, the students have to:
- To know several modalities of filing;
- To use the gerung in proper contexts;
- To know the verbs which require gerund.
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Notes: The most important rule for successful management of information is: be
consistent. In an alphabeticalsystem, all information is filed in ABC order.
Numerical filing system: depending on the ammount and type of information you need to
file, you may fiind that filing by number makes the best sense.
Non paper filing system: in theory, today’s electronic offices have less and less paper to
file. Materials may be filed on microfilms, stored on computers or filed on optikal disks.
Gerund: the ing verbal form is used in some particular situations:
- As a subject;
- After prepositions;
- After phrasal verbs;
- After certain verbs: deny, avoid, keep, suggest, dislike, understand;
- After can not phrases;
- After certain common phrases: it is no use, to be worth, to be used to.
Autoevaluation:
Use Gerund after prepositions in the following sentences:
1. She left room without ………… (to say) good-bye.
2. He left university after ………… (to get) a good job in a good company.
3. She is very interested in …………. (to visit) foreign countries.
4. He insisted on ………………. (to see) her.
Answers: 1. Saying, 2. Getting, 3. Visiting, 4. Seeing.
Possible subjects:
1. Use Gerund after phrasal verbs: He took to ………. (garden) when he retired.
2. Use Gerund after phrasal verbs: She went on ……… (work) until late in the
evening.
3. Use Gerund after phrasal verbs: I have seen the film, now I am looking forward to
… (read)
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4. Use Gerund after phrasal verbs: They gave up ….. (work) industrial business.
Answers:1. gardening, 2. working, 3. reading, 4. working.
UNIT 13: INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Keywords: marketing, shipping, custom duties, pro-forma invoice, binding, commercial
invoice, house bill, certificate of origin.
Objectives: the students are capable to:
- Define the specific terms connected to international trade;
- Read fluently the presented texts;
- Develop their vocabulary with banking collocations.
Notes:
A typical export import transaction may involve some or all of the following
documents and records.
Pro-forma invoice similar to a sales invoice except that it is handled pro forma. It
is not a recorded of sales effected, but a representation of a sales invoice issued prior to
the sale.
Purchase order is a request by an overseas buyer to be supplied with goods and
services.
Letter of credit is a written undertaking from a bank, at the request of its
customer.
Packing list indicates which goods are in each cartoon.
Banking collocations:
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Adjectives:
- Current / checking account,
- Deposit account,
- Saving account,
- Joint account,
- Open account,
- Numbered account.
Verbs: open, have credit, add smth to, publish, pay smth into.
Auto evaluation:
1. The bank is charging / providing / giving / requesting a minimum rate of 9% for
the loan.
2. They paid / awarded / gave / credited the money to his wife account.
3. Some cash machines give / make / reveal / sell information about accounts.
4. It may be easier to refund / draw / take / remove money from your account then to
pay money in.
Answers: 1. Charging, 2. Credited, 3. Reveal, 4. Draw.
Confusing financial terms:
Choose the correct word to finish the phrase:
1. I have not got enough money for lunch. Could you borrow / lend me some?
2. How much does she earn / gain in her position?
3. It was a very good dinner. Can we have the account / bill please?
Answers: 1. Lend, 2. Earn, 3. Bill.
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UNIT 14 THE STOCK EXCHANGE
Keywords: securities markets, stock exchange, stocks, bonds, debentures.
Objectives: the students have to:
- Read fluently the presented text,
- Comment on about the stock exchange,
- Know the specific features of the stock exchange,
- Develop their vocabulary with business writing.
Notes:
A stock exchange is an entity that provides services for stock brokers and traders
to trade stocks, bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for
issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events
including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange
include shares issued by companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products
and bonds.
To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there.
Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly
less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic networks, which
gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an
exchange is by members only.
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The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the
primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock
exchange is often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand
in stock markets is driven by various factors that, as in all free markets, affect the price of
stocks (see stock valuation).
There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor
must stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be off
exchange or over-the-counter. This is the usual way that derivatives and bonds are traded.
Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securities.
Find the words that mean:
1. An organization whose members join together and provide a
trading room where members can meet to buy and sell securities.
2. A portion of those debts of a company that consists of money dent
to it.
3. The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated
Quotation system.
Answers: 1. stock exchange, 2. Share, 3. NASDAQ.
Match the words with their definitions:
1. An agent who is employed by his principal to buy his goods or services
2. Investments generally and stocks, shares and bonds which are brought as
investments.
3. A particular part or portion into which the capital of the company is divided.
4. A formal document acknowledging the existence of a debt.
5. A holder of one or more shares in a company.
Responses: 1. Broker, 2. Securities, 3. Shares, 4. Bond, 5. Shareholders.
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UNIT 15 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Keywords: financial management, fixed capital, interest, profit retained.
Objectives: the students are capable to:
- Read fluently the presented text,
- Comment on about the financial management,
- Know the specific features of the financial management,
- Develop their vocabulary with business writing.
Managerial finance is the branch of finance that concerns itself with the managerial
significance of finance techniques. It is focused on assessment rather than technique.
The difference between a managerial and a technical approach can be seen in the
questions one might ask of annual reports. One concerned with technique would be
primarily interested in measurement. They would ask: are moneys being assigned to the
right categories? Were generally accepted accounting principles GAAP followed?
One concerned with management though would want to know what the figures mean.
They might compare the returns to other businesses in their industry and ask: are
we performing better or worse than our peers? If so, what is the source of the
problem? Do we have the same profit margins? If not why? Do we have the same
expenses? Are we paying more for something than our peers?
They may look at changes in asset balances looking for red flags that indicate
problems with bill collection or bad debt.
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They will analyze working capital to anticipate future cash flow problems.
Managerial finance is an interdisciplinary approach that borrows from both
managerial accounting and corporate finance.
Sound financial management creates value and organizational agility through the
allocation of scarce resources amongst competing business opportunities. It is an aid to
the implementation and monitoring of business strategies and helps achieve business
objectives.
Corporate finance is the area of finance dealing with monetary decisions that
business enterprises make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions. The
primary goal of corporate finance is to maximize shareholder value[1]
while managing the
firm's financial risks. Although it is in principle different from managerial finance which
studies the financial decisions of all firms, rather than corporations alone, the main
concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all
kinds of firms.
The discipline can be divided into long-term and short-term decisions and
techniques. Capital investment decisions are long-term choices about which projects
receive investment, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, and when or
whether to pay dividends to shareholders. On the other hand, short term decisions deal
with the short-term balance of current assets and current liabilities; the focus here is on
managing cash, inventories, and short-term borrowing and lending (such as the terms on
credit extended to customers).
Grammar
Preposition
The increase in salaries is around 4%.
There was an increase of 5%.
Inflations has increased to 6%.
Inflation now stands at 6%.
Abbreviations
ACC is account current
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A.O. is accountant officer
ATM is automatic telling machine
Cc is carbon copies
In is inch
CV is Curriculum Vitae
Eg is for example
Auto evaluation
Find words that mean:
1. A regular cost of running a business ………………..
2. Unmanufactured material, material from which something is or be made
………………….
3. An item such as land, a machine belonging to a business and expeczed to
last a long time ………………….
Answers: 1. Running costs, 2. Raw materials, 3. Fixed capital.
