Unity of Command

• Unity of Command

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Lateral communication - Lateral Communication in organizations and communities

1 Overall, a mechanistic structure promotes vertical communication or top down communication with strict

alignment and unity of command within the organization” ( Spillman

and Mino 101).


Frederick Winslow Taylor - France

1 According to Fayol, the approach results in a negation of the principle of unity of command.Fayol, 1987,p


Song Dynasty - Military and methods of warfare

1 Since the Emperor rarely led campaigns personally, Song forces lacked unity of

command


Henri Fayol - Principles of management

1 # 'Unity of command'. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.


Military strategy - Principles

1 #Unity of Command (For every objective, ensure unity of effort under one responsible

commander)


Military strategy - World War I

1 Unity of command became a question when the various nation states began

coordinating assaults and defenses. Under the pressure of horrendously destructive German attacks beginning on March 21,

1918, the Entente eventually settled under Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch. The Germans

generally led the Central Powers, though German authority diminished and lines of command became confused at the end of

the war.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-unity-of-command-toolkit.html

F. W. Taylor - France

1 According to Fayol, the approach results in a negation of the principle of unity of command.Fayol, 1987,p


United States Army Air Corps

1 The separation of the Air Corps from control of its combat units caused

United States Army Air Corps#Problems with unity of command|problems of unity of

command that became more acute as the Air Corps enlarged in preparation for World War II


United States Army Air Corps - Problems with unity of command

1 The problems engendered by the lack of unity of command were

further exacerbated by the assignment of GHQ Air Force to Army

GHQ


Battle of Perryville - Kentucky Campaign of 1862

1 The campaign plan was bold but risky, requiring perfect coordination between multiple armies that would initially have no unity of command


United States Army Air Forces - Expansion

1 Lovett had been elevated Assistant Secretary for Air to resolve the unity of command organizational problems of the Air Corps and had fashioned

the compromise that had resulted in creation of the AAF


Battle of Cedar Creek - Sheridan's campaign

1 Grant considered unity of command to be essential and recommended George Meade for the position, but Lincoln vetoed that because Radical Republicans|Radicals had launched a

major political attack on Meade


Foreign internal defense - Kilcullen's Three Pillars

1 The three pillar model repeats later as part of the #Gaps|gaps to be closed to end an insurgency. Obviously enough, you cannot command what you do not control. Therefore, unity of command

(between agencies or among government and non-government actors) means little in this environment. Unity of command is

one of the axioms of military doctrine change with the use of swarming:.


Foreign internal defense - Kilcullen's Three Pillars

1 In Edwards swarming model, as in Kilcullen's mode, unity of command becomes unity of effort at best, and

collaboration or deconfliction at least.


Goldwater-Nichols Act - Interaction of services

1 It also provided unity of command, conforming with

leading military science


Principles of war - United States principles of war

1 * Unity of command|Unity of Command– For every objective, seek unity of command and

unity of effort. At all levels of war, employment of military forces in a manner

that masses combat power toward a common objective requires unity of command and

unity of effort. Unity of command means that all the forces are under one responsible

commander. It requires a single commander with the requisite authority to direct all forces

in pursuit of a unified purpose.


Principles of war - Other uses

1 These principles can be applied to non-military uses when Unity of

command is separated into coordination and reality, Economy of

Force is redefined as use of resources, Mass is separated into

renewable and non-renewable resources, and relationships are

separated from unity of command.


Principles of war - Other uses

1 In 1913 Harrington Emerson proposed 12 principles of

efficiency,p.3, Emerson the first three of which could be related to principles of war: Clearly defined

ideals— Objective, Common sense— Simplicity, Competent counsel—

Unity of Command.


Turning Point of the American Civil War - Union victory in the Chattanooga Campaign (November 1863)

1 46]): First Bull Run, which resulted in establishment of unity of command in the Union army; Fort Donelson,

after which he considered Vicksburg and Atlanta (and presumably

Chattanooga) to be inevitable; the fall of Battle of Wilmington|

Wilmington, which he claimed led directly to Lee's surrender at

Appomattox Court House.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-unity-of-command-toolkit.html

Span of control - Theoretical considerations

1 It appears natural, that no organization can afford to maintain a

control structure of a dimension being required for implementing a

scalar chain under the unity of command condition


Span of control - Theoretical considerations

1 In order to put this system to work, Taylor’s functional foremanship has

to be abandoned, and unity of command needs to be established


United States Army Air Service

1 During the war its responsibilities and functions were split between two coordinate agencies, the Department of Military Aeronautics (DMA) and the Bureau of Aircraft Production (BAP),

each reporting directly to the Secretary of War, creating a dual

authority over military aviation that caused unity of command difficulties.


United States Army Air Service - Aircraft production failures

1 Charles Menoher was appointed to the vacancy on January 2, 1919, but

the patchwork nature of laws and executive orders that had created the various parts of the Air Service prevented him from exercising all their legal powers and ending the

unity of command problems caused by dual authority.Futrell (1971), p


United States Army Air Service - Framing the issues

1 Menoher headed a board consisting of himself and three other generals,

all artillery officers, appointed to report back to Congress on the

proposed legislation and predictably argued that Unity of Command and

conformity to Army discipline overrode all other

considerations.Tate(1998), pp


Western Theater of the American Civil War - Early operations (June 1861 ndash; January 1862)

1 By January 1862, this disunity of command was apparent because no

strategy for operations in the Western theater could be agreed

upon


Western Theater of the American Civil War - Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi Rivers (Februaryndash;June 1862)

1 Beauregard had arrived from the East to report to Johnston in

February, and he commanded all Confederate forces between the

Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers, which effectively divided the unity of command so that Johnston controlled

only a small force at Murfreesboro, Tennessee


Western Theater of the American Civil War - Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi Rivers (Februaryndash;June 1862)

1 On March 11, President Lincoln appointed Halleck the commander of all forces from the Missouri River to Knoxville, Tennessee, thus achieving the needed unity of command, and Halleck ordered Buell to join Grant's forces at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River.Cunningham, pp


Henry H. Arnold - Air Corps mid-career

1 While a significant step towards an independent air force, this dual

authority created serious problems of unity of command for the next six

years


Henry H. Arnold - VLR operations against Japan

1 This unique command arrangement may also have contributed to his health problems (see below), but after the

negative experience of building an effective bombing force against Germany, and realizing the consequences of failure against Japan, Arnold concluded that,

absent any unity of command in the Pacific theaters, administrative decisions regarding

VLR operations could best be handled personally


Douglas Haig - Political manoeuvres

1 In a private meeting with Lloyd George, Haig agreed with

Robertson's position that the CIGS should himself be the delegate to

Versailles, or else that the Versailles delegate be clearly subordinate to

the CIGS to preserve unity of command


Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939) - German defences

1 Nevertheless, Schumacher and his counterpart in the Navy were of the same rank, so each lacked authority over the other, an arrangement that

lacked the needed unity of command.


Ernst von Hoeppner - World War I

1 In October 1916, Erich Ludendorff|General Ludendorff decided that the German Air Service needed greater unity of command with a general

officer having authority over all the Army's aerial combat and anti-

aircraft units both in the field and at home


Elmendorf Air Force Base - Cold War

1 The Alaskan Command, established 1 January 1947, also headquartered

at Elmendorf, was a unified command under the Joint Chiefs of

Staff based on lessons learned during World War II when a lack of unity of command hampered operations to

drive the Japanese from the western Aleutian Islands of Attu and Kiska.


POSDCORB - Elaborations

1 Also under 'coordination', as well as 'organization', Gulick emphasizes the theory of 'unity of command', that each worker should only have one direct superior so as to avoid

confusion and inefficiency.


POSDCORB - Place in Management and Public Administration History

1 POSDCORB generally fits into the Classical Management movement, being classified as an element of scientific management, which was popular in the late 19th and early 20th century. Gulick's POSDCORB principles were

instrumental in highlighting the theory of span of control, or limits on the number of people one manager could supervise, as well as unity of command to the fields of management and public administration.


POSDCORB - Criticisms

1 Simon's criticisms largely center around 'span of control' and 'unity of command', stating that sometimes it

is necessary for a subordinate to receive guidance or directives from more than one source, as well as

Gulick's division of labor concepts.


Vladivostok - Politics

1 Head of the city of Vladivostok on the principles of unity of command directs the administration of the city of Vladivostok in accordance with federal laws, the laws of the Primorsky Krai and the charter of the

city. The structure of the city administration said City Council by the head. The structure

of the administration of the city of Vladivostok may include the territorial bodies of administration of the city of

Vladivostok.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-unity-of-command-toolkit.html

Canada–United States relations - World War II

1 In 1941, Canadians successfully argued within the PJBD for mutual

cooperation rather than unified command for the West Coast.Galen

Roger Perras, Who Will Defend British Columbia? Unity of Command on the

West Coast, 1934-1942, Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Spring 1997,

Vol


Operation Red Wings - Planning stages and intelligence gathering

1 The battalion agreed to this, realizing, however, that this

unconventional command structure defied a fundamental tenet of

successful military operations – unity of command


U.S. Army Air Corps

1 The separation of the Air Corps from control of its combat units caused

United States Army Air Corps#Problems with unity of command|problems of unity of

command that became more acute as the Air Corps enlarged in preparation for World War II


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Unity of Command