Units of Measurement and Time

Time Distance Second Minute = 60 seconds Hour = 60 minutes Day = 24 Hour Year = 365 Days Decade = 10 Years Century = 100 Years Millennium = 1000 Years

10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters

10 decimeters = 1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeters

10 meters = 1 dekameter (dam)

10 dekameters = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters

10 hectometers = 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters

Units of Measurement and Time Handout (15pts)

Roman Numerals Roman Numerals come from the Ancient Roman number system.

These are the first 10 Roman Numerals

1. I2. II3. III4. IV5. V

Higher Number Roman Numerals.

L = 50C = 100D = 500M = 1,000

What is this number?

6. VI7. VII8. VIII9. IX10. X

Roman Numeral PracticeXIV = ???XXX = ???MCI = ???MMM= ???XM= ???If you have a X with

an I in front of it, it is 9. Why?

What about IV?

Write the Roman Numeral for the following Numbers.

100150141714562540

Roman Numerals on a Clock

One of the main places you will encounter Roman Numerals will be on clocks.

Unit I Vocabulary (26pts)

1. Archaeology2. Artifact3. Ice Age4. Migration5. Culture6. Civilization7. Theocracy8. Hieroglyphics9. Terrace10. Drought11. Adobe12. Federation13. Bartholomeu

Dias14. Vasco da Gama15. Christopher

Columbus

16. Juan Ponce de Leon17. Montezuma18. Ferdinand Magellan19. Astrolabe20. Caravel21. Pilgrimage22. Mosque23. Conquistador24. Pueblo25. Mission26. Plantation

If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define.

WordDefinition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION.

Picture

Vocabulary Poster = 10ptsFront of Paper Back of Paper

Beginnings of Civilization; Timeline Tutorial Project (30pts)

1. Aztec Establish Tenochtitlan***

2. Inca Empire begins to Expand3. Maya empire reaches

peak.***4. Asian hunters enter north

America***5. Last Ice Age ends6. The Crusades begin7. Rise of Olmec in Mexico

Using your textbook;1. Put these events in

the right chronological order,

2. Also include a picture symbolizing EACH event.

3. and write 2-3 sentences briefly describing the events marked with***.

Exploring the Americas Timeline Project (30pts)

1. Iroquois form League of Five Nations

2. Jamestown Settled3. England defeats Spanish Armada4. John Cabot sails to

Newfoundland5. Christopher Columbus reaches

America6. Martin Luther promotes church

reform7. Pilgrims found Plymouth

Using your textbook;1. Put these events in

the right chronological order,

2. Also include a picture symbolizing EACH event.

3. and write 2-3 sentences briefly describing the events.

Early Peoples•The Journey from Asia.

• The first Americans arrived THOUSANDS of years ago.

• By 1500ad millions of Native Americans lived on North and South America.

• It is suspected that the early people crossed a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska.• They did this to find food

during an Ice Age.

Early AmericansEarly Americans were

Nomads (people who moved place to place).• They were also hunter-

gatherer societies.• They hunted things such

as the Wooly Mammoths.• They used spears to kill

bison, mastodons, and mammoths. They used the spears as throwing weapons.

Early AmericansAs the large animals

disappeared they had to find new sources for food.• Deer, birds, rodents, fish, and

smaller game.The BIG discovery however

was in Mexico where they discovered how to plant and grow Maize (corn).• They also grew pumpkins,

beans, squash.With the surplus of food, the

population began to increase.

Permanent SettlementSince these people knew

they would have food from their harvest they began to create permanent houses, and to expand their culture.These houses were

made of clay, brick, wood, stone.

Agriculture changed the culture by allowing these people to have more free time.

Early American Civilizations

Thee major civilizations existed in the Americas, they were the Mayas, the Aztecs, and the Incas.

The Maya The Maya were in present-day

Mexico. They planted;

• Maize (corn), beans, sweet potatoes.

They were ruled by their religious leaders. (Theocracy)

They also were advanced scientifically and created and used a very accurate system for telling time/calendar.

The Maya civilization began to decline in 900ad.

Mayan Calendar

The Aztec The Aztec civilization began in

the 1300’s. The built their capital on an

island in the middle of Lake Texcoco.• Their capital was called

Tenochtitlan.• At its height Tenochtitlan was

the largest city in the Americas.• The Aztecs were conquered by

the Spanish Conquistadore Hernan Cortes.They didn’t put up much of a fight

because of disease and the Spaniards superior weapons.

Aztec Human Sacrifice Worksheet (10pts)

The IncaThe Inca Empire

became the largest of the three.

Their capital was Cuzco. They had an excellent emperor named Pachacuti, he helped to build a militaristic empire.

North American PeopleNorth American

civilizations were also flourishing long before Europeans crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

Some of the most advanced cultures were the Hohokam, Anasazi, and the Mound Builders.

Anasazi Cliff Dwellings

The HohokamThey lived in present

day Arizona. They flourished from 300ad-1300ad.

They were very advanced at utilizing irrigation systems.

They also left behind a lot of pottery and art.

The AnasaziThe Anazazi were

present during the same time as the Hohokam (300-1300ad).

They lived in the “Four Corners” area. (Present day Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.

The Anaszai lived in Cliff-dwellings.

The Mound Builders

Adena and Hopewell were two of the groups known as the mound builders. They built mounds similar to the stone pyramids of the Maya and Aztecs.

The Great Serpent Mound looks like a giant snake winding across the ground.

Other Native North Americans

The Inuit people lived way up in North America, around the Arctic Ocean.

They built Igloos and their clothing was made of furs and sealskin (was warm and waterproof).

They were expert hunter and fishers.

Inuit People

Peoples of the West

Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook developed a way of life that used the resources of the Forest and the Sea.

They had wooden houses, canoes, and used spears and nets.

They fished a lot of Salmon.

People of the Southwest These people were descendents

of the Anasazi. The Hopi, Acoma, and the Zuni.

They built their homes out of a type of mudbrick called Adobe.

They raised a wide variety of crops.

These people were joined in the 1500’s by the Apache and the Navajo. • Unlike the others the Apache

and Navajo were hunter-gatherer societies.

Peoples of the PlainsThe peoples of the Great

Plains (central north America) were Nomadic.

When they moved they brought with them EVERYTHING. They also lived in tepees.

Eventually these people became skilled horse riders and hunted while on horseback. They also utilized horses during warfare.

Peoples of the East and Southeast

These people had a much more complex political systems.

The Iroquois and CherokeeThey utilized many law codes and federations that

linked different groups.Iroquois Nations

Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga. These were all tribes that were once at war, then were

united in the Iroquois League.

Reasons for Exploration Three G’s God, Glory, Gold. Merchants could make tons of

money selling goods from the Orient. If they had direct routes they could cut out the middle man and make more money.

People wanted to spread Christianity.

During this time the Renaissance was in full swing in Europe. They wanted to continue to develop and utilize new technologies.

Technology Allowed for ExplorationLatitude and Longitude Map Homework (15pts)

Coming out of the Renaissance there was an abundance of new technology that allowed for easier exploration.

Better Maps and better ships were the two main advances which allowed for exploration.Maps began to show the

direction of ocean currents, and lines of latitude. They also began to use a compass.

African Trading KingdomsThe African Kingdoms on

the west coast of Africa also benefited from these new technologies.

They traded gold, copper, and Iron with Islamic nations, as well as European nations.

Eventually they traded what?Slaves.

How did the Slave trade begin?

Early ExplorationWhen Columbus and

other early explorers began to sail, their maps only showed three continents.• Europe, Asia, and

Africa.• They also did not

realize how large the oceans actually are.

• Do we really know anything about oceans today?

Causes of European Exploration• European desire for new trade routes (mostly to the orient)• Growing power and wealth of European nations.•Competition for trade.•Missionaries’ desire to convert others to Christianity

Effects of European Exploration• Knowledge grows about other regions.• Europeans and Native Americans clash.• Enslavement of Africans• Rivalry in the Americas grows.

Early ExplorersBartholomeu Dias

(Portugal, 1487)Sent to explore the

southernmost part of Africa. (Cape of Good Hope)

Vasco da Gama (Portugal, 1497)Sent from Portugal with four

ships. Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and visited cities along the coast of East Africa. Eventually making it to India.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus sailed for Spain even though he was Italian.

He thought he could reach Asia by sailing west.

Eventually Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella funded Columbus plan to sail west to get east.

Christopher ColumbusOn August 3, 1492

Columbus set sail from Spain with three ships.The Nina, The Pinta,

and the Santa Maria.Two months later

Columbus and his crew spotted land in present day Bahamas.

Christopher Columbus Biography Homework (15pts)

The VikingsCenturies before Columbus

had reached the Americas, the Vikings had visited Iceland and Greenland and established colonies.

The Vikings tried to establish permanent settlement in the Americas however they did not succeed. The “World” did not discover the Americas until Columbus’ voyage.

Spain in AmericaThe Spanish had a large

presence in the development of America.

Spanish Conquistadores came over to Central and Southern America and conquered the remnants of the Incas, and Aztecs.

Cortes Conquers the Aztecs

Hernan Cortes landed on the East Coast of Mexico in 1519. He like the other Conquistadores was after Gold and Glory.

He had roughly 500 soldiers, some horses, and some cannons.

Cortes made alliances with the small tribes that were conquered by the Aztecs. Eventually with the help of these tribes Cortes overthrew Montezuma (leader of the Aztecs)

This caused the Aztec Empire to dissipate and Spain gained control of the region.

Pizzaro Conquers Peru

Francisco Pizzaro was the downfall of the Incan Empire.

In 1532 he captured the Incan ruler Atahualpa and destroyed most of the Inca army.

Without an effective leader, Pizzaro and his troops quickly stomped out the Incas.

Technology Difference

Spanish Technology

• Guns• Horses• Armor• Cannons• Ships

Inca Technology

• Bows and Arrows

• Spears• TERRIFIED

of horses• Never had

seen guns or armor.

Why did Spain SucceedWhy could the smaller

Spanish Armies take over empires many times larger than them?Weapons (guns, cannons,

horses)Assistance from other tribes

(many tribes hated the Aztecs and united with the Spanish against them.)

Disease (smallpox wiped out LARGE groups of Native Americans.)

Ponce De LeonPone De Leon made

the first Spanish landing in North America. Present Day Florida.

He was searching for the Fountain of Youth.

In 1565 The Spanish established their first settlement in North America. St. Augustine.

Spanish settlementsSpanish law called for three

kinds of settlements in the Americas;

PueblosTowns, and the center of

trade.Missions

Religious communities, usually including a small town, farmland, and a church.

PresidoFort that was usually built by

a mission.San Jose Mission

Encomienda and the Plantation System

In the 1500’s the Spanish government granted Conquistadores encomendia.• This allowed them to demand

taxes and labor from the Native Americans on their land.

Many plantations began to rise to export tobacco and sugarcane. A plantation is a large estate. • Native Americans originally

worked the farms, however they were eventually replaced by slaves from Africa.

Tobacco Leaves

Sugar Cane

The Columbian ExchangeTwo parts of the globe were now connected. The

Americas to the west, and Europe/Africa, to the east.This led to an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases

that altered life on both sides of the Atlantic.

More Countries begin to Settle

Portugal and Spain had a trade (The Treaty of Tordesillas) that split the Americas between Spain and Portugal.

However other nations completely ignored the treaty when the came to the Americas.

These other countries were England, France, and the Netherlands.

French Open Trading PostsFrance had shown

relatively little interest in establishing colonies in the Americas.

They viewed North America as an opportunity to make large profits selling furs, and trading fish.

Beaver pelts and furs were very popular in Europe and the French made large profits.

Dutch West India Company

The Dutch established a trading colonies in the Americas.

Like England, France, Spain, and Portugal they also established Permanent colonies.

Colonies Map ProjectUtilize the blank

map to label/color the 13 original colonies.

Also include the date which the Colonies were created.

Colonies Map Answers

Early English SettlementsEngland and Spain had been

heading toward war for years.They were rivals in nearly

every category.Religion, territory, exploration.

The English finally achieved victory in 1604 and defeated the Spanish Armada.

England was now free to start colonies in North America, Spanish Naval Dominance was over.

Lost Colony of RoanokeThere was an English

colony on Roanoke Island. (coast of North Carolina).

Roanoke had one very harsh winter, when the winter was over people went to the island to help settle.

Everyone was gone.The only clue they found

was the word Croatoan. The colonist were never seen again.

Jamestown

Captain John Smith was an experienced soldier and explorer. He became the governor of Jamestown.

Pocahontas did NOT marry John Smith. She married his successor John Rolfe.

JamestownJamestown became the first

permanent English colony.The town almost didn’t

succeed. After a hard winter and Captain John Smiths return to England the colony failed to stockpile enough food. By early 1608 only 38 people were still alive.

When Tobacco from the west indies was introduced it became a commercial success and guaranteed that Jamestown would survive.

PocahontasDon’t write this down.The marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe in

1614 was followed by eight years of peace between the Native Americans and the English. When the Rolfes went to England, Pocahontas was received with royal honor by King James I and Queen Anne. When Pocahontas died of smallpox in 1617, Thomas Rolfe (her son), was educated in England. Upon Thomas’s return to Virginia, he became an important settler. Today many prominent Virginians claim to be his descendents.

New England ColoniesUnlike the Jamestown

settlers the next major wave of settlers came to the Americas searching for Religious Freedom.

The two major groups were the;Puritans: They wanted to

reform the Anglican Church (Church of England).

Separatists: They wanted to set up their own churches.

PilgrimsSeparatists gained their

religious freedom by giving the Virginia Company a share of any profits they made.

They also considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religious purpose.

Mayflower CompactThey Mayflowers passengers

planned to settle in the Virginia colony. Instead they made land fall at Cape Cod.

Before they made landfall they all signed The Mayflower Compact which they agreed to follow all laws passed and establish a civil body politic.Basically this is a foundation

for a representative government. Where people give up some of their freedoms for the greater good.

Help From the IndiansDuring their first winter in Cape

Cod nearly ½ of the settlers died from malnutrition and exposure.

In the spring some Native Americans befriended the remaining colonists.

Squanto and Samoset, showed the Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins and where to hunt and fish.

The Pilgrims also signed a treaty with Massasoit one of the major tribal leaders, and lived in harmony…

New SettlementsIn 1625 another large group of

people came seeking religious freedom, and to establish a society based on the bible.

These people were the Puritans.

John Winthrop, became the colony governor.They settled in Boston.

During the 1630’s more than 15,000 Puritans moved to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and hard economic times in England. This became known as the Great Migration.

Expansions into Connecticut and Rhode Island

Some of the colonists did not like the way Winthrop was running the colony. They and some of their

followers moved to close areas to establish their own colonies.

Hartfod Connecticut and into Rhode Island.

More Religious FreedomSome people felt that their

religious freedom was even challenged in America. They didn’t want a religious government, they only wanted to practice anyway that they chose to.

This allowed for more and more colonies to begin to form in North East America.

Conflict with the NativesWith the Europeans

continually increasing in numbers, and expanding their colonial presence there was also many conflicts with the Native Americans.

New colonies would move into Native land without permission or payment.

Many battles occurred between the colonists and the Indians resulting in deaths on both sides.

Religious Freedom (15pts)Take out a separate piece of binder paper.

Write ½ a page explaining why having freedom of religion is important.

Write another ½ a page about what happens when people try to force their own religious views on others.Ex) Crusades, Terrorists, Jihads, Suicide

bombers.

Middle ColoniesNew Amsterdam,

became New YorkNew JerseyPennsylvania

Pennsylvania was nearly as large as England.

Its founder was William Penn, a Quaker.

Southern ColoniesMaryland (founded by Lord

Baltimore)Instead of focusing on just

Tobacco as their crops they made every farmer who planted tobacco had to plant two acres of corn.

Established as a safe place for Catholics escaping from England.

Virginia was continually expanding.

Carolinas were also settled.

Colony 1st Permanent Settlement Reasons Founded Founders or Leaders

New England Colonies

Massachusetts 1620 Religious Freedom John winthrop

New Hampshire 1620 Profit from trade and Fishing Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason

Rhode Island 1636 Religious Freedom Roger Williams

Connecticcut 1635 Profit from fur trade, farming; religious and political freedom

Thomas Hooker

Middle Colonies

New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch Settlers

Delaware 1638 Expand trade Swedish Settlers

New Jersey 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret

Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; religious freedom

William Penn

Southern Colonies

Virginia 1607 Expand trade John Smith

Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert

North Carolina 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of Eight Aristocrats

South Carolina 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats

Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection against spanish florida; safe home for debtors.

New FranceThe British were not the

only Europeans colonizing North America.

The Spanish and French had created colonies of their own.

French founded Quebec in 1608.

Most of their settlements were along rivers as their main reason for being in North America was to capture beavers and sell their pelts.

Flag of New France

New SpainIn the 1600’s while other

European nations were colonizing North America, Spain had solidified its hold in Mexico, Central, and South America.

They also had Missions in California.A mission is a religious

settlement established to convert people to a particular faith.

Life in the ColoniesThe population of the

Colonies expanded greatly. From 250,000 in 1700 to 2,500,000 people in 1770.

Large influxes of immigration, as well as people having LARGE families led to this population growth.

All colonies sustained themselves through farming.

Triangular TradeOne of the largest trading

routes involved the Colonies, England, and West Africa. This was called Triangular Trade.

Sugar and Molasses went to the colonies

Was turned into rumThe rum was sent to Africa

and traded for slavesThe slaves went to where

the sugar and molasses were being farmed… etc.

The Middle Passage

The Middle Passage was part of this Triangular trade.It was the part from

Africacolonies/west indies.African slaves would be put

on a ship and locked down below during the entire voyage from Africa to America.

Southern EconomyThe Southern Economy turned

to certain types of farming. Tobacco and Rice were two big crops.Tobacco was the principal cash

crop. It was farmed in the south, then sold in Europe.

It was hard to farm and was labor intensive (led to slaves)

In South Carolina and Georgia they grew a lot of rice. This was also labor intensive and was a cause for more slaves to be sent to America.

SlaveryMost slaves worked and

lived on Plantations. Some worked inside the house (house slaves), but most were used for physical labor.

Slaves were often whipped, or hung for breaking the established rules. Those who ran away were usually killed.

A majority of southerners did NOT own slaves.

MercantilismThe theory of

mercantilism is that…As a nations trade grows,

its gold reserves increase, and the nation becomes more powerful.

In order to insure that they were making money England had to make sure that they were exporting (sending out) more goods than they were importing (taking in from foreign markets).

Troubles brewing

With the American Colonies in full swing Britain wanted to find ways to benefit the most from their trade.Navigation Acts: England

controlled where the colonies goods went, and who shipped them. They ensured that ENGLAND and NOT the COLONIES were in charge of all products.

Certain products like sugar and tobacco were ONLY allowed to be shipped to England directly.

SmugglersOf course some Colonist

didn’t like these laws and wanted to ensure that THEY were the ones making money. They were called smugglers.They traded illegally with

other countries.These controls over trade

would cause major problems in the future between England and the Colonies.

Smuggler’s Cove (25pts)You will draw a picture of your “Perfect” smuggler’s

cove (hideout)You will also write a 2 pg FICTIONAL story about a

crew of smugglers, and their adventure.Include names of main smugglers (captain, some

crew etc)What they were after (treasure, money, different ship)Imagine you are writing a STORY for a movie or TV

show.If you don’t want to draw a picture you can write a 2.5-3pg

story.If you don’t want to write a story you can draw a comic strip of

at least 8 scenes.

Colonial GovernmentBy the 1600’s English colonists

had many ideas about how a government should run.

They already had the idea that a government should not be all powerful, even if run by a king.

There were attempts to limit the kings authority in the past.Magna Carta 1215

established a limited monarchy.

Colonial GovernmentThey brought with them

ideas about how a government should run.Trial by juryLimited governmental

powerRepresentative

government.These ideas were NOT

widely practiced by other nations.

Different Types of ColoniesCharter Colonies (Connecticut, Rhode Island)

Established by settlers who had been given a charter, or a grant of rights and privileges.

They elected their own governors and members of the legislature.

Proprietary Colonies (Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania)Given land by Britain, free to rule as they wished.

Royal Colonies (Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, south Carolina, Virginia.Britain directly ruled all royal colonies. The King

appointed the governor and council. This led to a lot of conflict between the colonist and their colonies leaders.

Voting RightsGenerally only white men

who owned property could vote.

Nearly all women, indentured servants, poor, and African Americans could not vote.

Despite these limitations MORE people in the Colonies could vote than anywhere else in the world.

Great AwakeningFrom the 1720’s to the 1740’s

a religious revival was taking place.

The Great Awakening was a rebirth of strong religious faith.

Two important preachers during this time were; Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield.

The great awakening led to the formation and reform of many new churches, and beliefs.

Colonial LifeThe culture in the colonies began

to drastically change from that in England.

A colonial farm was both a home and a workplace.

Mothers and fathers raised children,Women Cooked, made butter

and cheese, prepared food. Make clothes, raised chickens and cows. They also worked in the fields next to their husbands.

MenHeads of the house, managed the farms and represented the family in the community.

Youth in the ColoniesThe colonies sons and daughters

often became apprentices of someone else.They learned a trade, or became

more specialized in the workforce.Most colonists valued education.

The children were usually taught to read and write at home by the parents.

New laws began to pass in some colonies that ensured there was access to public schools.These schools were almost always

ran and taught by women.Why is it important that they went

to school?Great Awakening Worksheet (15pts)

Enlightenment and its Effects

During the middle 1700’s the colonist were influenced by the Enlightenment. This was the spread of

ideas, knowledge, reason, and science to improve daily life.

The best known American scientist was Benjamin Franklin.

Another important event was taking place regarding Freedom of the Press…

Freedom of Speech?DON’T WRITE DOWN.Freedom of Speech was NOT a

common occurrence during this time period.

In many places if you spoke ill of a king or lord you were severely punished.

In America however John Peter Zenger publically criticised the governor of New York. He was brought up on charged and found NOT GUILTY.

This was an important stepping stone in Americas development of Freedoms.

British and French TensionsGreat Britain and France had

been fierce competitor's in nearly everything for centuries. Often going to war.

Now English Colonies had expanded near French Territories in the Americas.

Native AmericansBoth the French and the English

knew that Native Americans (Indians) could be a valued ally in times of war.

The French had already established long standing relationships with the Natives while the British had not…Why?

French were mostly interested in trading and not permanent settlement.

English had taken land from the Natives by force and were planning to stay permanently.

George Washington’s First Command

In 1754 at just 21 years old George Washington received his first command. He was only a Lt. Colonel.

He was defeated by the French and taken captive, however he was later released.

Even though he was defeated legends spread of his Courage and he was regarded as a Hero for starting the fight against the French.

Albany Plan of UnionBenjamin Franklin proposed a

plan known as the Albany Plan of Union in which 11 of the colonies would be under the same rule, in order to protect themselves against the French.

EVERY SINGLE COLONY rejected this plan.

Why?They didn’t want to give up their

individual powers.By not being united they were

not as strong to fight the French.

French and Indian WarWith George Washington’s

defeat at Fort Necessity in 1754 it marked the beginning of a mini-war between the Colonist and the French and their Indian allies.

French and Indian War Worksheet (20pts)

New WarsIndians fought on both the

side of Britain and France.This was just one small war

between Britain and France, it was more a war over global dominance than over territory in the Americas.

This war also started another war back in Europe, The Seven Years War, between France and Britain.

Pitt Takes ChargeFor several years the English

were losing in both America and over seas.

William Pitt then took power as Prime Minister, he was a brilliant military planner.He began to pay for war supplies

for the Americas out of Britain’s treasury. Raising up an enormous DEBT.

Why would this debt matter later on?Colonist were forced to pay increased

taxes.

The Fall of New FranceUnder Pitts guidance the

Colonist and Britain begin to win. By 1759 France had all but given up.

The Treaty of Paris1763, Forced French to give

a majority of their lands to Britain. Spain who was Frances ally was forced to give Florida to great Britain.

No more FranceWith the Treaty of Paris

signed, France was no longer a power in the Americas. The continent was now basically divided between England and Spain.

The dividing line was the Mississippi River.

Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of

1763 stopped all westward expansion by Colonists, at the Appalachian Mountains.

This angered many people, however with this Proclamation and the end of the French and Indian War, there was a short period of peace.

Test Review Questions1. What is an apprenticeship? Why was it important to

have apprentices?2. What was the Albany Plan of Union, did this plan work

why/why not?3. What was the Proclamation of 1763, what was the

colonial reaction to this?4. Why did more Indians side with the French in the French

and Indian War?5. Describe triangular trade, and how the middle passage

is involved.6. Describe George Washington’s early career, did

anything of significance happen to him?Unit II Standards Review HW

Unit 3 Vocabulary (20pts)

1. Revenue2. Boycott3. Repeal4. Propaganda5. Militia6. Minutemen7. Loyalists8. Patriots9. Preamble10. Mercenary11. Benedict Arnold12. Blockade13. Inflation14. Privateer15. Ratify

16. Desert17. Thomas Paine18. General Charles

Cornwallis19. Battle of York Town20. Daughters of

Liberty

Word (on back)

Definition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION.

Picture

Vocab Poster = 5pts.

If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define.

Front of Card

Taxation Without RepresentationWith the French and

Indian War leaving a huge financial debt for Great Britain they passed many new taxes and laws for the Colonies.

They punished smugglers more harshly.

They began to enact a series of new taxes.

New Taxes1764 Sugar Act1765 The Stamp Act1767 Townshend Acts

Taxation Without Representation

With all of the new taxes the colonists were furious.

Why would they be mad?They had taxes passed on them

without being able to have a voice in the British Parliament.

That is Taxation without representation.Being taxed without having a voice in

the government.Being taxed by people 3000 miles

away from them.

The Sugar ActGeorge Greenville the Prime

Minister of Britain tried to increase revenue (income) for Great Britain. One way he did this was by passing new taxes.

The Sugar Act was designed to stop smuggling. It LOWERED the taxes on molasses (raw form of sugar) in order to stop the colonist from smuggling it.

How would this work?If something cost less, you might pay

for it, instead of steal it.THE DOWNSIDE: It also allowed

officers to seize goods from smugglers without going to court.

The Stamp ActThis act placed a tax on almost

ALL printed material.Newspapers, pamphlets, wills,

playing cards.Because SO MANY items were

taxed it effected nearly every colonist.

The Stamp Act was heavily protested.

In March 1766 British Parliament gave in to the Colonists demands and repealed (stopped) the Stamp Act.

Townshend ActsVery soon after the Stamp

Act was repealed Parliament passed the Townshend Acts.

These new taxes taxed EVERYTHING imported into the colonies. Included everyday items such

as glass, tea, paper, lead. All products that the colonies did not produce and were forced to import.

Comic Book Taxes… Project (20pts)

Draw a comic depicting peoples reactions as they got each new tax… (make sure the taxes are in the right order.)Include the following

Years the taxes were put into effectEach scene should show how a town reacted to ANOTHER

tax, OR show the items that were being taxed.Minimum of three scenes.Alternatively, you can create a short story/diary entry to

complete this assignment (min 1.5pg)Use your notes to ensure you have the right

dates/things being taxed. (There are three separate taxes)

Boston MassacreTensions between the Colonist

and the British were at an all time high.

Protests over taxes were common throughout the colonies.

On March 5, 1770 that tension boiled over.The Boston Massacre.Angry townspeople cornered

British “Redcoats” and pelted them with rocks, snowballs, and bats.

The Redcoats responded and shoot 7 times. Killing 5 colonists.

The Boston Tea Party

Another act was passed in 1773. The Tea Act. This act made Tea easily shippable INTO the colonies, how does that factor into the Townshend act?

Samuel Adams and the Boston sons of Liberty snuck onto the Dartmouth (ship) December 16th 1773, disguised as Indians wearing their hair in Mohawks, threw 342 chests of Tea Overboard. (Equivalent to 1,000,000 dollars of today’s money.

The King of England said of this event “we must master them or totally leave them alone”What does that mean?

Boston Event’sYou are now responsible

for completing the Boston Tea Party interview assignment, and the Boston Massacre propaganda project.

Do the INTERVIEW project first.

Interview Project is due one week from today.

Reaction to the Tea Party

1774 Parliament passed the Coercive Acts which was intended to punish Boston. It closed down the Boston Harbor until they paid for the spilled Tea. This meant that Boston would get no food, or other supplies that arrived by ship.

They were also not allowed to have town meetings. They were in effect losing their rights.

A Call to ArmsKnowing what was to come

all of the Colonies (except Georgia) sent delegates to a meeting in Philadelphia.

September 1774, 55 men gathered together to establish a political body to represent AMERICAN interest and challenge British Control.

They called the new group The Continental Congress.

Important Delegates

John AdamsSamuel AdamsJohn JayRichard Henry LeePatrick HenryGeorge Washington.

John Adams

George Washington

Samuel Adams

Decisions of the Congress

The delegates all had different ideas but were united by a common cause and vision.

They drafted a statement of grievances calling to Britain that 13 acts passed since 1763 should be repealed.

They also voted to boycott (protest) all British goods and trade.

They also decided to arm the colonists.

Types of SoldiersThe colonists did not have a large

standing army. Instead they relied on a few different types of soldiers.

Militia: groups of citizen soldiers. Normal people armed with guns.

Minutemen: men who promised they would fight and be ready within a minute. (basically they lived normally until they were needed).

The Colonists were preparing for the battle that everyone knew was coming.

Britain’s ResponseThe British knew what was

coming and King George said “blows must decide” who will control the Americas.

By April 1775 several thousand redcoats (British Soldiers) were in the Americas.

The First Battle Lexington and Concord

The redcoats found out that the colonists were keeping their arms in a depot in Concord.

April 18, 1775 the redcoats met a force of about 70 minutemen. A shot was fired, then both sides let loose. Eight minutemen lay dead, then they retreated.

When the British arrived in Concord they found that the militias weapons had already been moved.

As the British rode toward Boston farmers, blacksmiths, saddle makers, etc all hid and shot at the redcoats. By the time they reached Boston 174 had been shot and wounded, and 73 had been killed.

Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold was a

Captain in the Connecticut militia.

He switched sides and became a General in the British army.

He was known as a traitor.

Benedict Arnold Homework

Building an ArmyAfter Lexington and

Concord they sent out calls for people to join the army.

20,000 people joined and for weeks the British and American troops waited to see who would make the next move.

The Path to War (25pts)

Make a cause and effect chart which depicts reasons why the Colonies went to war with Great Britain.Include…

Taxes (Sugar, Townshend, Stamp)Events (Boston tea party, Boston massacre)First Battle (Lexington and Concord)

You can do this assignment 1 of 2 ways.WRITE 2-3 Sentences about each major event for

cause, and 2-3 sentences for effect.Draw a comic strip that depicts the cause and effect

of each event. Write a ½ page summary as well.

The Battle of Bunker Hill

June 16, 1775. 1200 militia set up defense atop of Bunker Hill. The British decided to take the hill.

The British charged up the hill and the Americans were winning… however they were running low on gunpowder (basically bullets).

“Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes” was a famous quote from this battle.

Eventually the Americans ran out of gunpowder and retreated.

The British won the battle however lost 1000 men. They now realized this would not be an easy war.

Picking SidesWith a revolution underway the

average colonist had to pick sides.

Loyalists: Choose to side with the British.They thought that taxes were not

reason enough to rebel.They thought the British would

win and wanted to be on the winning side.

Patriots: were determined to fight the British until they won their independence.

Moving Toward Independence

The Second Continental Congress began to govern the colonies. It set up the printing of

moneyIt created a Continental

ArmyAppointed George Washington as

the Armies Commander.

Important Members of the Second continental Congress

John and Samuel AdamsPatrick HenryRichard Henry LeeGeorge Washington.Benjamin Franklin: one of the most

respected men in the colonies.John Hancock: Wealth Merchant who funded

many patriot groups.Thomas Jefferson: Brilliant thinker and writer.

Last ChanceIn July of 1774 in order to

avoid going to full scale war the Second Continental Congress sent King George a petition called The Olive Branch Petition.It ensured the king that the

colonist only desired peace.It asked the King to protect

the colonists rights.King George refused, and

sent even more troops to America.

Common SenseIn 1776 Thomas Paine

published a pamphlet called Common Sense. It called for the complete independence from Britain.

“Stop squabbling over taxes, and struggle for freedom”

Common Sense Handout

Common Sense Primary Source Homework

Declaration of Independence

Jefferson was chosen to write the Declaration.

July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was approved.

John Hancock was the first to sign the Declaration.

Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration has three major sections.Preamble (introduction)Declaration of Natural RightsList of Grievances

PreambleWhen in the course of human events, it

becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of natures god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Declaration of Natural RightsWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that

they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

That to secure these rights, Governments are institution among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,

That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be change for light and transiet causes; and accordingly all experience hate shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, that to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reducte them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislature.

He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our

constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they

should commit on the inhabitants of these states:

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,

establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule in these colonies:

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments:

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.

He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.

Resolution of Independence by the United States

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.

People who Signed the DeclarationNew Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton Massachusetts: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat

Paine, Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott New York: William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart,

Abraham Clark Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton,

George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin

Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur

Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

lasted from 1776-1783.America declared its

independence in 1776, war was unavoidable.

Both sides thought the war would be short.English thought they

would crush the rebellion.Patriots thought the

British would give up. After losing a few battles.

Military ForcesBritish

Strongest Navy in the world.

Experienced well trained army.

Wealth of a worldwide empire.

Population of 8million.

• American– No navy.– No regular army.– No military experience.– Weapons and ammo in

short supply.– Population of 2.5million.– Some colonials didn’t

support the revolution. Loyalists, or neutrals.

LoyalistsLoyalists: Those who remained

loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. Also called Tories.1/5 Americans were loyalists.

(Speculated maybe as many as 1/3.)

They supported the British for many reasons.1. They supported whoever they

thought would win.2. They belonged to the church of

England.3. Scared they would lose their

jobs.

“Neighbor was against neighbor, father against son and son against father. He that would not thrust his own blade through his brother’s heart was called an infamous villain.”

African American Loyalists

Many African American slaves were loyalists.

Why?The British offered the

enslaved people freedom if they fought on their side.

A lot of these freed slaves ended up in Canada or Sierra Leone, Africa.

Patriot AdvantagesWhat were some advantages

the patriots had over the redcoats?Fighting on their own ground.

(Easier to defend than conquer)

British had to ship soldiers and supplies across the ocean.

British mercenaries fought for money, while Patriots fought for freedom.

Americans had George Washington, a great military leader.

Americans needed Soldiers

As the war continued American soldiers began to leave the army (they enlisted for only 1 year) or they ran away from the army.

Soldiers were desperately needed.

African Americans were now allowed to serve and fight on the side of the Americans.They fought for money, or to

gain their freedom.

America’s Flag1777-1795 The continental

congress designed America’s first flag.

13 stripes alternating between red and white

13 stars white in a blue field representing a new constellation.

Red = courageWhite = purity of idealsBlue = strength and Unity

of the States.

War wages on…The British and American

armies traded many victories and defeats…

The Americans gained an important victory at the Battle of Saratoga.The defeated British (5,700)

surrendered while a Patriot band played “Yankee Doodle”

Flag Project (15pts)

Create your own CUSTOM FLAG. On the back of the paper write

what your flag represents,1. What do the colors stand

for?2. What is your country

called?3. What type of government

would your country have?

WRITE THESE IN FULL SENTENCES!!!

Saratoga’s after effects…October 1777 after the Battle of

Saratoga American spirits were at an all time high.

Saratoga was a turning point in the war.

In February 1778 the French declared their support and formed an alliance with the Americans. They sent money, equipment, troops to aid the Patriots.Benjamin Franklin was largely

responsible for this. He spent over a year in France gaining support for the Americans.

Cause of French-American Alliance• Longstanding hostility between Britain and France.•Conflict between Britain and France during French and Indian War.• Victory at Saratoga boosts French confidence in Patriots.Effects of French-American Alliance.• France lends money to the Continental Congress•France sends soldiers and ships to help American forces.• Americans win independence.

The War at SeaThe British had the worlds

most powerful navy.Americans were

blockaded by the British.The Continental Congress

approved privateers, basically pirate ships to go and fight the British and they could keep whatever goods they took.

American IndependenceThe Battle of Yorktown

General Washington had utilized the French’s aid to trap General Cornwallis (England).

Cornwallis was outnumbered by American troops, as well as cut of by the French in the sea. He was trapped.

When British supplies began to run low it happened….October 19 1781 General

Cornwallis Surrendered.He didn’t surrender himself, he

sent up “the little drummer boy”

Cornwallis

Battle of Yorktown handout (15pts)

IndependenceYorktown was not the

“final battle” in the American Revolution, however it signified the end of the war as it convinced the British that the war was too costly to pursue.

Treaty of ParisEngland and America now

had to work out a treaty.America sent its delegates

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay.

The Treaty of Paris was signed September 3, 1783.Great Britain recognized the

United States as an independent Nation.

Why America WonThey were fighting on their

home field. The British had to rely on shipping troops and supplies.As soon as the British ships were

stopped (privateers and the French) they lost their support.

Help from foreign nations. Loans from France (money,

troops, weapons, ships).Spanish attacks on the French in

Louisiana.“Peoples movement”

The war wasn’t about countries or battles. It was about peoples determination to be free.

Unit 3 test review questions (21pts)(2-3 Sentences each)

1. What act was designed to stop smugglers? How did this act work?

2. Which major battle of the American Revolution is considered a turning point in the war? Why?

3. What foreign country played a large role in helping America secure their independence? Describe at least two ways they helped.

4. Why were many African American loyalist?5. Why would people remain loyalist during the revolution?6. What is taxation without representation, and why were

the Colonist angered over this?7. Why do you think America won their independence,

despite having a weaker military?

Unit III.5 Vocabulary (15pts)1. Constitution2. Bicameral3. Republic4. Petition5. Ordinance6. Depreciate7. Depression8. Proportional9. Compromise10. Enlightenment11. Federalism12. Electoral College

11. Legislative Branch

12. Executive Branch

13. Judicial Branch

14. Amendment15. Ratify

WordDefinition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION.

Picture

Vocab Poster = 5pts.

If you copy the definitions directly from the text book, you will only receive 50% of the points. Use your own words to define.

Not UnitedEven though the Colonies

had won their independence, they were hardly a united nation.

By 1780 every state had their own Constitution or body of laws.They did this because they

were scared to have any one person hold to much power… Why would they be scared?They just rebelled from a King.

King George III

Further Steps to divide powerThe states also established

divided government functions to dilute the source of power.

They had a Governor as well as a legislature.

Formation of a RepublicAs each state quickly created

their own constitution, they were slow to create a united nation.

They did all agree however that they were to create a Republic.A government in which

citizens rule through elected representatives.

They couldn’t agree on the organization and types of powers this republic would have.

America’s First Attempt at Government

March 1, 1781 The Articles of Confederation was put into effect. Creating the United States.

STATES remained the holders of the majority of power.

Each state was still basically its own independent nation held together by a WEAK central government.

Under the AoC if the central government wanted to do anything they had to get the states approval.

Under the AoC there was a WEAK central government and almost all powers laid with the states.

The Confederation Government1781-1789 The confederation

yearsWeaknesses

No strong central governmentCouldn’t pass laws unless 9/13

states voted yes.Couldn’t Amend the AoC

unless 13/13 states voted yes.Some things it did…

Expanded foreign tradeEstablished policies for

expanding westward.

The Northwest OrdinancePassed in 1787 established a single

North West Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio river, and east of the Mississippi river.

This land was to be divided into 3-5 more smaller territories.

When these territories had 60,000 people they could petition to join the Union as a State.

Did not allow slaves or indentured servants in any new lands. This is Americas first attempt to limit/stop slavery.

A major weakness of the AoCThe AoC had so little

power that they could not deal with the countries financial problems.

The central government could not impose taxes, so they printed paper money.

The central government and the states printed their OWN paper money.

This led to inflation…

George Washington’s view on the AoC

George Washington described the government as “little more than the shadow without the substance”

What does that mean?Americans started to

realize they needed a stronger central government.

The Issue of SlaveryBy 1786 11 of the 13

states (all except South Carolina and Georgia) Outlawed, or heavily taxed the importation of enslaved people.

Although slaves were not really used in the North, it was still legal.

In 1787 the North Abolished Slavery.

The Constitutional Convention55 Delegates gathered in

Philadelphia in May 1787. To revise the AoC

Important people: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin (Who was 80), James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris (wrote the final draft of the US Constitution), James Madison (called the Father of the Constitution).

Articles of Confederation Handout

Setting the StageThe convention was to revise the AoC…

however that is not what happened.They established rules for how the meetings

would progress.George Washington was selected to preside over

the meetings.Each state would have one vote.Majority voteNo meetings unless 7/13 states were

represented.Doors were to remain closed, and the meetings

secret from the public.

The Virginia PlanWith the rules set, and the

convention underway a radical idea came forward.

Edmund Randolph a delegate from Virginia proposed that the delegates created a strong central national government instead of revising the AoC.

The Virginia Plan was introduced. James Madison was behind

this plan.

Edmund Randolph

Virginia Plan DetailsTwo-house legislature

Lower house elected by the people.

Upper house chosen by the Lower House.

Number of reps. Per state dependent on each states population proportional to the country.

A Chief executive chosen by the legislature

A court system.

The New Jersey PlanOpposition rose quickly to one

of the Virginia Plans key points.Which point do you think?

They wanted equal representation instead of being given less power because of a smaller population.

They also ONLY wanted to amend and revise the AoC, by giving the central government new powers such as taxing and regulation of trade.

The Big DecisionThe convention was at a

standstill.Until they decided to create a

new Constitution or to Amend/Revise the AoC they could not continue.

On June 19th they decided to work toward a NEW National Government based off of the Virginia Plan.What big problem did they still

face?Representation based off

population or state…

Big QuestionsDon’t write down.Large questions now arose

which sparked a lot of debate.1. How was the congress to be

elected?2. How would states

representation be in upper and lower houses?

3. Did slaves count as part of the population?

The Great CompromiseRoger Sherman

proposed the Great Compromise.The lower house (The

house of representatives) would vary according to the states population.

The Upper House (The Senate) each state would have two members.

The Three-Fifths CompromiseShould slaves count toward a

states population?Why would they want to count

the slaves?Larger representation in the

House of Representatives.The North Objected based on

the fact that the Slaves were treated as property.

Eventually it was decided that each slave would count as 3/5 of a person for both Taxation and Representation.

Bill of RightsGeorge Mason of

Virginia proposed that a bill of rights be added to the constitution. It was to ensure that the new government did not limit peoples rights.

Amendment ProcessThe AoC had required uniramous

approval to Amend. They had decided that to amend the new constitution a 9/13 vote would be needed.

Therefore when 9/13 states approved the Constitution the United States would come into existence.

The Roots of the ConstitutionThe U.S. Constitution was the first document of its

kind. However it had many ideas and theories that had been talked, and written about for many, many years dating back to Ancient Greece.Ancient Greece talked about democracyAncient Rome practiced a republicMagna Carta (1215) limited powers of kingsEnglish Bill of Rights (1689)Englightenment Ideas.

John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu.Montesquie wrote The Spirit of Laws this book outlined the

separation of powers in government. IMPORTANT*****

Shared PowersThe Constitution created a federal system of

government and divided powers between the Federal government, and the States.

Shared PowersFederalism: sharing of power between the federal

and state governments.The Federal government could;

Tax, trade, control money, raise an army, declare war, pass laws.

However the states could…Pass laws and regular trade inside their borders, establish

local governments, schools, and anything else that effected the welfare of their citizens.

Both Federal and State governments could tax and build roads.

The ConstitutionThe constitution was to

be;“The Supreme Law of The Land”The final and supreme

authority.

Organization of GovernmentFollowing the ideas set forth

by Montesquieu they decided to separate the powers of government.

The Framers established three parts of the Federal Government. LegislativeExecutiveJudicial

Hand out Unit III.5 Study Guide (Due when we take exam)

Three Branches of Government Project

You will create groups of three, and be assigned a branch of government by me.

You will need to include at least 15 facts about your branch of government.

Your poster board should be cut to represent your branch of government.

SEVERAL pictures should be on your poster board.

EVERYONE MUST PARTICIPATE, your team will give you a Grade at the end of the period.

You must also describe TWO powers you have over each of the other two branches.

Legislative Branch Article I of the Constitution. Lawmaking branch of the

government. Composed of the House of

Representatives and the Senate. House is proportional to the population of

each state. The Senate has 2 senators from each

state. The Congress can

Collect taxes, make money, regulate trade, declare war, raise and support an army.

Executive BranchThey didn’t want a super strong

leader.. Why?Memories of a Tyrant King

They did know that they needed some form of strong government from their fail AoC.

Article II of the Constitution set up the Executive Branch.Headed by a PresidentResponsibilities include carrying

out the nations laws and policies, serving as commander in chief of the armed forces, and conducting relations with foreign countries.

Judicial BranchArticle III of the U.S.

ConstitutionDeals with the court

system of the United States.

The us Supreme Court and the Federal Courts deal with laws passed by Congress and disputes between states.

Checks and BalancesBy splitting the power of the government into three

branches each branch has roles and powers that check the other branches.

Example:Both the House and Senate must approve for

something to become a law. (Legislative)A president (executive) may veto (cancel) a law passed

by the congress.The Congress can OVERRIDE the president.

Another ExampleThe President picks the members of the supreme

court…HOWEVER the Senate must approve the appointments.

Ratifying the ConstitutionBefore the Constitution could go

into effect 9/13 states needed to Ratify (approve) it.

Supporters of the Constitution were called Federalists.George Washington, Benjamin

Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay were Federalists. (All well known important figures)

Those who opposed ratification of the Constitution were called Anti-federalists.Their main argument was that the

Constitution took away the rights they had fought to win from Britain.

Bill of Rights… Again.One of the biggest

concerns of the Constitutions is that it lacked a Bill of Rights.

Several states announced that they would not ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights. Why?To protect individual

freedoms.

“We have struggled for liberty and made costly sacrifices… and there are still many among us who value liberty too much to relinquish… the rights of man for the dignity of government.”

RatificationIn 1790 the U.S.

Constitution was ratified.

1791 Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution.

The Bill of Rights Amendments 1-101. Guarantees freedom of religion, speech,

assembly, and press, and the right of people to petition the government.

2. Protects the rights of states to maintain a militia and of citizens to bear arms.

3. Restricts quartering of troops in private homes.4. Protects against “unreasonable searches and

seizures”5. Assures the right not to be deprived of “life,

liberty, or property, without due process of law.

6. Guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury.

7. Assures the right to a jury trial in cases involving the common law (the law established by previous court decisions.

8. Protects against excessive bail, or cruel and unusual punishment.

9. Provides that people’s rights are not restricted to those specified in the first eight Amendments.

10. Restates the constitutions principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted to the national government nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states and to the people.

The ConstitutionThese goals guided the Framers as they

created the constitution.To Form a more perfect UnionTo establish justiceTo insure domestic tranquilityTo provide for the Common DefenseTo Promote general WelfareTo secure the Blessings of Liberty.

Major Principles of the Constitution

Popular sovereignty People are the source of the government’s power.

Republicanism People elect their political representatives.

Limited Government The Constitution limits the actions of government by specifically listing powers it does and does not have.

Federalism In this government system, power is divide between national and state governments.

Separation of Powers Each of the three branches of government has its own responsibilities.

Checks and Balances Each branch of government holds some control over the other two branches

Individual Rights Basic liberties and rights of all citizens are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.

The Federal SystemEnumerated Powers• Regulate Trade• Coin money• Provide an army and navy.•Conduct foreign affairs.•Set up federal courts.

Concurrent Powers• Enforce the laws•Establish Courts•Collect Taxes• Borrow Money• Provide for the General Welfare.

Reserved Powers• Regulate trade within the state.•Establish local government systems.•Conduct Elections•Establish public school systems.

National Government State GovernmentBoth Governments

Vocabulary Words Unit IV (20pts)

1. Cabinet2. Tariff3. Sedition4. Precedent5. Laissez-faire6. Embargo7. Judicial review8. Court-martial9. President

Washington10. Sectionalism

11.Thomas Jefferson

12. New York13. Alexander

Hamilton14. Aaron Burr15.Louisiana

Territory16.Sacagawea

WordDefinition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION.

Picture

17.Eli Whitney18. Industrial

Revolution19.

Disarmament20. Erie Canal

Front of Card Back of Card

Name

The First President

April 6, 1789 George Washington was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College.

President Washington was 57 years old when he became president in the nations capital (It was New York back then).

April 30 1789, George Washington was sworn in as the first president under the new Constitution. John Adams was the vice president.

Setting up the Nation

The first couple years President Washington and the Congress were very careful about what they did. Everything they did set a

precedent, for the future generations.

The Congress set up three departments in the executive branch.State Department (handled

relations with other nations)Treasury Department (deal with

financial issues)War Department (deal with the

nations defense.)

Judicial SystemDebates raged whether

there should be only Federal Courts, or State courts as well.

A compromise was met with the Judiciary Act of 1789. 13 District Federal Courts

which had the power to reverse the state courts decisions.

The Bill of Rights

The bill of rights limits the powers of government. Its purpose is to protect the rights of individual liberty, such as freedom of speech, and rights of persons accused of crimes, including trial by jury.

The first 10 amendments to the constitution are known as the Bill of Rights.

A National Bank?Alexander Hamilton was

the Secretary of the Treasury.American needed to raise

money, as well as create new jobs and businesses. One way they did this was by creating a Tariff (taxes on imported goods)This helped to encourage

people to make products in America, as well as to buy American products.

Hamilton also began to impose a series of Taxes on a variety of items (including Whiskey).

Is the Bank Legal?DO NOT WRITE DOWN.In the constitution does it

say that the federal government can create a bank?

Does it say that they can’t create a bank?

If the constitution doesn't say you can’t do something, do you think you should be able to do it?

The First National Bank Homework

Early Challenges to the new Government

Hamilton’s new taxes led to one of the strongest oppositions the new government had seen.

Farmers decided that they would not pay taxes on Whiskey, they remained peaceful until the tax collectors came. Then they attacked these collectors.

It became known as the Whiskey Rebellion.Washington ordered the rebellion crushed. Just by having

an army marching towards them the rebellion stopped.Why did he do this?

He had no problem with people opposing or wanting to change the government. However they needed to do so through CONSTITUTIONAL means. He set the precedent that the government would use force when necessary to maintain the social order.

Whiskey Rebellion Homework

Continued Struggles Moving West

The people in America still wanted to expand their territories west over the Appalachian Mountains.

The problem with that was that Indians were still living there, and did not want to lose any more land.

This led to conflicts between White Settlers, and the Native Population.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

One of the major clashes between settlers and Native Americans was at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Washington sent an army that completely wiped out the Indians in the Ohio region.

The Indians were forced to sign a treaty and surrender most of their land in that area.

Battle of Fallen Timbers Homework

Declaration of Neutrality

France had followed the American’s and had their own revolution. Their revolution was very bloody and involved many executions by Guillotine.

France and Britain went to war in 1793 (again) and many American’s wanted to help France.Why?Because they helped us win our

independence.April 22 Washington issued a

Proclamation of Neutrality. It prohibited American citizens from fighting in the French war, and banned all British and French warships from any American Port.

Close to War The British began to attack

American ships that were trading with France.

This brought America close to another war with Britain.

Jay’s Treaty the British agreed to withdraw from American soil and to pay damages for the American ships they sunk.They did this so that they

could focus on their war with France and not have to fight against America to.

Political Parties

By the 1790s two distinct political parties emerged.

What are the two major political parties today?Republican and Democrat

The first two political parties were the Federalists and the Republicans (Democratic Republicans)

The two PartiesFederalists

People who supported the Washington administration.

Believed in a strong central federal government.

“Implied Powers”

• Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)• Leader was

Madison.• They wanted to

limit governments powers.

• “Expressed Powers”

Implied vs. Expressed PowersAnother difference existed between the

Federalist and the Republicans. They viewed the constitution in different ways.

Federalists They believed in Implied powers. That is powers that are not expressly forbidden in the constitution are allowed to be used. (Bank, taxes, regulate trade etc)

Republican-Democrats They also believed in implied powers, however they thought that these were only powers that should be used when “Absolutely necessary”. Mainly relied on “Expressed Powers”

Another Difference (Representation)Federalists Federalist believed that the

ordinary person should not become too involved in politics.They thought public office should only be held by educated men of property, because ordinary people would be swayed too easily.

Republican-Democrats

They feared a strong central government that was controlled by a few people.

They thought that liberty would only be safe if ordinary people participated in government.

Differences between the First Political Parties

FederalistsLeader: Alexander Hamilton•Favored:• Rule by the wealthy class•Strong federal government•Emphasis on manufacturing•Loose interpretation of the constitution (implied powers)•British alliance•National bank•Protective tariffs•Implied Powers

Democratic-RepublicsLeader: Thomas Jefferson• Favored:•Rule by the people•Strong state governments•Emphasis on agriculture•Strict interpretation of the Constitution.•French Alliance•State banks•Free Trade.•Expressed Powers

Election of 1796A New President was

elected. John Adams.John Adams became

President (Federalist)Jefferson became vice

president (Republican)In this time the

winner became President, and the one with the second most votes became Vice President.

John Adams problemsProblems with France

Almost went to warAlien and Sedition

ActsPeople began to become

scared of Aliens (foreigners) in their country.

Why?If a French person was living

in America, what would they do if America went to war with France?

The Republicans take Power

The Election of 1800 marked the Republicans first term in office.

Jefferson (republican) ran against Adams (federalist, incumbent).

Jefferson and Adams TIED in electoral votes.When there is a TIE the

House of Reps. Will vote for the new President.

Eventually Jefferson won and became president. Aaron Burr became vice president.

The Jefferson Era

Jefferson had different views than those who preceded him.

He thought that the strength of the Nation lay with the individual farmers (most people were still farmers.)His thinking was that if

each farmer owned their own land, then they would fight to keep it if need be.

What do you think about this?

Marbury vs. Madison

A supreme court case that established Judicial Review.Judicial Review gave the

supreme court a HUGE BOOST IN POWER.

Judicial Review allowed the courts to deem the laws passed by congress or the president UNCONSTITUTIONAL if they went against the constitution.

Marbury v. Madison supreme court case handout.

The Expanding Nation

American Farmers continually were moving west and setting up new farms.

They had their farms along rivers… Why?To transport their goods

easier.Why else?

The goods were transported along the rivers to New Orleans (Port City), where they were shipped to the east coast.

The Louisiana Purchase

President Jefferson authorized James Monroe to negotiate for the purchase of land from France.

The Louisiana Purchase included all territory around Louisiana. It cost 15million.

Jefferson loved the idea of this purchase, but wasn’t sure if it was legal (constitutionally).He decided that since the

government could make treaties, they could also by law, purchase land. Congress approved of the land purchase, and the size of America Doubled.

Lewis and Clark Documentary

Lewis and ClarkEven before the

Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark got congress to sponsor their trip west of the Mississippi.

Thomas Jefferson was the man responsible for appointing Lewis and Clark.

Their Expedition

They left St. Louis in 1804 and worked their way to the Missouri River (upstream).

Along their journey they met a young Indian woman Sacagawea, who was 16 and pregnant.

It took 18 months and 4000 miles, and Lewis and Clark had reached the Pacific Ocean.

What they Found

Lewis and Clark collected information on people, plants, animals, and the geography of the west.

Most importantly it sparked peoples interest in moving west even further.

Sacagawea Hand-Out

Secession and a DuelSome Federalist wanted to

Secede (withdraw) from the Union.

Alexander Hamilton stopped Aaron Burrs plan to help this become a reality.

Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel.

A duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals.

Before pistols people used swords.What would people use today?

The DuelJuly 1804 Hamilton and

Burr went to duel with pistols.

Hamilton said he would not shoot at Burr.

Burr didn’t care and shot Hamilton anyway.Hamilton died the next

day and Burr ran away to avoid arrest.

Two-Term Precedent

Following Washington’s precedent Jefferson informed people that he would not run for a third term in office.

The next president also a republican, was James Madison, Thomas Jefferson’s former Sec. of State.

Modern Day Duel Assignment (15pts)

Duels have been around since the beginning of time. Whether it is someone fighting for their own honor, the protection of another, or fighting for their lives.

Swordfights, boxing matches, gun fights, arm wrestling matches are all types of duels.What are modern day duels? How are duel request issued? (How does someone

challenge you to a duel)Is there still a sense of “honor” in most modern day duels? Over the course of the next one hundred years how do you

think duels will evolve? In the year 2200 how do you think people will “settle” their differences?

Write ONE page response answering the above questions.

Daily AgendaWarm up Activity:1.Why was Sacagawea so

important to helping Lewis and Clark move west?

2.Who appointed Lewis and Clark to explore the west?

3.OCSR: Who introduced the Virginia Plan?

4.Define: Sacagawea, Sectionalism.

If you were an Indian, how would you feel when white people just moved into your land, cut down trees, and built cities? How would you react.

SS.8.A.3.15: Examine this time period (1764-1815) from the perspective of historically under-representaed groups.

Daily Question to Know

Madison and a time of War

When Madison took office America was at the brink of many wars.

France and Britain had stopped trade with America.

Pirates, as well as Royal ships were taking American ships and selling their cargo.

America was close to going to war with Britain, France, and Indians.

War HawksWar Hawks were

members of congress who wanted Madison to be more aggressive against these threats.

Hunger for land heightened their war fever. (imperialism)

The War of 1812By 1812 Madison had

concluded that war with Britain was inevitable.“The spectacle of injuries

and indignities which have been heaped on our country”

Americans were NOT prepared for war. Their army only had 7,000 trained soldiers. The people who fought in the American Revolution were too old to fight now, so they had essentially no experienced soldiers..

The War of 1812

American forces moved from Detroit to Canada.

They were scared that they would be defeated by Tecumseh (Indians allied with the British). They pulled back and allowed British troops to take Detroit.

The Americans decided they needed to take control of Lake Erie.

On September 10th, 1813 American ships under the command of Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British ships on Lake Erie.

The War of 1812 Homework

The Indian Alliance Crumbling

The Indian leader Tecumseh died in a battle against the Americans.

March 1814 Andrew Jackson attacked and defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

The death of Tecumseh and the defeat of the Creek Indians destroyed any chance of an Indian alliance to help the British.

British Offensive

Although the British had suffered defeats both on land, and at Sea they rebounded and were able to fight back.They came back stronger

because their war with France finally ended. (They won)This means they could

consolidate their troops in N. America.

August 1814 they sailed into Chesapeake bay, marched into Washington DC and burnt and destroyed everything.

The War EndsBritish troops did not hold

Washington, instead they march towards Baltimore.

Baltimore was ready and halted the British advances.

The British began to lose many troops and realized (again) that war with America was too costly.

The Treaty of Ghent was the peace agreement between America and Britain.

This was the only time America was ever invaded by a foreign country.

The Star-Spangled Banner

During the British assault on Baltimore an attorney named Francis Scott Key watched as bombs burst over the city. By Dawn he was able to see that the Flag still stood tall. He wrote the Star-Spangled banner, and in 1931 (more than 100 years later) congress declared that song to be the National Anthem.

“O! say can you see by the dawn's early light,What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming.And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;O! say does that star-spangled banner yet wave,O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?”

The rest of the poemOn the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:'Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly sworeThat the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,A home and a country should leave us no more!Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.No refuge could save the hireling and slaveFrom the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O! thus be it ever, when freemen shall standBetween their loved home and the war's desolation!Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued landPraise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

The Final Battle of 1812 and the rise of a new hero.

There were no cell phones, no satellite phones, and no 24/7 news center.When the treaty was signed and the

war was officially over the majority of soldiers on both sides, didn’t know about it.

In December 1814 the bloodiest battle of the war occurred. The Battle of New Orleans.

Andrew Jackson the leader of American forces led them to a decisive victory and became a hero.

He would eventually become president in 1828.

Legacy of the War of 1812Americans first full fledged

war as a nation. (VICTORY)They defeated an established

world power in Britain.Federalist party lost a lot of

power and prestige to the Republicans.

Nationalism began to rise in America. (Pride in ones country)

Nations around the world respected America.

The Evolution of the FlagIn 1795 Kentucky and

Vermont joined the Union.

Two more Stars and two more stripes were added to the flag.

Congress decided that adding stripes would make the flag look weird (as more states joined.)

They fixed the number of stripes at 13, and decided to add a new star for each new state.

The Growth of a Nation

America was growing and expanding VERY quickly.

Industry, technology, and population were all growing at speeds unheard of before. Why?A lot of land to spread,

good soil, brilliant scientists.

This is the beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution began in America around 1800.It began in the northern

states, where the soil was poor for farming.

Why is that important?They were eager to leave

their farm jobs in order to find new work.

There were also a lot of rivers, they used a lot of waterpower in early factories.

Why was this land poor for farming?

Industrial Revolution

America also provided opportunity for people to open and prosper in business and factories.

Capitalism, and Free Enterprise were two important causes of the Industrial revolution.

Inventions change the worldTechnology began to quickly change

the way things were done. Without these new inventions an Industrial Revolution would not have occurred.

Eli Whitney: Eli Whitney invented two very important things.Cotton Gin: A machine that quickly

and efficiently removed seeds from cotton fiber. It worked as fast as 50 people who worked by hand.

Interchangeable Parts: Before this if a machine broke, it broke. There was no switching of parts. These are identical machine parts that can be quickly put together to make a complete product. (spokes, sprockets, etc.)

Eli Whitney Homework

Growth of Cities

Even with new technologies and factories booming a majority (65%) of the Americans were still farmers.

With the growth of factories, came the growth of cities.Cities on rivers were also

more developed than those that weren't.

People began to move to the cities for economic opportunities. (Urbanization)

Cities (Urban)CitiesBegan to develop too quickly during the industrial revolution, the infrastructure could not keep up. •Buildings were made of wood and brick.•Streets and sidewalks were unpaved.•Animals roamed freely.•No sewer systems to carry waste (your poop)•HIGH danger of diseases such as Cholera and Yellow Fever.•Fires were also very common and dangerous.

•Despite that people still wanted to live in cities because of:•A steady paycheck•Libraries, museums, shops.

Child LaborA lot of children were forced to

work for less pay than adults.They were used because they

were smaller. Their small hands could reach inside of broken or jammed machines to fix/take things out.

This led to a lot of children losing limbs and fingers.

Children also worked in coal mines and got very sick.

They worked many hours and many worked instead of getting an education.

Moving WestIn 1790 Americas first

census showed that there were nearly 4,000,000 people living in America.Most of these people lived

EAST of the Appalachian Mountains.

In 1820 just 30 years after the first Census there were more than 10,000,000 people living in America. With more than 2,000,000 living West of the Appalachian Mountains.

Westward Settlement (Manifest Destiny)

People moved westward in waves.

In the 1790s people moved west and this led to the creation of four new states;Vermont, Kentucky,

Tennessee, and Ohio.Between 1816 and 1821

Five new states were addedIndiana, Illinois, Mississippi,

Alabama, Missouri.

Life in the WestPeople in the West didn’t

have the same luxuries and conveniences of their Eastern counter parts.

They faced hard times moving west, settling down, and surviving.

Whatever life they made for themselves they earned.

SectionalismAmericans began to feel

attached to the region which they lived.

West vs EastNorth vs SouthThey differed on issues

such as slavery, banking, taxes, and military.

Trail of TearsThe Trail of Tears was a

forced relocation of Native Americans.

It effected Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw Indians. They were moved from their homes to present day Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears Homework

The Missouri CompromiseAs new states were added

to the Union the question came up… Should they have slaves, or not?

Missouri would be added as a slave state, Maine would be added as a Free State.The rest of the

Louisiana territory would be free states.

Why are people worried about slave states, and free states?

Tensions between North and South

The south was reliant on their slaves for their labor.

The north was becoming increasingly anti-slavery.Abolitionist (people who

wanted to end slavery)

1. Suffrage2. Secede3. Manifest Destiny4. Californios5. Vigilantes6. Telegraph7. Morse Code8. Famine9. Slave Codes10. Temperance11. Abolitionists13. Andrew Jackson14.John Quincy Adams15.Davy Crockett

16.Alamo17. Brigham Young18.John Deere19.The Underground

railroad20. Susan B. Anthony

WordDefinition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION.

Picture

Unit V Vocabulary (20pts)

Word Poster = 10pts

If you use the textbook definition you will receive 50% of the points. Define the words in your own way.

Jacksonian DemocracyIn the Election of 1824 Jackson

received the largest number of popular votes, however NO CANDIDATE received a majority of electoral votes.Under the terms of the Constitution

when no candidate receives more than ½ the electoral vote the House of Representatives select the president.

Henry Clay swayed the House into selecting John Quincy Adams as President, and Clay became the secretary of state.

Jackson’s followers accused these two men of stealing the presidency.

The Election of 1828Jackson won the

presidency in a landslide.

Jackson (Democratic Republican 56%,

John Quincy Adams (National Republican) 43.6%John Q. Adams and his

father John Adams, both only served ONE term.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson was

everything that most American’s admired.A patriot, self made man, and

a war hero.Normal people felt a

connection to Jackson unlike any other president as Jackson seemed like a “normal guy”

Small farmers, craft workers, and frontiersmen especially loved Jackson.

Andrew Jackson Handout

Increase in Suffrage (voting)

Under Jackson voting laws loosened (it used to be only white land owning men could vote)By the mid 1820’s voting

had spread to more males; sharecroppers, factory workers, and many others.

In the 1840’s more than 80% of white males were voting in president elections.

Seneca Falls Convention & Declaration of Sentiments

A women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.Viewed by some as a

revolutionary beginning in the struggle for women’s rights.

Declaration of SentimentsThe Foundational document

in the American woman’s suffrage movement.

Written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and was based on the form of the Declaration of Independence.

Spoil’s SystemUnder Jackson a new

system for government jobs began to take shape the Spoil’s system (good ol’ boy).Under this system people

got their jobs based upon who they knew, not what they knew.

Southern ProtestSouthern States began to

argue that they had to right to nullify or cancel a federal law that they felt was against states interest.Why would this be a bad

thing?Some southerners

wanted to secede or break away from the United States.

Jackson’s Stand“Our federal union… must be

preserved!”Jackson (President)

“The Union—to our liberty, most dear.”Calhoun. (Vice President)

Calhoun soon resigned the vice presidency and became a senator.

Their big disagreement was over State vs. Federal powers.Who do you think should hold

the most power, states or federal government?

The Nullification Crisis

Southern States DECLARED that they would not pay taxes passed by the Federal Government.

In 1833 Under Jackson’s urging Congress passed the Force Bill which allowed the president to use the Military to enforce acts of congress.What does this mean?

Eventually the Southern States backed down, however they realized that the U.S. Govt would not allow a state to secede without a fight.What is coming?

Indian Removal ActMany Americans living on the

western frontier wanted the Indians removed further to the west in order to take their land, for more farms. The main Indian Tribes were

the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, chickasaw, and Choctaw.

Jackson supported the peoples wishes to move the Indians.

In 1830 congress passed the Removal Act.

The Trail of Tears

In 1835 the federal government persuaded a few Cherokee to sign a treaty giving up their peoples land. However most of the 17,000 Cherokee REFUSED to honor the treaty.

Under General Winfield Scott with an army of 7,000 troops came to remove the Cherokee. “Chiefs, head men, and warriors, Will

you then, by resistance, compel us to resort to arms?”

The Cherokee knew that fighting would only lead to their destruction and the long march west began.Why would the Cherokee lose?

ResistanceMany Indian troops did not

leave quietly. In 1835 the Seminole joined forces with a group of Runaway slaves and attacked settlements along the Florida Coast.

They used Guerilla Tactics.The Seminole caused so much

destruction that eventually some of them were allowed to stay on their own land.

The Jackson Era Worksheet

The Election of 1832Jackson decided NOT to run for

a third term (following precedent) and Martin Van Buren was elected president. He was a direct successor and

was fully supported by Jackson.Soon after Van Buren was

elected the country went into a depression. Hundreds of Thousands lost

jobs, land values sunk, and thousands of businesses closed.

Does this sound familiar? When were some other Depressions?

Manifest Destiny

What was Manifest Destiny?Claim’s over land in the

Oregon Country were disputed. Russia, England, Spain, and America all had claimed the land as their own.

In the early 1840’s “Oregon Fever” spread through the Mississippi Valley.

Tens of thousands of people began to move west. This was called emigration.How is emigration different

from immigration?

The Oregon TrailThe trail was over 2,000

miles long.They made the trip in

Canvas covered Wagons.America’s Manifest Destiny

began to spread and people began to believe that they should possess all land on the Continent.“Manifest Destiny to

overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us.”

Government Opinion on Manifest Destiny

Filled with the spirit of Manifest Destiny President Polk was determined to make Oregon part of the United States.

A compromise was made with Britain in which a border was established between American Soil and British Soil at latitude 49.

Independence for Texas

Even though Manifest Destiny was the main focus of Americans during this time. There were many other events occurring throughout the nation.

One of these large events was the acquisition of Texas as a state.

Davy CrockettDavy Crockett was a man

known for his frontier skills, sense of humor, and shrewd common sense that he often displayed in politics.

Crockett wanted to help the Texans win their independence from Mexico.

By 1830 Americans in Texas far outnumbered the Mexicans.

Manifest Destiny Handout (workbook activity 12)

Tensions Grow

Mexican officials began to see that they were becoming out numbered.

They reacted by stopping immigration from the United States, as well as harshly taxing any

trade with America. This angered the Americans

living in Texas, as they relied on trading with the United States, and wanted their friends and

family to move to Texas with them.

Remember the AlamoA army led by Santa Anna reached

a small Texan force that was barricaded inside a nearby mission called the Alamo.

They only had 180 soldiers to fight Santa Ana’s several thousand.

The Texans were led by Davy Crockett and a few other notable men. Jim Bowie, William B. Travis.

For 12 Days the defenders of the Alamo kept Santa Anna’s army at bay with rifle fire.

Nearly everyone was killed including Davy Crockett.

Remember the Alamo Homework

Texas Declares its Independence“The people of Texas, in solemn convention

assembled, appealing to a candid world for the necessities of our condition, do hereby resolve and declare that our political connection with the Mexican nation has forever ended; and that the people of Texas do now constitute a free, sovereign, and independent republic…”March 2, 1836.

Texas Path to Statehood1836 Andrew Jackson denied Texas application to

become a state.Didn’t want to upset the balance of slave and free

states.President Van Buren also denied Texas’ application.

Didn’t want to upset the balance of slave and free states.

John Tyler (President in 1841) wanted to let Texas become a state, however the senate did not approve.

In 1845 Texas finally became a state. (Manifest Destiny)

CaliforniaAfter Mexico gained its

independence from Spain in 1821 California became a state in the new Mexican Nation.

Manifest Destiny though eventually brought California into the Americans sight.

In the 1840’s Mexican officials welcomed American settlers.Why would they want to add

California to the nation?Defended by two ocean

borders, not a foreign nation.

War with MexicoMexico refused to sell

California and New Mexico to America (under president Polk)

Polk wanted to go to war with Mexico, however he wanted them to take military action first.

On May 11th 1846 after a small conflict, Polk told congress that Mexico had “invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil”Congress passed a declaration

of war against Mexico.

Polk’s War PlanPolk had a three part plan.

1. The American Troops would drive Mexican forces out of the disputed border region in Texas and make the border secure.

2. The U.S would seize New Mexico and California.

3. The U.S. would take (capture) Mexico City the capital of Mexico.

Plan in ActionIn 1846 New Mexico was

captured by Americas.In July 1846 California

was taken over by America.

In 1847 Polk’s army reached the outskirts of Mexico City, they captured Mexico City and the Mexican Government Surrendered.

The Peace TreatyThe Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo was signed in February 1848.In this treaty Mexico gave up all

claims to Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico.

It also gave its provinces of California and New Mexico to the United States for $15million.Ten years later America paid Mexico

another $10million for the Gadsen Purchase a strip of land along the southern edge of Arizona and New Mexico.

WITH THIS PURCHASE AMERICA REACHED ITS PRESENT SIZE.

California ______ Rush 1849What major event

happened in 1849 that led to a population surge in California?Gold Rush

These people were called forty-niners

Boomtowns were establishedThese were towns that

quickly came to be almost overnight.

Mormons in UtahMormons or the Church of

Latter-day Saints went to Utah to fulfill their vision of the godly life.

Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in 1830 in New York State.

In 1844 Brigham Young took over as head of the Mormons, they moved near the Great Salt Lake in present day Utah.

Brigham Young Handout

Social ReformIn the early 1800’s a wave

of religious fervor known as the Second Great Awakening stirred the nation. This led to people becoming eager to change their lives for the better.

There was also a war against alcohol.People blamed Alcohol for

poverty and a temperance movement began. (Drinking little to no alcohol.)

Education ReformIn the early 1800’s only New England

provided free elementary education.This meant in other areas people had

to pay for their children to go to school. Could poor people pay for their children to go to school?

By the 1850’s most people supported the idea that public education should be free and supported by taxes.

Men studied math, science, historyWomen studied music or needlework.

They also stayed in school for less time than their male counterparts. Women were still thought to be only wives and mothers.

College BoomDuring this time Dozens of

new colleges and Universities were created. MOST admitted only men.

Oberline College of Ohio, founded in 1833, admitted men, women, and African Americans to their school.

Mount Holyoke was the first permanent women’s college.

Ashmun Institute became the first African American College. It was later renamed Lincoln University.

The differences between the North and South.North South• Lots of power driven machinery. Replaced workers with machines.• Technology changed the way they worked, traveled, and communicated.• Highly Industrialized.• Strong transportation system. Railroads, boats (Clipper Ships), tons of railroads.• Improved communication included the telegraph and Morse Code.• Factories were an important part of life in the North.• Trade Unions, Strikes, and Child Labor were all aspects of Northern Life.• Slavery was nonexistant in the northern States however there was still Racial Prejudice.• Large number of Immigrants (Irish was the largest group)

• The Southern States were ruled by Cotton, Plantations, and Slave owners.• The Upper South (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina.• The Deep South (Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.)• The South had a thriving Economy, and slaves were a vital part of this economy.• The South had very few factories compared to the North, their main economy was tied up in Cotton.• the South had a lower population than the North.• The Southern Railroad were susbstantially less developed than the Norths.• Most Southerners worked/lived in Small Farms and a few owned Plantations filled with slaves.

AbolitionistsWhat is an

abolitionists?Reformers who

worked to abolish, or end slavery.

By the early 1800’s northern states had ended slavery.

AbolitionistReformers realized

that their gradual approach to ending slavery was not working. Slave numbers were actually increasing.

Soon under some new leadership the abolitionist movement became a pressing social issue.

Abolitionist Leaders

William Lloyd Garrison: Worked for a newspaper in Baltimore. Eventually he founded his own newspaper The Liberator.

The Grimke Sisters: Among the first women to speak out against slavery. They were from a rich slave holding family.

Frederick Douglas: He is the most widely known African American abolitionist. He escaped from Slavery. He was a powerful speaker and for 16 years was the editor of an antislavery newspaper called the North Star.

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad was a

series of escape routes from the South to the North.

They mostly ran by foot at night towards the north star.

During the day they rested at “stations”Barns, attics, church basements, or

anywhere people would give them shelter.

In the later phases of the underground railroad they began to head north on wagons, some of which had secret compartments.

The Underground Railroad/Abolitionist Homework

Unit 6 Vocabulary (20pts)1. Sectionalism2. Fugitive3. Secede4. Compromise of

18505. Martyr6. Blockade7. Rebels8. Yankees9. Emancipate10. Habeas Corpus11. Draft12. Amnesty

13. Impeach14. Abraham Lincoln15. Jefferson Davis16. Robert E. Lee17. Harriet Tubman18. Dorothea Dix19. Ulysses S. Grant20. Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

WordDefinition: This is where you write the definition of the word. USE YOUR OWN WORDS, NOT THE TEXTBOOK DEFINITION.

Picture

Vocabulary Poster = 10pts

If you use the textbook definition you will receive 50% of the points. Define the words in your own way.

Front of Paper Back of Paper

Slavery and the WestOne of the main

causes of the civil war was slavery, and it was still a problem in admitting states to the union prior to the Civil War.

Slaveholding Missouri petitioned to join the Union in 1819.

During this time were more slaves, imported (brought to America) or born, in the United States?

Missouri CompromiseJohn Quincy Adams

(Secretary of State) described the arguments that followed as “a mere preamble—a title-page to a great tragic volume”Preamble to what?

Missouri had about 50,000 white settlers and 10,000 slaves. Its constitution allowed for slavery.

Missouri Compromise Cont…There was one big problem

in allowing Missouri to join the union. There were already 11 free states, and 11 slave states.

This meant that the senate was perfectly balanced with 22 pro slavery senators and 22 anti slavery senators. Adding another slave or free state would tip the balance of power in congress.

Missouri CompromiseThe problem of pro

or anti slavery also created a feeling of sectionalism or a loyalty to ones particular region of the country. The south felt as if the north was trying to impose their views upon them.

Missouri CompromiseHenry Clay came up with

an idea that would save the balance of power in the Union.

The plan was to admit Missouri as a slave state, and at the same time admit Maine as a free state.

Maine used to be a part of Massachusetts, but now wanted to become their own independent state.

This compromise allowed for the number of slave states to be at 12, as well as free states at 12.

New Western LandsWith the Missouri

Compromise finished in the 1820’s the issue of slavery was kept in the background for nearly 20 years.

However when new states from the West (Texas, New Mexico, California) all tried to join the Union the debate started all over again.

Essentially all the Missouri Compromise did was delay the argument of slave states vs. free states.

Talk of SecessionSoon there were 15 free and 15

slave states.A new idea had come about

that states could vote or decide for themselves whether to be admitted as a free or slave state.

In 1850 California was poised to enter the Union as a FREE state.

This scared the south as New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah were about to become free states as well.Why would this scare the south?

Talk of SecessionAs the south began to

see themselves becoming out numbered to free states people began to talk of Seceding (or leaving the union (USA)).

This left the door open for another compromise, or a way to make all sides happy, or at least all sides able to stay part of the same country.

The Compromise of 1850In January 1850 Henry Clay

proposed a multi-part plan to settle the issues of slavery and congress.

California would be added as a free state.

New Mexico would have NO restrictions on slavery.

New Mexico-Texas border dispute would be settled in New Mexico’s favor.

The SLAVE TRADE, not slavery would be abolished in Washington DC.

There would be a stronger fugitive slave law put in place.

Compromise of 1850 Handout.

Opposition to The Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay’s plan was debated for several months in congress.

One of the most prominent opposition to the bill was John C. Calhoun.Calhoun believed that the

only way to save the Union was to Protect Slavery.What state do you think Calhoun

was from?Calhoun warned congress that

if they admitted California was a free state, then the South would have no choice but to leave the Union.

Finally a Compromise?With the help of new President

Millard Fillmore (president Taylor died in office), and Stephen Douglas a senator from Illinois a plan was devised to pass this compromise.

It was split into 5 smaller bills allowing people to vote no on sections that they would not support.These 5 bills taken together are

known as the Compromise of 1850.

They were the five main points of Henry Clay’s plan.President Fillmore said that these

bills would be the “final settlement” between the north an the south. Was he right or wrong?

Fugitive Slave ActAs a result of The

Compromise of 1850 the U.S. enacted harsher fugitive slave laws.

This law required ALL citizens to help catch runaway slaves, anyone who helped a fugitive slave could be fined or imprisoned.

The South had hoped that this law would help the North recognize southern rights, instead it made the North mad, and hate slavery even more.

Fugitive Slave ActAfter this act was passed in

1850 Southerners stepped up their efforts to capture runaways.

They captured runaway slaves that had been living free lives in the north for years.They also sometimes

captured African Americans who were never slaves, and forced them into slavery.

Northern resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act.Despite harsh penalties

northerners still did not care for slavery. Many contributed

help/money to the Underground Railroad, and anti slavery groups.

Northern juries also refused to convict those accused of breaking the Fugitive Slave Law.How do you think this

made the Southern states feel?

The Kansas-Nebraska ActWith new states

wanting to join the Union the issue of slavery came about again.

Kansas and Nebraska both were technically in the “North” as set in the Missouri Compromise, however a new theory was coming about….

Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty:

Allowing people to decide.What were they

deciding on?Issue of being admitted as

a Slave or Free state.Northerners opposed

this bill as it would allow more slave states, and Southerners supported it.

“Bleeding Kansas”Kansas had about 1,500 voters living

in the state at the time.When the issue of whether to be a free

or slave state was voted on however, there were over 6,000 votes cast.

Proslavery and Antislavery forces armed themselves, created two separate state constitutions one allowing slaves, and one against slavery.These were Americans killing

Americans over the issue of slavery.Violence had even spread into

Congress.Someone walked into the Senate

chamber and beat a senator over and over again in the head with his cane.

The Republican PartyIn 1854 antislavery Whigs

and Democrats joined forces with Free-Soilers to form the Republican Party.They vowed to rally “for

the establishment of liberty and the overthrow of the Slave Power”

During this time most northerners = Republican

Most Southerners = Democrats

The Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott was a slave

bought by an Army doctor in Missouri (a slave state).

The Doctor moved to Illinois (a free state) then to Wisconsin Territory (slavery was banned here).

Once the doctor died his family moved back to Missouri (Slave State)Dred Scott sued for his

freedom. He claimed that since he had once lived on free soil he should be free.

Dred Scott Handout

The Dred Scott DecisionThis case attracted enormous attention.

It was no long about a single slave trying to become free, it was about Slavery in territories.

The Final Decision: Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, ruled; Dred

Scott was a slave, and as a slave he was not a citizen and did not have the rights to bring a law suit.

Also, by him living on free soil that did not make him free. He was “property” and could be moved wherever he wanted.

He also said that The Missouri Compromise and Popular Sovereignty were unconstitutional, as they essentially would be taking away property from people violating their 4th amendment rights of “due process of law”Under this decision the U.S. Constitution

basically protected Slavery.

The Election of Abraham Lincoln?Lincoln was a relatively unknown

Republican. He was running against Douglas an established Democrat Senator. (Running for Senator)

Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates.

They met seven times, and the main issue debated was of course…Slavery.

Douglas main claim was that Lincoln wanted African Americans to be EQUAL to whites.Lincoln denied this but said that each

man should be able to keep what he earns.

Lincoln LOST the election to Douglas but was now a well known name throughout the country.

John Brown and Harper’s Ferry handout.

The Election of 1860In 1860 the Democrat

party was split in two. Northern Democrats put up Stephen Douglas,

Southern Democrats put up John C. Breckinridge,

and a third Democrat John Bell was nominated as well.Why would there be a

problem with a political party nominating three people?

Lincoln’s ElectionThe Republican’s

nominated Abraham Lincoln.

Lincoln won a clear majority of Electoral Votes. 180/303 but he only won 40% of the popular vote.He mainly won because

the Democrats had three candidates.

Lincolns name did not even appear on most Southern Ballots.

Lincoln Part 1 HandoutLincoln Part 2 Handout

Southern SecessionLincoln and the

Republicans had promised NOT to disturb slavery where it had already existed.

The Southern States however did not trust the republicans, and on December 20th, 1860 the South held a convention in South Carolina and voted to Secede, or leave the Union.

Lincoln’s Stand“The government shall be

broken up, unless we surrender to those we have beaten”

-Abraham LincolnDo you think it is right that

the South would secede after they lost a free and fair vote? Or do their motives seem selfish?

The republicans had promised not to outlaw slavery in slave states, only to STOP the spread of slavery to new states.

The Confederacy

Jefferson Davis Handout. Drafting a new Constitution Handout.

By February 1861 Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina had seceded and created a new nation and Government.

They were called The Confederate States of America and chose Jefferson Davis, a senator from Mississippi as their President.

Reactions to Secession

Northern reactions Southern reactionsSome abolitionist

preferred to allow the Southern States to leave.

MOST northerners however believed that the Union must be preserved

Many Southerners welcomed secession.

Many were also scared of what was to come.

Fort SumterFort Sumter was a fort on an

island guarding Charleston Harbor in South Carolina.

They were low on supplies, in Confederate Territory and sent a letter to Lincoln asking for help.

Lincoln, not wanting to start a war sent a letter to Governor Francis Pickens of South Carolina.The letter explained that he

would be sending an unarmed expedition with supplies to the fort, and would not be rearming, or lending them reinforcements.

Why would Lincoln do this?Didn’t want to start the war.

Fateful DecisionLincoln held true to his

promise and sent the unarmed expedition to the Fort.Jefferson Davis, the

Confederate President however made a decision.He ordered an attack on Fort

Sumter on April 12, 1861.Thousands of bullets were

fired in both directions but NO ONE died on either side.

Eventually the Northern Troops in the Fort surrendered.

Southern troops raised their flag over the fort in victory.

This led Lincoln to call for 75,000 troops to protect the union, and thousands more volunteered to join.This also led to

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas to secede and join the confederacy, the Civil War had begun.

The Two Sides: Civil WarOnce war had

officially begun several more states left the Union and joined the Confederacy.

The Confederacy chose Richmond Virginia (only 100 miles away from Washington D.C.) as their capital.

“Border States”There were still four states

in the Union which allowed slavery. Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware.Missouri, Kentucky, and

Maryland were very close to seceeding.

Maryland was very important as Washington D.C. was essentially inside of it, if Maryland seceded than the North’s Capital would be surrounded.

Walking the LineLincoln had to be very

careful how he dealt with the border states. If he was too firm they would leave and give power to the South.

If he was to lenient than he would lose his own supporters in the north.

Lincoln suspended some constitutional rights, arrested people who supported secession, and spoke very carefully of slavery.

West VirginiaIn 1861 a large

group of people living in Virginia decided to REJOIN the union and secede from the Confederacy.

48 Counties in Virginia united and created a separate state called West Virginia,