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United States History. Chapter 28: The Cold War. Occupation. The Allies agreed that, to best prevent World War III, supervision of gov’t establishment and rebuilding must take place Germany was divided into four zones at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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United States History
Chapter 28:The Cold War
OccupationThe Allies agreed that, to best prevent World War III,
supervision of gov’t establishment and rebuilding must take place
Germany was divided into four zones at the Potsdam Conference in 1945The United States, Britain, France and USSR controlled a
section of the nationBerlin, within the Soviet zone, was also dividedSet out to destroy the Nazi Party, reorganize gov’t and
rebuild the nationJapan was occupied solely by the United States from 1945-
1952Emperor Hirohito remained at the helm, but had no powerGov’t was led by American Gen. Douglas MacArthur, his staff
and a Japanese congressEstablished a new constitution that reformed society and the
economy and banned a military
War CrimesThe Allies also agreed that war criminals had to be
punished for their roles in the warGerman trials were held in Nuremberg in 1945-46
High ranking Nazi officials were tried for several crimes
Thousands of others were also tried and jailed/fined for their roles in the war and Holocaust
12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death, 7 prison, and 3 acquitted
Some escaped into hidingJapanese criminals were tried in 1946-48
Seven gov’t officials were sentenced to death, including Tojo Others were given life in prison
The trials set a new standard in international law that you couldn’t commit crimes just by “following orders”
The United NationsIn April 1945, delegates from 50 nations met for
the first time as the United NationsThe charter for the UN created a body that
renounces war and attempts to address social, economic, political and military issues of member nations
Created a General Assembly and a Security CouncilGeneral Assembly includes all member nationsSecurity Council includes five permanent members
(US, Russia, China, France, Great Britain), and a set of ten rotating members Approves or vetoes actions taken by the General Assembly
Approved by the US Senate in Oct. 1945 and is headquartered in New York City
IsraelAfter the war, many of Europe’s Jews moved to
PalestinePalestine is claimed by Jews and Arabs as the
homelandIn 1948, the UN created a Jewish state in the
Middle East called Israel, against Arab protestImmediately, it led to a war between Arabs and
IsraelAfter bitter fighting, a shaky cease fire went into
effect in 1949However, the fighting over Israel and Arab lands
continues today, often times killing numerous innocent people
The Cold WarAfter WWII, a “cold” war broke out between the United
States and USSRThe conflict was over economic and political disagreementsWhile actual fighting never occurred, the threat of war,
especially nuclear war, was very high from 1946-1991Stalin insisted that areas occupied during WWII by the
Soviets needed to remain friendly to created a buffer zone between the capitalist nationsCreated several satellite nations that remained under direct
Soviet control for nearly 50 yearsBritain, France and the US insisted on protecting free
nations from Communist control in a policy of containmentChurchill described the Communist takeover as an Iron
CurtainPrevent other nations from falling and Communism would
eventually crumble
The Cold WarNuclear weapons were key to the Cold War
Stalin was upset that the US didn’t share news about the bomb before using it
He set out developing weapons for the Soviets, successfully testing in 1949
Terrified many into thinking that nuclear war was a possiblity
President Truman insisted on helping nations around the world to fight communismKnown as the Truman DoctrineDirected Gen. George C. Marshall to devise a plan to
help Europe rebuild and stay away from communism (Marshall Plan)
However, Eastern European nations fell one after another to Communist control
The Cold WarTensions increased in Germany between the Allies and
Soviets, leading to the creation of a new West German nation
However, the Soviets refused to give in to Western ideals, forming their own East German nationBlocked all ground transportation routes linking West
Germany and Berlin in 1948Cut off fuel, food, medical supplies, etc. from Berliners,
hoping to drive the Allies outThe US and Britain responded with the Berlin Airlift
For 10 months, planes brought supplies to BerlinThe Soviets lifted the ban in May 1949
To combat communism, in 1949,the US, Canada, Iceland, and 9 western European nations formed a military pact, with the Soviets following suitNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Warsaw Pact
NATO, 1949
United States, Canada, Iceland, Portugal, United Kingdom, Norway, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Denmark and Luxembourg
ChinaA US ally during the war, revolution swept China in
1911 and left them unstable Free Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-Shek (aka
Jiang Jieshi), went up against Communists led by Mao Zedong
The battle intensified after WWIIThe US sent aid to ChiangHowever, more and more began to support MaoIn 1949, Mao was able to proclaim a Communist gov’t,
with Chiang fleeing to TaiwanThe US refused to recognize Mao, instead standing by
Chiang in exile on TaiwanThis Communist revolution gave the Soviets a strong
ally in Asia
KoreaAfter driving the Japanese from Korea during the
war, the US and Soviet occupied the peninsulaIn 1948, two separate Korean nations, a Communist
North, and a free South, were created Both the US and USSR withdrew troops, but had
built up strong armies that were dangerously close to war in 1949 along the division line of the 38th parallel
War broke out in June 1950North Korean troops invaded South KoreaThe UN demanded a cease fire or UN action would be
takenWith the Soviets boycotting the Security Council, a US
led coalition of UN troops agreed to go to Korea to end the hostilities
Five short years after WWII ended, the US is involved in another brutal war across the world
The Korean WarGeneral Douglas MacArthur was placed in command of
UN troops, mostly American and South KoreanFighting was fierce and by September, the North had
nearly overrun all of the peninsulaTroops were pushed to the southern port city of PusanHowever, MacArthur was able to organize a
counterattack Troops in Pusan were resupplied and began pushing north An amphibious landing at Inchon, near the S. Korean capital of
Seoul, chased thousands of N. Koreans back across the 38th parallel
Rather than stopping there, the UN forces drove the Communists to the Chinese border in the North, which prompted the Chinese to enter the war on the side of the Communists
With bitter fighting and a cold winter, UN forces fell back to the 38th parallel by winter 1950-51
The Korean WarGen. MacArthur wanted to expand the war
and invade ChinaSupporters claimed it would free Korea and
ChinaOpposition claimed it would allow the Soviets
to enter the warPresident Truman was strongly against
MacArthur MacArthur publically criticized Truman Truman fired MacArthur in April 1951
The war reached a stalemate by summer 1951Little land was won by either sideAmerican death tolls began to pile up
Major issue for the presidential election of 1952
Ending of the Korean WarTruman decided not to run again, giving way for a
showdown between Adlai Stevenson (D) and Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)
As the former commander of WWII, Eisenhower, vowing to fight communism and end the Korean War, won the election easily
Once elected, he made true to his promise of ending the warStepped up bombing against the NorthThreatened use of nuclear weapons
A truce was reached on July 27, 1953Set border near the 38th parallelMade many question whether 54,000 American
dead and 103,000 wounded were worth the fight
Eisenhower’s Cold War PolicyBelieved that the way to end communism was through
nuclear weapons and technologyBrinkmanship: threat of war, even nuclear, if necessaryVery secretive, using the Central Intelligence Agency to
gather info on enemiesUsed the CIA to aid pro-American gov’ts around the
worldIran: organized a coup to oust anti-American leader Guatemala: used CIA to overthrow “pro-Communist
leader”Egypt: conflict between Israel and Egypt over Suez Canal;
used the UN alleviate crisisLed to anti-American sentiment around the world
Soviets crushed uprisings in Hungary in 1956Fearing all out war, Eisenhower did not aid rebels, just
condemned Soviet actions
Soviet Russia and the Cold War Thaw In the late 1950s, the US and USSR looked to improve
relationsVice President Nixon visited the Soviet Union and
Premier Nikika Khrushchev visited the US in 1959 Both sides agreed to meet in 1960 at a summit to reduce nuclear
weaponsHowever, the friendliness ended when the Soviets
announced that they had shot down an American spy plane over the Soviet UnionAn American U-2 spy plane was spying on Soviet
military installations when it was shot downEisenhower promised to stop spy missions, but did not
apologizeKhrushchev refused to meet, ending any hope of easing
tensions between the two superpowers
The Cold War at HomeCongress created the National Security Council to advise
the president Another Red Scare ensued amongst Americans
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): Congressional group that accused many of being Communists
Hollywood Ten: group of actors and directors accused of being Communists Spent time in jail for refusing to talk to HUAC Blacklisted and careers were destroyed
HUAC also investigated ordinary AmericansAlger Hiss: former gov’t agent found guilty of lying to
Congress about his ties to the Communist PartyJulius and Ethel Rosenberg: executed for allegedly selling
nuclear secrets to the Soviets Internal Security Act: required Communists to register with
the gov’t and restricted immigration on suspect immigrants
The Rosenbergs
McCarthyismJoseph McCarthy, a senator from Wisconsin, fueled
the Red Scare even moreClaimed that the gov’t was infiltrated by CommunistsNever produced a list of people, but dozens were fired
for being suspect CommunistsMany Americans supported McCarthy in fear of
CommunismTelevised hearings of McCarthy began to show the
American public of his bully tactics and lack of evidence
Finally, after producing no evidence, he was condemned by the SenateFaded away nearly as quickly as he came to light
Nuclear RaceThe US and Soviets raced to develop bigger and more
powerful bombsUS successfully tested first hydrogen bomb in 19509 months later, so did the Soviets
Many looked for comfort, especially in religionGov’t began to educate the public on what to do in case
of an attackDuck and coverPamphlets, television shows, radio programs, etc
educated people on what to doFallout shelters were built everywhere
Homes, businesses, gov’t buildings, etcMade of steel and concrete undergroundHeld basics like a toilet, food, water, flashlights, first aid
kits, etc.
SputnikUS fears of Soviet technology advancement were realize
in October 1957Soviets launched Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the
EarthAbout 200 lbsLaunched Sputnik II with a dog onboard a month later
US launched Explorer I in January 1958The thought was that whomever ruled space could
launch nuclear attacks from anywhereLed Eisenhower and Congress to create a space
program and fund more educationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)National Defense Education Act
Gave money to schools for science, math and foreign language education