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TECOM PROJECT NO. 9 CO 049 000 001
USATTC REPORT NO. 7209002
DA PROJECT NO. 1TO61 101A9 1A
AD _ _ _ _ _ _
ANTHROPOMETRY OF THE LATIN-AMERICAN ARMED FORCES
FINAL REPORTBY
D. A. DOBBINSC. M. KINDICK
AUGUST 1972
This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.
UNITED STATES ARMY TROPIC TEST CENTERFORT CLAYTON, CANAL ZONE
DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS*
Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator.
DISCLAIMER
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of theArmy position, unless so designated by other authorized documents. The use of trade namesin this report does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of suchcommercial hardware or software. The report may not be cited for purposes ofadvertisement.
* These disposition instructions do not apply to the record copy (AR 340-18).
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Mr. Crowell/lt/870-2775HEADQUARTERS, U. S. ARMY TEST AND EVALUATION COMMAND
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND 21005
AMSTE-ME MAR 1973
SUBJECT: Final Report on Anthropometry of Latin-American ArmedForces, TECOM Project No. 9-C0-049-000001
CommanderUS Army Tropic Test CenterATTN: STETC-PD-MDrawer 942Ft Clayton, Canal Zone
Subject report has been reviewed by this headquarters and is approved.Distribution may be effected in accordance with Appendix J of thereport with the following changes:
Agency Copies
Commander 0US Army Test and Evaluation CommandATTN: AMSTE-MEAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
DeleteCommander 1US Army Test and Evaluation CommandATTN: USACDC Liaison OfficerAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
Add 1Combat Development LNOCONARC/TRADOC Field Element (Prov)Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
FOR THE COMMANDER:
SIDNEYt WIDir, Metio'dology Improvement
ABSTRACT
The United States Army Tropic Test Center made anthropometric measurements ofa sample of Latin-American enlisted military personnel in the Canal Zone fromSeptember 1965 to February 1970.
A total of 1985 trainees were measured-1852 airmen at the USAF Inter-AmericanAir Forces Academy and 133 army personnel at the US Army School of the Americas.Fifteen Latin-American countries are represented in the sample. The average age for thesample was 23 years, average height was 5 feet, 5 12 inches, and average weight was 141pounds.
Percentiles and ranges for 75 physical measurements are presented, includingisometric strength and hand-grip measures. Country-by-country comparisons are alsopresented. In addition, 1790 ABO blood group types are presented by country.
These data represent the only known source of detailed anthropometric informationon Latin-American military personnel.
FOREWORD
This is the final report of the US Army Tropic Test Center project, Anthropometryof the Latin-American Armed Forces. The work was completed under the Department ofthe Army In-House Laboratory Independent Research program (DA Project1T061101A91A). An interim report bearing the same title was published in May 1967,presenting data for the first 733 persons measured (AD 654762). Although datacollection ended in February 1970, publication was delayed until the present because ofhigher priority tasks. Nevertheless, the present publication is believed to be warrantedbecause of the scarcity of scientific literature on the topic and the possible future civilianand military usefulness.
The Tropic Test Center remains indebted to Mr. Robert M. White, ChiefAnthropologist, US Army Natick Laboratories for on-the-scene technical assistance andtraining; it is also indebted to COL D. E. Straight, formerly US Air Force SystemsCommand Scientific and Technical Liaison Officer, for coordinating the excellent supportprovided by the US Air Forces Southern Command. Acknowledgement is made to thecommandants and staff, past and present, of the USAF Inter-American Air ForcesAcademy and the US Army School of the Americas for making measurement time andfacilities available.
Data collection and reduction efforts from June 1967 to March 1971 were underthe supervision of Mr. A. U. Dubuisson, formerly Research Psychologist, Tropic TestCenter.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT .................... ................................. i
FOREWORD .................. ................................ . i..LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .......... ....................... iv
INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1
METHODInstruments .................... ............................. 1Procedure .................... .............................. 3
RESULTSDistribution by Country ........... ........................ 7Composition of the Sample .............. ....................... 8Anthropometric Measurements ................................. 20Strength Measurements ............ ........................ .. 21Comparison with Thai and US Personnel .......................... .. 21A Note on Sampling ................ ........................ .. 21Blood Groups .............. ............................ ... 22
APPENDIX A A BRIEF ETHNIC HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA ......... ... 26APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENTS .................. .. 29APPENDIX C COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS BY COUNTRY
(Comparison of 1st Percentile in Inches) .................. .. 35APPENDIX D COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS BY COUNTRY
(Comparison of 50th Percentile in Inches) .... ........... .. 37APPENDIX E COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS BY COUNTRY
(Comparison of 99th Percentile in Inches) .... ........... .. 39APPENDIX F COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS BY COUNTRY
(Comparison of 1st Percentile in Centimeters) ..... .......... 41APPENDIX G COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS BY COUNTRY
(Comparison of 50th Percentile in Centimeters) ... ......... .. 43APPENDIX H COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS BY COUNTRY
(Comparison of 99th Percentile in Centimeters) ... ......... .. 45APPENDIX I PERCENTILES AND RANGES FOR STANDING, SITTING, BODY
CIRCUMFERENCE, SURFACE, HEAD, HAND, FOOT, SPATIAL,STRENGTH AND WEIGHT MEASUREMENTS OF 1985 LATIN-AMERICAN MILITARY PERSONNEL ...... ............ .. 47
APPENDIXJ DISTRIBUTION LIST .......... .................... .. 51APPENDIX K SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ............... 55
1i1ii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1. Anthropometry Instruments .......... ................. 1Figure 2. Standing Measurement, Shoulder Height ....... ............ 2Figure 3. Sitting Measurement, Sitting Height ...... .............. 2Figure 4. Head Measurement, Head Breadth .......... .............. 3Figure 5. Hand Measurement, Hand Length ........ ............... 3Figure 6. Foot Measurement, Heel Breadth ........ ............... 4Figure 7. Circumference Measurement, Chest Circumference ... ........ 4Figure 8. Spatial Measurement, Kneeling Length ...... ............. 5Figure 9. Strength Measurement: Right Hand Strength,
Free (Left), Fixed (Right) .......... .................. 5Figure 10. Strength Measurements ............. ................... 6
Table I Number of People Measured by Country ofLongest Residence .............. ..................... 7
Table II Age in Years ............. ........................ 8Table III Height in Inches .............. ...................... 9Table IV Weight in Pounds ............. ..................... 10Table V Years of Schooling Completed .......... ............... 11Table VI Number of Days in the Canal Zone at Time
of Measurement .............. ..................... 12Table VII Languages Spoken ........... .................... ... 13Table VIII Military Grades ........... ...................... .. 14Table IX Percentiles and Ranges for Standing, Sitting, Body
Circumference, Surface, Head, Hand, Foot, Spatial,Strength, and Weight Measurements of 1985 Latin-American Military Personnel ....... ................ .. 15
Table X Comparison of Selected 50th PercentileMeasurements between Latin-American MilitaryPersonnel, Royal Thai Armed Forces, and USMilitary Personnel ........... .................... ... 23
Table XI Comparison of Selected Percentile Points betweenInterim Report Data and Final Report Data ... ......... .. 24
Table XII Percentages of ABO Blood Groups for Latin-American Countries ............ .................... 25
iv
INTRODUCTION
This is the final report of a study to obtain measurements from Latin-Americanarmed forces. The detailed physical measurements that are reported are those necessaryfor the human engineering of equipment and clothing. Measurements were taken onLatin-American armed forces personnel receiving military training in the Canal Zone.
These measurements were selected to provide design parameters for equipment andclothing for possible use in military assistance programs in Latin America. When standardlots of clothing and equipment designed for United States troops are shipped to mostforeign countries, there is a high likelihood of oversupply and wastage of larger sizes andundersupply of smaller sizes. Dimensions of weapons, vehicles, and aircraft also arefrequently less than optimum for foreign use. It has been necessary to collect similar datain Turkey, Greece, Italy, Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand. Unfortunately, in some cases thedata have been collected only after problems arose, as was the case with modifications offootwear necessary for Southeast Asian troops.
No detailed anthropometric data for young Latin-American men, of the nature andextent reported in the present study, was found in the available literature in 1965. Mostof the information available represented restricted numbers and types of measures madein connection with health surveys, racial groupings, and physical somatotyping (reference10). This project was thus designed to contribute to the United States data bank on theanthropometry of foreign military populations.
An interim report bearing the same title was published in May 1967 (reference 15).That report presented a brief ethnic history of Latin America for interested readers. It isreprinted in AppendixA of the present ROPOM ETER
report. The interimreport (AD 654762)a I s o c o n t a i n e d FCALIPER
selected photographsof survey participants nTAPEt h at a re n o treproduced in thepresent report. .SLIDING CALIPERS IIAND DYNAMOMEER
METHOD
Instruments. Standarda n t h r o p o m e tricinstruments were usedto make themeasurements. Theseare shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Anthropometry Instruments
1
Anthropometers (a calibrated2-meter stainless steel rodwith a sliding caliper-typefinger) were used for thelarger standing measurements
•,,i •(figure 2).
The anthropometer maybe modified into ahalf-anthropometer and/orlarge sliding calipers for thosestanding and sittingmeasurements that do. notrequire th fullanthropometer length(figure 3). The head, hand,and foot measurements weremade with sliding andspreading calipers (figures 4,5, and 6) and the surface andcircumferential measurementsFigure 2. Standing Measurement, Shoulder Heightweemdusn a2-trwere made using a 2-meter
steel tape (figure 7). Spatial measures were made with an in-house-constructed measuringjig (figure 8). An adjustable hand dynamometer was used to measure hand strength(figure 9). Weight measurements weremade with bathroom scales.
Body strength was measuredusing an isometric bar and an"Isotronic" evaluator (figure 10). Itmight be noted that isometricstrength measurements are notusually included in anthropometricmeasures. However, in the equippingof smaller statured people, thequestion of load-carrying capabilityusually arises, and first-handobservers of the population inquestion can usually be counted onto disagree with one another on thequestion of physical prowess.Therefore, a more objective approachis required. The two isometricmeasures chosen, the half-squat andthe dead lift, require thesimultaneous use of the large muscles Figure 3. Sitting Measurement, Sitting Height
2
of the, leg, back, and arm, and areconsidered a generalized measure ofthe static strength factor (reference4). Unfortunately, no normative dataare available for comparison withother populations. Hopefully, theywill be forthcoming from otherresearchers.
Procedure. The measuring team wascomposed of five men-a team chiefand four measurers. A thoroughtraining program was conducted priorto measuremrents. Formal trainingsessions were conducted during June1965, and refresher sessions held asnew team members were added. Ananthropometry handbook wasfurnished to the team whichcontained sketches and photographsof each measurement procedure. This Figure 4. Head Measurement, Head Breadthwas on hand during each measuringsession.
The team measured at threestations: at the first station the teamchief interviewed each subject, explained the measurements, collected personal data, and
reviewed the datasheet for accuracyafter completion. Theteam chief alsophotographed selectedsubjects.
A measurer and arecorder manned eachof the two otherstations. Seventy-fiveseparate physicalmeasurements werecollected for each.man measured(appendix B). Thefirst 35 measures weremade at one stationand the remaining 40
Figure 5. Hand Measurement, Hand Length at the other.
3
Figure 6. Foot Measurement, Heel Breadth
Figure 7. Circumference Measurement, Chest Circumference
4
U--
bfj
Ln
bfl
a. One-Half Squat
b. Dead Lift
Figure 10. Strength Measurements
6
RESULTS
The Inter-American Air Forces Academy, located at Albrook Air Force Base in theCanal Zone, offers a curriculum of aviation, medical, and other technical skills for thebenefit of the Latin-American air forces. The US Army School of the Americas, locatedat Fort Gulick in the Canal Zone, offers a broad service school curriculum for the benefitof the Latin-American ground forces.
The country composition of the sample of the present study was thus entirelydependent on the input to the schools. In terms of their comparative populations, somecountries are over-represented, some under-represented-others do not appear at all.
Distribution by Country.
Table I. NUMBER OF PEOPLE MEASURED BY COUNTRY OF LONGEST RESIDENCE
Country N
Argentina 9Bolivia 135Brazil 94
Colombia 207Costa Rica 8Chile 411Dominican Republic 84Ecuador 210El Salvador 47
Guatemala 62Honduras 91Mexico 8Nicaragua 84Panama 131
Paraguay 61Peru 161Uruguay 43Venezuela 139
TOTAL 1985
Although 18 countries are represented, the imbalances are great. On subsequenttabulations, separate country data are shown only for those 15 countries with sufficientnumbers; data for Argentina, Costa Rica, and Mexico are omitted from subsequent tables.
7
Composition of the Sample.
Selected characteristics of different country groups are shown in the following
tables:
Table II. AGE IN YEARS
Country Mean Age Standard Deviation N
Bolivia 26.0 5.8 135
Brazil 21.5 3.3 94
Colombia 19.7 1.5 207
Chile 18.9 2.6 411
Dominican Republic 26.3 5.3 84
Ecuador 25.6 5.5 210
El Salvador 24.1 6.3 47
Guatemala 22.9 4.7 62
Honduras 24.2 5.1 91
Nicaragua 22.5 7.5 84
Panama 27.7 6.2 131
Paraguay 24.3 5.4 61
Peru 21.7 3.5 161
Uruguay 23.6 3.4 43
Venezuela 26.9 7.5 139
TOTALS (weighted) 22.9 5.7 1960
NOTE: Range-Low 16 years; high 53 years.
Mean ages ranged from 18.9 years for the Chile samples to *17.7 years for Panama.
In general, age differences were dependent on the proportion of non-commissioned
officers in the sample (table VIII). A Spearman rank-difference coefficient (rho)computed between the mean age and percent NCOs was 0.78.
8
Table III. HEIGHT IN INCHES
Country Mean Height Standard Deviation N
Bolivia 65.0 2.12 135
Brazil 66.9 2.39 94
Colombia 65.2 2.06 207
Chile 66.0 2.29 411
Dominican Republic 66.2 2.41 84
Ecuador 64.5 2.14 210
El Salvador 64.4 2.08 47
Guatemala 64.6 2.61 62
Honduras 65.1 2.17 91
Nicaragua 65.2 2.41 84
Panama 66.1 2.56 131
Paraguay 66.1 2.12 61
Peru 64.8 1.85 161
Uruguay 66.7 2.46 43
Venezuela 65.8 1.79 139
TOTALS (weighted) 65.5 2.19 1960
NOTE: Range-Low 58.5 inches; high 73.6 inches
Mean heights ranged from approximately 5 feet, 4 inches (El Salvador) to 5 feet, 7inches (Brazil). However, samples from those countries with high Indian populations(Bolivia, Ecuador) were noticeably shorter than countries with high European or Africaninfluences (Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay, Panama, Brazil). There was some positivecorrelation between height and weight among the countries (rho = 0.68).
9
Table IV. WEIGHT IN POUNDS
Country Mean Standard Deviation N
Bolivia 138.7 16.8 135
Brazil 144.2 17.4 94
Colombia 135.6 13.2 207
Chile 139.5 15.6 411
Dominican Republic 143.0 23.8 84
Ecuador 136.1 14.6 210
El Salvador 138.7 23.4 47
Guatemala 139.5 24.2 62
Honduras 137.2 18.6 91
Nicaragua 139.6 23.0 84
Panama 145.1 21.0 131
Paraguay 148.1 18.3 61
Peru 140.1 12.9 161
Uruguay 149.1 20.6 43
Venezuela 150.0 17.8 139
TOTALS (weighted) 140.6 18.1 1960
NOTE: Range-Low 100 pounds; high 251 pounds
Mean weights ranged from a low of 135.6 pounds (Colombia) to a high of 150.0
pounds for Venezuela. Weight showed the same country pattern as stature, withdifferences between countries of strong Indian influences and countries of strongEuropean and African influences.
10
Table V. YEARS OF SCHOOLING COMPLETED
Standard
Country Mean Education Range Deviation N
Bolivia 10.8 6-16 1.8 135
Brazil 9.7 5-12 1.7 94
Colombia 9.4 5-14 1.5 207
Chile 10.4 0-15 1.4 411
Dominican Republic 8.1 2-12 1.6 84
Ecuador 9.5 4-16 2.2 210
El Salvador 8.6 5-13 1.9 47
Guatemala 7.4 6-13 1.7 62
Honduras 7.3 3-15 2.2 91
Nicaragua 7.7 3-19 1.9 84
Panama 9.2 2-16 2.6 131
Paraguay 10.3 4-18 2.3 61
Peru 10.0 7-15 1.1 161
Uruguay 9.1 5-12 1.6 43
Venezuela 7.8 3-14 1.5 139
TOTALS (weighted) 9.4 0-19 2.1 1960
The Honduras sample had the smallest amount of formal education (7.3 years) while
Bolivia had the largest (10.8 years). These statistics may reflect the criteria for military
selection to a Canal Zone school to a much greater extent than the level of general
educational attainment in any given country.
11
Table VI. NUMBER OF DAYS IN THE CANAL ZONE AT TIME OF MEASUREMENT
Country Mean N
Bolivia 63.7 135
Brazil 58.2 94
Colombia 42.0 207
Chile 46.5 411
Dominican Republic 44.4 84
Ecuador 64.0 210
El Salvador 47.8 47
Guatemala 66.6 62
Honduras 62.1 91
Nicaragua 54.0 84
Panama 59.4 131
Paraguay 54.6 61
Peru 45.5 161
Uruguay 55.7 43
Venezuela 62.0 139
TOTALS (weighted) 53.6 1960
Table VI shows the mean number of months spent by samples in the Canal Zone.This information was included because of the possible dependence of weight and somecircumference measures on mere length of time exposed to US Army and Air Force diets.
School officials had indicated that it was not unusual for men to gain weight during theirattendance. This is a possible source of bias. However, the bias, if it exists, is evenlyspread among the country samples. The average participant had been in the Canal Zonefor approximately 1.8 months at the time of measurement.
12
Table VII. LANGUAGES SPOKEN
Language Number Percent of Total
Spanish only 1652 83.4
Portuguese only 23 1.2
Spanish and English only 78 3.9
Spanish and Guarani only 53 2.7
Spanish and Quechua only 52 2.6
Portuguese and Spanish only 75 3.8
Two other languages 20 1.0
Three other languages 28 1.4
TOTALS 1981 100.0%
Frequently, the number and types of languages spoken present an index of the
ethnic makeup in a culturally complex setting. Each trainee was asked to name thelanguages in which he had fluency. Indian dialects were of special interest. Of the total
number measured, approximately 85 percent claimed fluency in only one language, 14
percent in two languages, and approximately 2/2 percent in three or more languages.
Table VII shows the distribution of the various combinations for the sample as a whole.
Eighty-nine of the 98 Portuguese speakers were from Brazil. All of the 53 Guarani
speakers were from Paraguay. Forty-four Quechua speakers were from Bolivia; 8 fromPeru. Of the- 78 English speakers, 28 were from Panama, 18 from Chile, 11 from
Ecuador, with the remaining 18 widely scattered. In total, 15.4 percent of the sample
was multilingual.
13
Table VIII. MILITARY GRADES
Grade
Country NCO EM Other Total
Bolivia 116 9 10 135
Brazil 45 49 94
Colombia 2 172 33 207
Chile 7 404 - 411
Dominican Republic 38 46 84
Ecuador 62 148 210
El Salvador 11 35 1 47
Guatemala 11 51 62
Honduras 26 65 91
Nicaragua 11 71 2 84
Panama 55 62 14 131
Paraguay 54 7 - 61
Peru 21 78 62 161
Uruguay 15 28 43
Venezuela 94 39 6 139
TOTALS 568 1264 128 1960
PERCENTAGES 30 64 6 100
Because of the diversity of enlisted grading systems among the various countries,table VIII distinguishes only between non-commissioned officers (NCOs),enlisted men and
others. The "other" group includes officer trainees (cadets) and a few civilians. OnlyBolivia, Paraguay, and Venezuela had heavy concentrations of NCOs in their samples.
14
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Anthropometric Measurements.
Table IX shows percentiles and ranges for the 75 measurements for the entiresample of 1985 subjects combined. The unit of measurement is the inch unless otherwisespecified. (Appendix I shows identical data with centimeters as the unit of measurement.)
The 50th percentile is the median, or central tendency, and is one type of"average." The 5th and 95th percentiles represent the values within which 90 percent ofa standard population lie, thus these two points often define the practical physical"envelope" of most interest to the equipment or clothing designer.
Results of a few of the key body measurements:
(1) The 50th percentile Latin American was 5 feet, 5.4 inches tall. Ninety percentof all Latin Americans were between 5 feet, 2.0 inches and 5 feet, 9.6 inches tall.
(2) The 50th percentile Latin American had a neck circumference (collar size) of 14inches. Ninety percent of the sample were between 12.9 inches and 15.4 inches.
(3) The 50th percentile Latin American had a chest circumference (unexpanded) of35.7 inches. Ninety percent were between 32.7 inches and 39.8 inches.
(4) The 50th percentile Latin American had a waist size of 30.0 inches. Ninetypercent were between 27.0 inches and 35.6 inches.
(5) The 50th percentile Latin American had a sleeve length of 32.4 inches. Ninetypercent were between 29.9 inches and 35.2 inches.
(6) The 50th percentile Latin American had a crotch height (deduct approximately3 inches for trouser inseam size) of 29.9 inches. Ninety percent were between 27.5 inchesand 32.8 inches.
(7) The 50th percentile Latin American weighed 139 pounds. Ninety percentweighed between 115 and 175 pounds.
Country-by-country comparisons of 1st, 50th, and 99th percentile values appear inappendices C through H. Perusal of these tables will show variations among somecountries. Referring to the 50th percentile measurements only, appendix D or G willshow that Uruguay, for example, had 66 of the 75 (88 percent) anthropometric measuresabove the grand median for the entire sample. Other "large" countries and theircorresponding percentages above the grand median are Paraguay (83 percent); Venezuela(81 percent); Panama (77 percent); and Brazil (69 percent). "Smaller" countries includedColombia with 61 of the 75 measures (81 percent) below the grand median as well asEcuador, (75 percent); Honduras (73 percent); and Guatemala (72 percent). Countriesnot named in the preceding sentences were intermediate between the extreme groups.Extreme caution should be used in drawing conclusions from these comparisons. The
20
aii~i!:::,: . .
differences may be caused by true physical differences among countries, different military
selection criteria among countries, or statistical sampling errors. Unfortunately, the
differences cannot be explained from the data at hand.
Strength Measurements.
The 50th percentile Latin American hefted 180 pounds on the half-squat, which was
29.5 percent greater than average body weight; he lifted 250 pounds on the dead lift
which was 80 percent higher than average body weight. These measurements representshort duration maxima. As stated previously, there are no normative data available on
other populations.
In terms of hand-grip scores the Latin Americans were in the same general range as
United States groups. Fixed-grip' scores for Latin Americans averaged 99 pounds for the
left hand and 104 pounds for the right hand; US Air Force personnel gripped 94 pounds
for the left and 104 pounds for the right (7); US college students gripped 95 pounds forthe left and 108 pounds for the right (7); ROTC students gripped 95 pounds for the
right hand (5).
Comparison with Thai and US Personnel.
Table X shows selected 50th percentile measurements for Thai military personnel,Latin-American military, and US Army aviators.
As a general rule, the Latins were larger than the Thai and smaller than United
States personnel. However, there was much more overlap between the Thai and theLatin-American measurements. For example, the Thai were larger than the Latin
Americans on eight of the 30 measures. The Thai were noticeably larger than Latins inface breadth, head height, back waist length, and ball of foot. The first three differencesmay reflect racial origins; the last may reflect clothing habits and/or racial origins. The
50th percentile Latin American exceeded the US personnel only in face length and was
approximately equal in head breadth and ball of foot circumference.
A Note on Sampling.
Sample size is a continuing problem in anthropometric surveys. Knowing when to
quit measuring is difficult, particularly when measuring from possibly heterogeneoussubpopulations, as in the present survey. In table XI, the results of the first 733measurements from the interim reporti are compared with the final 1985 measures. For
all practical purposes, the survey could have ceased after the first 700 data cases. Themean net percent change from interim to final measurement was only 0.33 percent at the
lIn the USATTC interim report of May 1967 (15), only free-grip scores were shown, however, it was then postulated that
fixed-grip scores would be higher. Subsequently, both scores were taken. Comparison of a randomly drawn sample of 300
data cases confirmed the hypothesis. Fixed versus free means for right hand were 104 versus 99 pounds respectively; for
the left hand, 99 versus 81 pounds respectively. With an N of 300, t-tests for correlated means showed that the fixed mode
was significantly higher than the free mode for either hand (P < .001). The reader is cautioned that all hand-grip data
shown in table IX and all appendices are free-grip only.21
50th percentile, 1.63 percent at the 1st percentile and 0.55 percent at the 99thpercentile. The average change in inches between the two samples was only 0.07 inch atthe 50th percentile, 0.30 inch at the first percentile, and 0.13 inch at the 99th percentile.
Blood Groups.
Geneticists use blood groupings to make inferences about the racial composition ofpopulations. For example, the frequency of the "A" group is high in Europeans while the"0" predominates for North and South American Indian groups. Table XII shows thecountry by country distributions of 1790 blood types taken from medical records.Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Peru, and Panama show distributions moresimilar to those of Chippewa Indians than Europeans. On the other hand Chile,Colombia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Honduras more nearly approximateEuropean (particularly Scottish) distributions.
22
Table X. COMPARISON OF SELECTED 50TH PERCENTILE MEASUREMENTS
BETWEEN LATIN-AMERICAN MILITARY PERSONNEL, ROYAL THAI ARMED
FORCES, AND US MILITARY PERSONNEL
(Inches Unless Otherwise Noted)
LatinThai American
MEASUREMENTS Military Military US ArmyPersonnel Personnel Aviators**
(2950)* (1985) (1482)
Stature 64.4 65.4 68.7
Weight (lbs) 124.0 139.0 170.5
Waist Height 39.0 39.5 41.8
Crotch Height 29.7 29.9 32.2
Kneecap Height 19.7 19.6 20.1
Sitting Height 34.1 34.1 35.8Eye Height, Sitting 29.5 29.4 35.8
Shoulder-Elbow Length 13.8 13.9 14.4
Forearm-Hand Length 18.1 17.9 18.9
Buttock-Knee Length 21.3 22.2 23.7
Shoulder Breadth 16.3 17.0 18.7Hip Breadth, Sitting 12.4 12.9 14.8
Arm Reach, Upward 51.8 51.9 56.5Neck Circumference 13.3 14.0 14.8
Shoulder Circumference 40.9 42.3 45.8Chest Circumference 33.5 35.7 38.7Waist Circumference 27.2 30.0 34.2
Back-Waist Length 16.9 15.9 18.4Sleeve Length 30.7 32.4 34.9Head Length 7.0 7.3 7.8Head Height 5.0 4.8 5.2Face Length 4.5 4.7 4.4Head Breadth 6.0 6.0 6.0Head Circumference 21.3 21.7 22.2Face Breadth 5.2 4.9 5.5Hand Length 7.1 7.1 7.6Hand Breadth (Metacarpals) 3.3 3.3 3.5Foot Length 9.7 10.0 10.4Foot Breadth (Ball of Foot) 3.9 3.8 3.9
Ball of Foot Circumference 9.7 9.4 9.6
*Reference 12"**Reference 11
23
Table XI. COMPARISON OF SELECTED PERCENTILE POINTS BETWEENINTERIM REPORT DATA AND FINAL REPORT DATA
MEASUREMENTS 1st Percentile 50th Percentile 99th Percentile
(inches) N=733 N=1985 N=733 N=1985 N=733 N=1985
Stature 60.5 60.7 65.3 65.4 71.5 71.5
Waist Height 35.1 35.6 39.1 39.5 44.4 44.7
Crotch Height 26.6 26.4 30.2 29.9 34.5 34.2
Kneecap Height 17.1 17.3 19.4 19.6 22.0 22.5
Sitting Height 30.9 31.1 34.2 34.1 37.2 37.2
Eye Height, Sitting 23.2 23.7 29.4 29.4 32.4 32.4
Shoulder-Elbow Length 12.2 12.3 13.7 13.9 15.3 15.6
Forearm-Hand Length 15.9 16.1 17.8 17.9 20.2 20.4
Buttock-Knee Length 20.0 20.0 22.1 22.2 24.6 25.0
Shoulder Breadth 15.1 15.0 17.0 17.0 19.3 19.6
Hip Breadth, Sitting 11.4 11.5 12.9 12.9 15.1 15.3
Arm Reach, Upward 47.1 47.4 51.8 51.9 56.7 56.9
Neck Circumference 11.9 12.3 14.0 14.0 17.0 16.2
Shoulder Circumference 37.8 37.9 41.9 42.3 48.2 49.2
Chest Circumference 31.4 31.4 35.7 35.7 42.1 42.7
Waist Circumference 26.1 26.0 29.8 30.0 38.1 38.7
Back-Waist Length 13.3 13.3 15.9 15.9 19.6 19.3
Sleeve Length 23.6 28.2 32.2 32.4 36.0 36.6
Head Length 6.3 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.9 8.0
Head Height 4.0 4.1 4.8 4.8 5.6 5.5
Face Length 4.0 4.1 4.7 4.7 5.6 5.4
Head Breadth 5.3 5.4 5.9 6.0 6.6 6.6
Head Circumference 19.9 20.2 21.6 21.7 23.1 23.1
Face Breadth 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.9 5.5 5.9
Hand Length 6.3 6.4 7.1 7.1 8.0 8.0
Hand Breadth (Metacarpals) 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.7
Foot Length 9.0 9.0 9.9 10.0 11.1 11.1
Foot Breadth (Ball of Foot) 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8 4.4 4.4
Ball of Foot Circumference 8.1 8.2 9.4 9.4 10.9 10.8
24
Table XII. PERCENTAGES OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS
FOR LATIN-AMERICAN COUNTRIES
Phenotypes
Country A AB B 0 N
Bolivia 13.4 0.0 11.9 74.6 67
Ecuador 15.6 0.0 8.9 75.6 45
El Salvador 25.5 0.0 3.9 70.6 51
Nicaragua 17.2 2.6 5.2 75.0 116
Peru 18.3 1.8 8.3 71.6 169
Panama 14.6 2.1 9.4 74.0 96
Guatemala 33.7 1.1 11.2 53.9 89
Honduras 31.2 5.2 5.2 58.4 77
Venezuela 26.5 1.3 10.8 61.4 223
Paraguay 38.3 0.0 4.3 57.4 47
Chile 32.0 2.3 7.8 57.9 347
Colombia 35.8 3.4 7.2 53.6 293
Dominican Republic 27.8 3.7 15.7 52.8 108
Other 25.8 1.6 6.5 66.1 62
TOTALS 27.2 2.2 8.5 62.1 1790
Chippewa Indians*
a. (Full-blooded) 12.4 0.0 0.0 87.6 161
b. (Three-fourths) 32.5 1.0 4.4 62.1 206
Scottish* 34.2 2.7 11.8 51.2 2610
French* 47.1 3.3 8.0 41.6 10433
Serbians* 41.9 7.3 18.2 32.5 Unk
Ethiopians* 32.7 7.7 21.1 38.5 104
Minnesota Whites* 46.0 2.7 11.7 40.0 300
*Reference 14, pp. 339-343
25
APPENDIX A
A BRIEF ETHNIC HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA
The present report is not a treatise on the ethnic or cultural composition of LatinAmerica; it is, as stated, a compilation of data necessary for the human engineering ofequipment and clothing. However, to better understand the great variety of ethnic andcultural groups which are represented in Latin America today and which ultimatelydetermine the composition of the armed forces, a brief history follows. The history givenis a paraphrased, highly condensed composite of three authors' views (2,3,13).
The first inhabitants of the Americas are believed to have been a generalizedMongolian type. Indeed, even after some 10,000 years the American Indians have certainphysical traits identical with present-day Asians including tan-to-brown skins, straightblack hair, scanty beards, broad faces, high cheek bones, shovel-like teeth, and dark eyes.Differentiation has occurred with time, however, and the retreating foreheads andaquiline noses of some American Indians are not found in the present Asian. Physicalisolation has also caused some differentiation between the separate Indian groups withinthe Western Hemisphere. In parts of southern Mexico, for example, oval faces and softwavy hair are frequently seen. There are marked contrasts in height; the plains Indiansare usually taller than the highland Indians. Occasionally, though, an unfriendly climateretards growth even on the plains; for example, the Yahgans of Tierra del Fuego are butlittle over 5 feet tall, while their Patagonian neighbors to the north average nearly 6 feet.Thus, even at the time of the conquest, and before European intermingling, these fewexamples illustrate that the Indian population of the Americas was not a singlehomogeneous group with respect to physical traits.
In the 15th century the Spaniards and Portuguese began their conquest of LatinAmerica. By the middle of the 16th century the Spanish crown reigned from thesouthern United States to Patagonia, the largest individual colonial territory everpossessed by any nation. The only portion of the mainland not included was PortugueseBrazil. It was during this period that large-scale importations of Negro slaves occurred.
During the colonial period, the Latin-American colonies were virtually closed toimmigration from areas other than the Iberian peninsula. Even after the successful warsof independence, immigrants were reluctant to settle because of political instability. TheEnglish were the first to break the barriers and furnished large numbers of artisans andmerchants to southern Latin America. This was the beginning of large scale Europeanimmigration-the so-called "second conquest"-in the middle of the 19th century.
These four major elements then-(1) native Indians, (2) Spanish conquerors, (3)Negro slaves, and later (4) European and Asian immigrants-have determined thepresent-day racial composition of Latin America.
In a United Nations' study, Latin America was divided into the following threedifferent social and cultural zones (the zones are related to some extent to racial andtherefore physical heritages):
26
West Coast. The first region is formed by the countries of the West Coast andincludes Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, all of Central America, Panama, and Mexico. The Spanishfound in this region a dense Indian population of about 15 million and establishedsocieties in which the Indians were largely excluded. The largest group of Indians are theso-called "Andinos" living in valleys and hillsides along the Andes from Colombia throughEcuador, Peru, and Bolivia to the north of Argentina. Additionally, there were the Aztecand the dwindling Mayan groups of Mexico and Central America. To this day, Indians inthe region have assimilated little of the European culture and, except along the coast,little intermarriage has taken place. Where it has, the result has been the "mestizo" whogenerally speaks his country's language and shares the nation's political and religioustraditions.
Immigrants during the 19th century included Polynesians, Hindus, and Japanese toPeru, and Chinese to Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Ecuador. However, even by the end ofthe 19th century, the Andean region-Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and the mountainous zonesof Colombia and Venezuela-had experienced little modification of social and racialstructure since colonial days: the Indians and mestizos constituted the bulk of thepopulations, but the elites of Spanish descent exercised political and economic control.The western coast of Central America, though culturally Spanish, had a large Negropopulation-descendents of slaves brought in by British buccaneer ships when sanctionsagainst slave trading were sporadically enforced in the Antilles. In the rest of CentralAmerica, except in "white" Costa Rica (the Costa Rican Indian was almost completelyannihilated during the conquest) the societal structure resembles that of the Andeancountries.
Atlantic Plain. The Atlantic Plain includes the Antilles, the coastal zone ofVenezuela and Colombia, the Guianas, and the coast of Brazil. In these areas, theEuropeans found a relatively scarce Indian population-the Caribbean "arawaks"(agriculturalists) and "caribes" (warriors). Only 100 years later, these Indians had beenvirtually annihilated. Those not killed outright did not survive the regime of enforcedlabor and were forced to decide between death or escape. Consequently, the developingplantation economy of the region, almost from the beginning, imported labor from Africaand to a lesser extent, from India. Importation of Negro slaves into Brazil began early inthe 16th Century and continued without let-up for over 300 years. By the latter part ofthe 19th century, there were also large Negro populations all along the northern coast ofSouth America and in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Populationmovements of lesser importance in the 19th century also included Chinese to Venezuelaand Cuba; Polish Jews and Germans to Colombia.
Countries of the South. This zone includes the temperate areas of SouthAmerica-Argentina, Uruguay, South Brazil, Paraguay, and most of Chile. At the time ofthe conquest the Indian warrior Guaranis were found in Paraguay, South Brazil,Argentina, and Uruguay. These Indians were fierce but few and were eventually displaced.
The climate and rapid prosperity attracted many European immigrants. The style oflife that developed is strongly European and independent of the Indian cultural influenceas found in the West Coast countries, as well as the Negro cultural influence of theAtlantic Plain area.
27
The single largest group of immigrants in total number was the Italians. Primarily,they settled in Argentina, but there is no country in Latin America without groups ofItalians.
Additionally, there were the English-to Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay;Russians and Poles to Argentina, Chile, and Brazil; Germans-to Chile and Brazil;Scots-to Argentina and Chile; Dutch, Irish, and Welch to Argentina; Hindus, Chinese,and Japanese to Brazil; and Australians to Paraguay.
Thus, by the end of the 19th century, the countries of the South werefundamentally Caucasian, with a predominance of Spanish, except in Brazil, and a largenumber of Italians in Argentina. The important German and English minority groupswere rapidly assimilating. Brazil was well on its way to becoming a multiracial nationeven though the Portuguese element still predominated.
During the 20th century, immigration continued to all regions of Latin America.Large numbers of Scandinavians, Dutch, Syrians, Yugoslavians, and various otherEuropeans continue to flow in.
NOTE: Acknowledgement is due to Ricardo Ah Chu and M. Gast, former USATTC staff scientists, for assistance intranslation and compilation.
28
APPENDIX B
DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENTS
STANDING MEASUREMENTS
[The subject is standing, body erect, head oriented in Frankford Plane (measurements Ithrough 10).]
1. Stature: The vertical distance from the floor to the top of the head.
2. Shoulder Height: The vertical distance from the floor to right acromion.
3. Waist Height: The vertical distance from the floor to the waist point.
4. Crotch Height: (Inseam) The vertical distance from the floor to the midpoint ofthe crotch.
5. Kneecap Height: (Patella height) The vertical distance from the floor to theuppermost point of the right knee.
6. Hip Breadth, Standing: The horizontal distance across the widest portion of thehips.
7. Cervical Height: The vertical distance from the floor to bony bump at base ofneck.
8. Calf Height: The vertical distance from the floor to the point of maximum
circumference of the right calf.
9. Chest Depth: The depth of the chest at the level of the nipples during normalbreathing.
10. Chest Breadth: The breadth across the chest during normal breathing measuredat the level of the nipples.
11. Functional Arm Reach: (The subject is standing erect and shoulders pressedagainst a rear wall and the right arm and hand extended horizontally, except that the tipsof the thumb and forefinger are pressed together.) The horizontal distance from the rearwall to the tip of the thumb.
SITTING MEASUREMENTS
12. Sitting Height: The vertical distance from the sitting surface to the top of thehead, with the instrument arm firmly touching the scalp.
13. Eye Height, Sitting: The vertical distance from the sitting surface to the innercomer of the eye.
14. Shoulder-Elbow Length: (Right upper arm hanging to the side and forearmextended horizontally.) The vertical distance from the right acromion to the bottom ofthe elbow.
29
15. Forearm-Hand Length: (Position the same as for No. 18.) The distance fromthe tip of the right elbow to the tip of the middle finger.
16. Buttock-Knee Length: (Feet resting on a surface so knees are bent at rightangles.) The distance from the rearmost point on the buttock to the front of thekneecap.
17. Buttock-Popliteal Length: (Feet resting on a surface so knees are bent at rightangles.) The distance from the rearmost point on the buttock to the back of the knee.
18. Knee Height, Sitting: (Feet resting on a surface so that knees are bent at aboutright angles.) The vertical distance from the footrest surface to the top of the right knee(not the kneecaps).
19. Popliteal Height, Sitting: (Position the same as No. 18.) The vertical distancefrom the footrest surface to the underside of the right knee (popliteal area).
20. Shoulder Breadth: (Bideltoid diameter; upper arms hanging to sides andforearms extended horizontally.) The horizontal distance across the maximum lateralprotrusion of the deltoid muscles.
21. Hip Breadth: The horizontal distance across the widest portion of the hips.
22. Arm Reach, Upward: The distance from the sitting surface upward to the tip ofthe middle finger with the right arm and hand extended vertically above shoulder.
23. Mid-shoulder Height: The vertical distance from the sitting surface to the pointmidway between the junction of the neck and shoulder and the lateral edge of the rightshoulder.
24. Maximum Forearm-Forearm Breadth: (Position same as No. 20.) Themaximum horizontal distance across the lateral surfaces of the forearms.
BODY CIRCUMFERENCES
25. Neck Circumference: The circumference of the neck measured in a planeperpendicular to the axis of the neck just below the "Adam's Apple."
26. Shoulder Circumference: The circumference around the shoulders over themaximum lateral protrusion of the deltoid muscles.
27. Chest Circumference: The maximum circumference of the chest during normalbreathing measured at the level of the nipples.
28. Waist Circumference: The circumference of the waist across the abdomen justabove the level of the navel.
29. Hip Circumference: The circumference measured in a horizontal plane at thelevel of the greatest rearward protrusion of the buttock around the hip region.
30
30. Wrist Circumference: The minimum circumference of the wrist just proximal ofthe styloid process of the right ulna.
31. Crotch-Thigh Circumference (Upper Thigh): The girth of the right thigh justbelow the furrow formed by the buttock and upper thigh.
32. Lower Thigh Circumference: The girth of the lower thigh just above the right
kneecap.
33. Calf Circumference: The maximum circumference of the right calf.
34. Ankle Circumference: The.minimum circumference of the right leg just above theprojections of the ankle bones.
35. Arm Scye Circumference: The circumference measured around the scye with thetape placed as high as possible in the right armpit and passing over the acromion.
36. Biceps Circumference, Extended: The circumference of the arm at the level of thebiceps muscle, midway between the shoulder and the elbow.
37. Biceps Circumference, Flexed: (Subject bends right arm and makes a fist whileholding the upper arm horizontal.) The maximum circumference around the biceps muscle.
38. Forearm Circumference, Flexed: (Position same as No. 37.) The maximumcircumference of the forearm measured at right angles to the long axis.
39. Vertical Trunk Circumference: The surface distance vertically around the torso.The tape passes through the crotch and over the mid-points of the right shoulder and theright shoulder and the right buttock. The tape is pressed into the small of the back so that itfollows the body contour at all points.
SURFACE MEASUREMENTS
40. Back-Waist Length: The surface distance measured vertically from the base ofthe neck (cervicale) to the height of the waist.
41. Interscye Breadth, Distance: (Subject sits, his hands on his knees.) rhe minimumsurface distance between the scye points across the back.
42. Sleeve Inseam: (The right arm is extended with the hand no more than a footfrom the body.) The distance from the front edge of the armpit to the notch formed by thejunction of the thumb and the wrist.
43. Sleeve Length: (Arms horizontal, and elbows bent at right angles, fists pressedtogether.)The surface distance from the spine to the end of the ulna styloid process at thelittle finger side of the wrist with the tape passing over the tip of the elbow.
44. Interscye Maximum: (Arms extended horizontally forward as far as possible.) Theminimum surface distance across the back between the scye points.
45. Shoulder Length: The surface distance from the junction of the neck andshoulder to the lateral edge of the right shoulder (acromion).
31
HEAD MEASUREMENTS
46. Head Length: The maximum length of the head from glabella (on the forehead)to the occipital region.
47. Head Height: The vertical distance from the cartilaginous notch (tragion) justforward of the upper edge of the right ear hole to the highest point of the head with theinstrument arm firmly touching the scalp.
48. Face Length: The distance from the depression in the nose between the eyes andthe tip of the chin.
49. Head Breadth: The maximum breadth of the head in a plane perpendicular to themid-sagittal plane.
50. Head Circumference: The maximum circumference of the head just above thebrow ridges.
51. Interpupillary Distance: The distance between the center of the pupils whilelooking straight ahead.
52. Face Breadth: The maximum horizontal breadth of the face across the mostlaterally projecting bones of the cheek (zygomatic arches).
53. Bitragion Diameter: The diameter from the cartilaginous notch (tragion) just
forward of the upper edge of the right ear hole to the corresponding notch in the left ear.
HAND MEASUREMENTS
54. Hand Length: (Right hand extended with palm up.) The distance from theproximal edge of the varicular bone at the wrist to the tip of the middle finger.
55. Palm Length: (Position of right hand same as for No. 54 .)TThe distance from theproximal edge of the varicular bone at the wrist to the skin furrow formed where the middlefinger folds upon the palm.
56. Hand Breadth (Metacarpals): The maximum breadth across the distal ends of themetacarpal bones (knuckles).
57. Hand Circumference (Metacarpals): The girth of the hand at the base of thefingers with fingers extended and joined.
FOOT MEASUREMENTS
58. Foot Length: The distance from the rearmost part of the heel to the point of thewidest part of the foot.
59. Instep Length (Ball of Foot): The distance from the rearmost part of the heel tothe point of the widest part of the foot.
60. Foot Breadth (Ball of Foot): The breadth of the widest part of the foot.
32
61. Ball of Foot Circumference: (Subject stands with weight equally distributed onboth feet.) The maximum circumference of the foot is measured around the distal ends ofthe protuberances of the metatarsal bones.
62. Heel Breadth: (Subject stands with weight equally distributed on both feet.) Themaximum breadth of the right heel behind the projections of the ankle bones.
63. Heel-Ankle Circumference: The diagonal circumference around the tip of theheel and over the instep at the juncture of the foot and leg.
64. Instep Circumference: The circumference of the foot measured over the instep
and under the arch.
SPATIAL MEASUREMENTS
NOTE: Kneeling Measures-For these measurements the subject kneels with his knees andfeet together and his fists clenched and on the floor in front of his knees. The arms arevertically positioned, and the head is in line with the long axis of the body.
65. Kneeling Height: The vertical distance from the floor to the highest point onthe head.
66. Kneeling Length: The distance from the most rearward point on the foot to themost forward point on the head.
NOTE: Crawling Measures-For these measurements the subject rests on knees andflattened palms with his arms and thighs perpendicular to the floor and his feetcomfortably extended and spaced. The body is straight with the head in line with thelong axis of the body.
67. Crawling Height: The vertical distance from the floor to the highest point ofthe head.
68. Crawling Length: The distance from the most rearward point on the foot to themost forward point on the head.
NOTE: Prone Measures-In these measurements the subject lies prone on his stomachwith his feet together and comfortably extended, his arms extended forward as far aspossible without strain and his fists clenched.
69. Prone Height: The vertical distance from the floor to the highest point on thehead when the head is raised as high as possible while the chest remains on the floor.
70. Prone Length: The horizontal distance from the most rearward point on thefoot to the most forward point on the fist.
STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS
71. Left Hand Grip: The maximum strength reading is recorded from the dial.
72. Right Hand Grip: The maximum strength reading is recorded from the dial.
33
73. One-half Squat: The subject stands on the platform of the isotronic evaluatorwith the cross bar set to a height at which it will rest on the back of the neck andshoulders when he is in a squat position with the thighs parallel to the floor. A dial isavailable by which the Ss weight is set at zero, thus the score represents only the extentof his effort. The hands are placed on the bar in a comfortable position and the subjectrises, pushing with legs as hard as possible for about 10 seconds. The maximumdeflection in pounds of the meter needle is recorded.
74. Dead Lift: The subject stands on the platform of the isotronic evaluator andthe bar is set to a height about 2 inches below the knees, when the bar is held with thehands about shoulder width apart. A dial is available by which the Ss weight is set tozero, thus the score represents only the extent of his effort. Keeping the head and hipdown and the back flat, he pushes hard with the legs and pulls up as hard as possible forabout 10 seconds. The maximum deflection of the meter needle is recorded.
75. Weight: Each subject is weighed to the nearest pound.
DICHOTOMIZED OBSERVATIONS
Eyeglasses: Each subject is questioned at to whether he wears prescription eyeglasses(important in equipment design).
Handedness: Each subject is questioned as to whether he is right-handed,left-handed, or ambidextrous (important in equipment design).
Length of Toe: Simple observation as to whether the first or second toe of the rightfoot is longer (important in design of footwear).
34
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UU50
APPENDIX j
DISTRIBUTION LIST
FinalAgency Report
Commander 10US Army Test and Evaluation CommandATTN: AMSTE-ME"Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
CommanderUS Army Materiel CommandATTN: AMCRD-T 1
AMCRD (Dr. Kaufman) 1
AMCRD-U 1AMCIL 1
Washington, DC 20315
Chief of Naval Research 1Washington, DC 20390
Director 2Smithsonian InstitutionATTN: Assistant Secretary (Science)Washington, DC 20560
HQDA (DAAG-ASL) 1
Washington, DC 20310
Institute for Applied Technology 1National Bureau of StandardsWashington, DC 20234
Associate for Documentation and AccessionPsychological Abstracts 1
American Psychological Association1200 Seventeenth Street, NWWashington, DC 20036
HQDA (DACE-ZA) 1
(DALO-ILZ) 1(DAMO-IAM) 2(DARD-ARB) 1(DARD-ARE) 1(DARD-ARL) 1
Washington, DC 20310
51
FinalAgency Report
Director 1Department of Defense, Research and EngineeringATTN: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ODR)The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20315
Assistant Secretary of the Army (R&D) 1The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20315
Defense Intelligence Agency 1Washington, DC 20301
Commander 1US Army Test and Evaluation CommandATTN: USACDC Liaison OfficerAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
Commander 2US Army Human Engineering LaboratoriesATTN: Technical DirectorAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
Commander 1US Army Land Warfare LaboratoryAberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
President 1US Army Aviation Test BoardFort Rucker, AL 36362
Arctic, Desert, Tropic Information Center 1Maxwell Air Force Base, AL 36112
Commander 1US Army Combat Developments
Experimentation CommandATTN: CDEC-AGFort Ord, CA 93941
President 1US Army Infantry BoardFort Benning, GA 31905
52
FinalAgency Reports
US Army Armor Human Research Unit 1Building 2423Fort Knox, KY 40121
President 1US Army Armor and Engineer BoardFort Knox, KY 40121
Commander 10US Army Natick LaboratoriesATTN: Mr. Robert WhiteNatick, MA 01762
Commander 1US Army Research Institute for Environmental MedicineNatick, MA 01769
President 1US Army Airborne, Communications and
Electronics BoardFort Bragg, NC 28307
President 1US Army Field Artillery BoardFort Sill, OK 73504
Tactical Technology Center 1Battelle Memorial Institute505 King AvenueColumbus, OH 43201
President 1US Army Air Defense BoardFort Bliss, TX 79906
Director 1Behavior and Systems Research Laboratory,
USAMANRRDC1320 Wilson BoulevardArlington, VA 22209
53
Pr
FinalAgency Report
Commander 2Defense Documentation Center for Scientific
and Technical InformationATTN: Document Service CenterCameron StationAlexandria, VA 22313
Institute for Defense Analysis 1400 Army-Navy DriveArlington, VA 22202
Human Resources Research Organization 1300 North Washington StreetAlexandria, VA 22314
Commander 2United States Southern CommandATTN: J-5Quarry Heights, CZ
Commander 2US Army Forces Southern CommandATTN: SCARCEFort Amador, CZ
Commander 1Detachment 2, CCTWG, DAUS Air Force Tropic Survival Training SchoolAlbrook Air Force Base, CZ
Commandant 2USAF Inter-American Air Force AcademyAlbrook Air Force Base, CZ
CommanderUS Army Tropic Test CenterATTN: STETC-XO-A (Tech Lib) 2
STETC-OO-P 2STETC-AD 20
Fort Clayton, CZ
54
APPENDIX K
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Baker, P. T. The Biological and Cultural Structure of a High Altitude PeruvianPopulation, Contr DA-49-143-MD-2260, US Army Med R&D Commander, PennsylvaniaState College, July 1965.
2. Beyhaut, G. Raices Contemporaneas de America Latina. Editorial Universitaria deBuenos Aires, 1964.
"3. Ferguson, J. H. El Equilibrio Racial en America Latina, Editorial Universitaria deBuenos Aires, 1963.
4. Fleishman, E. A., E. J. Kremer, and G. W. Shoup. The Dimensions of PhysicalFitness-A Factor Analysis of Strength Tests. Tech Rep 2, Contr Nonr 609(32) Office ofNaval Research, Yale University, August 1961.
5. Fox, Katherine. The Effect of Clothing on Certain Measures of Strength of UpperExtremities. Tech RepEp-47, QMR&D Center, ContrDA44-109-qm-1760, StateUniversity of Iowa, June 1957.
6. Hertzberg, H. T. E., G. S. Daniels, and E. Churchill. Anthropometry of FlyingPersonnel, WADC Tech Rep 52-321, Wright Air Developement Center, September 1954.
7. Morgan, C. T. et al. (Eds) Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Designs, NewYork: Mc Graw-Hill, 1963.
8. Randal, E. and M. J. Baer. Survey of Body Size of Army Personnel, Male andFemale. Tech Rep 122 (Rev), R&D Division, Office of QM General, October 1952.
9. Randall, E. Applications of Anthopometry to the Determination of Size in Clothing.Tech Rep 133, R&D Branch, Office of QM General, June 1948.
10. Stewart, T. D. A Bibliography of Physical Anthropology in Latin America:1937-1948. Wenner-Gren Foundation Rep, 1952.
11. Churchill, E. et al. Anthropometry of US Army Aviators, 1970 Tech Rep 72-52-CEUS Army Natick Laboratories, December 1971.
12. White, R. M. Anthropometric Survey of the Royal Thai Armed Forces, Sponsored byAdvanced Research Projects Agency, US Army Natick Laboratories, June 1964.
13. Williams, M. W. The People and Politics of Latin America. Ginn and Co: 1938.
14. Mourant, A. E. The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups, Oxford: Blackwell,1954.
15. Dobbins, D. A., and C. M. Kindick. Anthropometry of the Latin-American ArmedForces. USATTC Interim Research Report Number 10, May 1967.
55
IINCILASSIFIEDSecurity Classification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R & D(Security classification of title, body of ebstract end indexing annotation muat be entered when the overall report is claifled!)
I. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 24a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Commander UNCLASSIFIEDUS Army Tropic Test Center CRO. OUP
Fort Clayton, Canal Zone3. REPORT TITLE
ANTHROPOMETRY OF THE LATIN-AMERICAN ARMED FORCES
4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and Incluaive dates)
Final Report5. AUTHOR(S) (First name, middle initial, last name)
Delaney A. DobbinsCharles M. Kindick
6. REPORT DATE 7&. TOTAl. NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. OF REFS
August 1972 60 15641. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Da. ORIGINATOR*S REPORT NUhrBERIS)
DAHBO1-71-C-B358b. PROJECT NO. USATTC Report No 7209002
DA Project No 1T061101A91A_________ ____________
C. 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be asslgned
TECOM Project No 9 CO 049 000 001 this report)
d.
10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.
II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY
Data collection only by contract; this is US Army Tropic Test Centerin-house research. Fort Clayton, Canal Zone
13. ABSTRACT
The United States Army Tropic Test Center made anthropometric measurements of a sampleof Latin-American enlisted military personnel in the Canal Zone from September 1965 to February1970.
A total of 1985 trainees were measured-1852 airmen at the USAF Inter-American Air ForcesAcademy and 133 army personnel at the US Army School of the Americas. Fifteen Latin-Americancountries are represented in the sample. The average age for the sample was 23 years, average"height was 5 feet, 5 /2 inches, and average weight was 141 pounds.
Percentiles and ranges for 75 physical measurements are presented, including isometric strengthand hand-grip measures. Country-by-country comparisons are also presented. In addition, 1790ABO blood group types are presented by country.
These data represent the only known source of detailed anthropometric information onLatin-American military personnel.
D rD 'p 47 .L.AS fom ARM #.*..AN es, "..ICH o.
SI Nov 1o4, 7o ARMY u".. UNCLASSIFIEDSecurity Classificetion
UNCLASSIFIEDSecurity Classification
14. LINK A LINK 9 LINK CKEY WORIOS
ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT
Latin-American military personnel
Anthropometry
Hand strengthIsometric strength
Clothing sizeEquipment size
Body sizeABO Blood GroupsTropic Test Center
Sampling error
Dead-lift
One-half squat
Standing measurementsSitting measurements
Body circumferencesSurface measurements"Head measurements
Hand measurementsFoot measurements
Spatial measurementsStrength measurements
12-2346 UNCLASSIFIED
Security Classification
