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Unit 1The spirit ofinventionVocabulary 11 1 simple2 complex3 non-essential4 essential5 old-fashioned6 modern7 low-cost

8 expensive9 practical1O handy

2 1 cheap2 complex3 modern4 superfluous

3 1 old- 2 Hi-5 in 6 non-

5 out-of-date6 essential7 expensive

3 Low- 4 im4 Down1 low-tech

2 superfluous3 cheap4 out-of-date6 wind-upAcross1 low-cost3 complex5 energy7 fashioned8 simple

Reading1 b21b 2c 3d 4a3 1 False:'you needn't spend years ondevelopment and researchor doingexpensivetests'.2 False:'it was difficultto believethat

no-one had thought of it before'.3 False:'once you've got your idea,you need to patent it/.

WORKBOOKANSWERKDGrammar 1Post simple, present perfect simpleond present perfect continuous1 1 have developed2 tested

3 have also tested4 have shown5 became6 has taken

2 1 Who developed a new way topurify water?Scientists in California.

2 Where did they test the device lastyear?On the Virgin Islands.

3 Where else did they test the device?In India.4 What did the results show?They showed that this systemcan eliminate the risk of cholera,typhoid and dysentery.5 When did scientists first discoverthe purifying quality of light?In the 1990s.

6 How long did it take to develop alow-cost UVlight device?More than 15 years.

3 1 already 5 for2 just 6 ever3 yet 7 never4 since

4 1 have been asking2 have made3 has recently launched4 have been offering5 have been using6 have not been using7 has promised8 havealready introduced

Post simple, post perfect simple ondpostperfectconUnuous5 1 was, thought2 had been snowing, had to

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WORKBOOK ANSWER KEY3 What did he hear in a shop? Heheard a girl ask for chicle.4 What had the natives of Mexicobeen using as a chewing gum?They had been using chicle.

5 What had Adams been thinking ofdoing?He had been thinking of giving it allup.

Error correction1 Humans have been coming up withgreat ideas for thousands of years.

2 Our history has been full of discoveriessince we first learned how to make fire.3 The discovery of the Americancontinent was an important moment inEuropean history.

4 A retired naval officer has recentlyclaimed that the Chinese were the firstto cross the Atlantic Ocean.5 Columbus never landed on Antigua.6 In the last 50 years we have made alarge number of important discoveries.7 For example, scientists discoveredpenicillin and more recently they haveidentified the genes in human DNA.

Grammar 21 Ac Ba Cb2a a B(the theory of gravity)

b C (the post-it@ note)c A (the principie of buoyancy)b Past perfect

simplePast perfectcontlnuous

had been sittinghad been usinghad been having

3 1 wasn't trying to makea goldcrown, hewas tryingto find out ifthe crownwas made ofgold.2 didn't notice that heavierobjectsdisplaced lesswater, he noticedthat heavierobjects displacemorewater.3 hadn't been sittingunder a lemontree, he had been sitting under anapple tree.4 didn't discoverthat gravitationisa force that pullsthings awayfrom the Earth,he discoveredthatgravitation isa force that pullsthings towards the Earth.5 wasn't an engineer, hewas ascientist.6 didn't put non-stickglue onhis notebook, he put it on hisbookmarks.

4 Student's own answers

Vocabulary 2Gerunds and intinitives1 1 to find 6 to cultivate

2 to create 7 to grow3 providing 8 wasting4 Using 9 burning5 to obtain2 1 Growingfood crops with the

seawater greenhouse isa lotcheaper.2 The developers hope to installthegreenhouses in areas near the sea.3 The greenhouse useselectricallight to transformfreshwater intoseawater.4 The SeawaterGreenhouse isaconcept that combines naturalprocessesof obtaining freshwater.

3 1 True:'a source of low-cost,freshwater supplyfor agriculturalpurposes'.2 True:'sustainable solution incoastalareas'.

3 False:'using...sunlight to obtainfreshwater from seawater'.4 True:'without burning fossilfuels'.

4 1 to bring2 leaving3 riding,to look4 looking

Sld 2a 3c 4b61d 2b 3a 4c7 Student's own answersListening1 Student's own answer21c 2d 3b 4b 5c6 d3 1 Theywere askedto vote for themost important inventionof thelast 200 years.2 Ves,it was

3 There are twice asmany bikesascars.4 Trafficcongestion isa big problemin central London.5 They can get trough thetrafficeasierand quicker thanambulances, reaching the injured alot quicker.6 Itgavethem independence totravel and allowedthem towearmore comfortable clothing.

Pronunciation

Writing a description of anobject1 The bicyclecan help us combatproblems suchas trafficcongestionand obesity.It can alsohelp usfightclimate change.2 Carshavebecome an essentialpartof everydaylifein ourmodernsociety.

They are certainlyuseful,but they arealsoa seriousproblem. Theycrowdthe congestedstreets ofour citycentres. They pollute the air inourcountryside and they produce hugequantities of harmfulgreenhousegases.3

4 1 Eventhough2 like3 Inmyopinion4 Inaddition to5 What's more6 Consequently7 Personally,Ithink

S Student's own answersWord order corner1 Last night we watched a funny Britishcomedy on television.2 Chris has a cool, new, silver mobilephone.3 Some people think that Chindoguare useless, impractical, japaneseinventions.

4 My colleague has bought a hi-tech,compact, digital camera.

5 Karen owns a lovely little woodencottaqe ue. in the mountains.

4a a now d houseb found e clownc noun f townSa a slow c enoughb out

6 1 known 4 now2 hose 5 town3 noun 6 house

Cause Effectbecause consequentlysinceas so