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1
Motivation & Emotion
Unit outline
Dr James NeillCentre for Applied Psychology
University of Canberra
2016Image source
2
Outline� Teaching staff� Learning outcomes� Syllabus� Graduate attributes� Flexible delivery� Lectures� Tutorials
� Textbook� Equipment� Unit websites� Assessment
� Book chapter� Multimedia� Quizzes
� Key dates
3
We acknowledge the Ngunnawal peoples as traditional custodians
of the land upon which the Uni of Canberra main campus sits,
and pay respect to Elders past and present.
Acknowledgement of country
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Integrate theories and
current research towards explaining the role of
motivation and emotions
in human behaviour .
Learning outcomes
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1. Drives and instincts2. Theories of motivation,
consciousness, and volitional behaviour
3. Self-control and self-regulation4. Structure and function of emotions 5. Relationships between emotion and
cognition6. Regulation of emotions
Syllabus
7
Graduate attributes: Professional
1. Communicate effectively2. Initiative and drive, use organisation skills to
plan and manage workload3. Up-to-date and relevant knowledge and
skills4. Use creativity, critical thinking, analysis and
research skills to solve real-world and theoretical problem
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Graduate attributes: Global citizens
1. Adopt an informed and balanced approach across professional and international boundaries
2. Communicate effectively in diverse cultural and social settings
3. Make creative use of technology in learning and professional lives
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1. Adapt to complexity, ambiguity and change by being flexible and keen to engage with new ideas
2. Be self-aware3. Evaluate and adopt new technology
Graduate attributes: Lifelong learners
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1. On-campus activities (lectures and tutorials) are recorded, with accompanying online notes.
2. The learning outcomes can be achieved via face to face, online, or blended modes of engagement → your choice
Flexible delivery mode
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�Wednesdays 13:30-15:30 12B2 Weeks 1-7, 9-13
� 12 x 2 hour weekly lectures based on the 17 Reeve (2015) textbook chapters�~1st half = motivation�~2nd half = emotion
� Lectures will be recorded and accessible via Echo360 on the Moodle site.
Lectures
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Lecture topics
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Lectures
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1. Unit outline and introduction2. Historical development and
assessment skills3. Brain & physiological needs4. Psych. needs & implicit motives5. Ext. motivation & goal setting6. Mindsets, control, & the self
Lecture topics
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7. Nature of emotion8. Aspects of emotion9. Individual emotions10. Unconscious motivation11. Growth psychology12. Interventions and conclusion
Lecture topics
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1. 6 x 2hr x fortnightly tutorials2. Structure
1. ~20% content review2. ~50% activities3. ~30% assessment task skills
3. Virtual tutorials are recorded and available via Moodle
4. Tutorial attendance is strongly recommended but not compulsory
Tutorials
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Tutorial topics
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Tutorials
Wed/Thu fortnightlyT1 Wed 15:30 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12T2 Wed 15:30 9A2 W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13T3 Wed 18:00 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12T4 Wed 18:00 Onl W 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 13T5 Thu 10:30 9A2 W 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12
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1. Introduction + Wiki editing2. Needs (Physiological, Psychological, Social)
3. Motivation, optimism, & self4. Emotion5. Individual emotions6. Growth psychology
Tutorials - Topics
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TextbookReeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
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1. Book chapter (50%) Due 9am Mon Week 13
2. Multimedia (20%) Due 9am Mon Week 14
3. Quizzes (30%) Due 9am Mon Week 15
Assessment - Overview
50 hours
90 hours
10 hours
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Book chapter - Task� Author an interesting, well-written,
freely available, online, book chapter about a specific, unique motivation or emotion topic.
� Consider how psychological theory and research knowledge can be used to help people live more effective motivational or emotional lives.
� Contribute meaningfully to the development of other book chapters.
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1. Theme2. Wikiversity
1. User name2. Licensing
3. Topic
Book chapter – Guidelines
4. Collaboration & peer feedback
5. Length6. Submission
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Topic examples - Motivation� What motivates people to do X and
how can we be more or less motivated to do A? (e.g., body modification, exercise, eat healthily, use drug Y)
� What is the B model/theory and how can it be applied? (e.g., goal setting, self-affirmation, willpower)
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Topic examples - Emotion� Why do we experience emotion W and
how can we experience more or less of it? (e.g., happiness, jealousy, emotional intelligence)
� What is the effect of (emotion) X on (outcome) Y? (e.g., anger on health, health on happiness)
� What is the Z model/theory of emotion and how can it be applied? (e.g., Emotion-Focused Therapy, Schacter-Singer theory of emotion, Lövheim cube of emotion)
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1. Theory (30%): Effective use of key theoretical concepts, critical thinking & application of theory.
2. Research (30%): Key peer-reviewed research discussed in relation to theoretical aspects of the topic.
3. Written expression (30%): Interesting and readable, logical structure, interactive learning features, APA style.
4. Social contribution (10%): Helping others to improve book quality. Logged.
Book chapter - Marking criteria
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2016
� Sign up : � One topic per author.� Some possible topics are available – sign
up anytime. � Or propose your own topic (via email).� Topics will be discussed during Tutorial 1.� Sign up by the end of Week 3.
Book chapter - Topic sign up 1
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2016
Proposed topics – email the convener : � Title� Subtitle (in the form of a question(s)) � Topics must be unique (not previously covered in
the Motivation and Emotion book project on Wikiversity)
� Wikiversity username
Book chapter - Topic sign up 2
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Multimedia – Guidelines
1. Topic overview2. Style and format3. Platform4. Equipment
5. Length6. Copyright7. Attribution8. Links
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1. Structure and content (25%): Well-designed, logical content which overviews the chapter content
2. Communication (50%): Clear, well-paced, engaging communication of ideas
3. Production quality (25%): Clear picture and sound. Informative title, description, license, etc.
Multimedia - Marking criteria
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Best aspects? “Choosing our own topic and writing a chapter
that was meaningful to us, using a new medium that extended our skills. Learning to use the
Wiki, and writing in this way was more relevant to real life than an essay. Really engaging unit!”
Worst aspects?“did not like at all the focus on wikiversity and
multimedia/social media aspect ... overly challenging to be learning the content as well as
the medium.”
Student feedback (2011)
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Evaluation 34
Quizzes1. Availability2. Content
1.Online quizzes about each of the 17 textbook chapters
2.Equally-weighted 10-item multiple-choice quizzes
3. Time limit4. Academic integrity5. Attempts6. Reviewing results
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Assessment/Quizzes
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● W03 (Fri) – Sign up for chapter topic● W04 (Fri) – Census day - Withdraw without academic or financial penalty
● W08 – No classes - Mid-semester break● W08 (Fri) – Withdraw without incurring fail● W13 (Mon 9am) - Book chapter due● W14 (Mon 9am) - Multimedia due● W15 (Mon 9am) - Quizzes due● W16 (Fri 3pm) – Results released
Key dates
36
Summary� Teaching staff� Learning outcomes� Syllabus� Graduate attributes� Flexible delivery� Lectures� Tutorials
� Textbook� Equipment� Unit websites� Lectures� Tutorials� Assessment
� Book chapter� Multimedia� Quizzes
� Key dates
38
References
� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1
Motivation & Emotion
Introduction to motivation and emotion
Dr James NeillCentre for Applied Psychology
University of Canberra
2016Image source
4
Motivation and emotion: Definition activity
1. Write your own definition of:● motivation = ? ● emotion = ?
2. Share and discuss your definitions with someone else.
3. Improve/modify your definitions.
4. Let's hear some definitions …
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Motivation and emotion: Scientific process
Reality(In all its complexity)
Applications;
Recommendations
(How to support and enhance motivation and
emotion in applied settings)
Theory(Created by
psychologists)
Hypo-theses(Derived from
theory)
Data(To test the adequacy of each hypothesis)
Based on Reeve (2015), Figure 1.1
Representation
Application
8
Motivation:Pink blobs
Image source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_blob.svg,
CC-by-A 4.0
Pink
blob
Pink
blob
Why aren't we just pink blobs?
Why do we ever do anything at all?
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Motivation:Energy + Direction
Motivation refers to the processes that give behaviour energy and direction.
� Energy (Strength): Behaviours have strength, intensity, and persistence.
� Direction (Purpose): Behaviours aim to achieve particular purposes or goals.
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Motivational theory example: Reasons to exercise
Reeve (2009), Table 1.1
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Motivation:Perennial questions
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-9)
What causes behaviour?
“Why did she do that?”
“Why do people do what they do?”
?
Why does behaviour vary in
its intensity?
“Why does a person behave one way in a particular situation at one time yet behave in a different way
at another time?”
“What are the motivational differences among individuals, and
how do such differences arise?”
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Motivation:Specific questions that constitute the core problems to be solved in motivation study
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 6-7)
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:One_hand_handstand.jpg,
CC-by-SA 3.0
1.What starts behaviour?2.Why is behaviour sustained over time?3.Why is behaviour directed towards
some goals yet away from others?4.Why does behaviour change its
direction?5.Why does behaviour stop?
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Motivation: Sources
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.2, p. 9)
Antecedent conditions• External events• Social contexts
Internal motives
Needs Cognitions Emotions
Energised, goal-directed, and persistent (motivated) action
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Expressions of motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 12-15)
Behaviour
Physiology &
brain activations
Engage-ment
Self-report
Motivation cannot be directly measured; but expressions of motivation can be measured.
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Expressions of motivation: Behaviour
Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.2, p. 13)
Probability of response
Choice
Latency
Persistence
Effort
Facial expressions
Bodily gestures
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Expressions of motivation:Engagement
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.3, p. 13)
.
Extent of engagement
Behaviour Emotion Cognition Agency
• On-task behaviour• Effort• Persistence
• Presence of interest, enjoyment, enthusiasm• Absence of distress, anger, anxiety, frustration
● Using sophisticated learning strategies● Seeking conceptual understanding rather than surface knowledge● Self-regulation, such as planning
• Contributing constructively into and changing the environment for the better• Asking questions• Expressing preferences
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Expressions of motivation:Physiological & brain activity
Based on Reeve (2015, Table 1.3, p. 14)
Brain
Hormonal
Cardiovascular
Ocular
Electrodermal
Skeletal
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Expressions of motivation:Self-report
Based on Reeve (2015, p. 15)
� People can typically self-report the nature of their motivation (e.g., via interview or questionnaire).
� But there can be a lack of correspondence between what people say their motivations are and their behavioural and physiological expressions (unconscious motivation).
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Framework for understanding and studying motivation
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.4, p. 16)
Antecedent conditions
● Environmental events
● Social contexts
Motivestatus
Energising, directing, and
sustaining:• Behaviour• Enagement• Brain activity• Psychophysiology• Self-report
Changes in life outcomes:
• Performance• Achievement• Learning• Adjustment• Skill, talent• Well-being
Needs Cognitions Emotions
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Motives vary over time & influence the ongoing stream of behaviour
Based on Reeve (2009, Table 1.4, p. 15)
Motivation is a dynamic process (always changing, always rising and falling) rather than a discrete event or static condition.
e.g., motives influencing behaviour of a student sitting at a desk
Note: The number of asterisks in column 4 represents the intensity of the aroused motive. One asterisk denotes the lowest intensity level, while five asterisks denote the highest intensity level.
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Stream of behaviour and changes in the strength of its
underlying motives
Based on Reeve (2015, Figure 1.6, p. 20)
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Using motivational theories to solve practical problems
Based on Reeve (2009, p. 22)
Practicalproblem
Given what I know abouthuman motivation & emotion
Proposed solution/intervention, if any
e.g., • Student dropout• Mediocre performance
• Theories• Empirical findings• Practical experience
• How likely is it that an intervention will have positive benefits?• Do no harm
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Understanding the motivational agent
Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)
• What is the behavioural phenomena?• What is its opposite?• Where does it come from?• Is it malleable or fixed?• What does it related to, or predict?
Identifying the motivational agent underlying the practical problem (e.g., goals, efficacy, or helplessness)
25
Theoretical understanding of the problem to be solved
Based on Reeve (2009, Ch 1)
• What is the model? (theory)• How does it work? (diagram?)• What causes the behavioural
phenomena to change? Under what conditions?
• What causes high and low levels of the behaviour?
26
Some ways to get a better overview of motivation and emotion
� Read the 17 Reeve (2015) chapter summaries.
� Look through other motivation and emotion textbooks in the library.
� Check out articles in the peer reviewed journal, “Motivation and Emotion”.
� Explore the previous (2010-2015) books on Wikiversity.
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Summary1. Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel,
and how can this be changed?2. Motivation and emotion have a common
etymological and theoretical root – to move3. Motivation is a dynamic process which
combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.
1. Why do we do what we do, feel what we feel, and how can this be changed?
2. Motivation and emotion have a common etymological and theoretical root – to move
3. Motivation is a dynamic process which combines the external environmental context and interval motive status (needs, cognitions, and emotions) to give energy and direction to motivation as indicated by behaviour, engagement, neurological and physiological activations, and self-report.
28
References
� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
� Reeve, J. (2015). Understanding motivation and emotion (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.