Unit IV: Political Organization of Space AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
COPELAND Slide 2 I. Political Geography The study of the
organization and distribution of political phenomena Slide 3
Territory The effort to control territory is a central motivate of
humans The territory of the world is almost completely divided into
national units Antarctica debated (1959 Treaty of Antarctica) Slide
4 Territoriality Territoriality is a key component of modern
political culture. As defined by geographer, Robert Sack,
territoriality is the attempt by an individual or group to affect,
influence, or control people, phenomena or relationships, by
delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area.
Territorial Integrity a government has the right to keep the
borders and territory of a state in tact and free from attack.
Slide 5 State 1.an independent political unit occupying a defined
territory 2. permanently populated territory 3. full sovereignty
(independence to control internal affairs) 4. must be recognized by
other states Slide 6 World States 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 or
196 states in the world today (only 50 in the 1940s) 193 recognized
by the United Nations as of 2011. United States recognizes 194
(Kosovo) Number depends on who you ask Newest state-South Sudan
Slide 7 Issues defining states Political differences can cause some
territories to not be recognized as independent. Examples: Korea (2
states, one nationality) China and Taiwan-2 states? China claims
Taiwan and the U.S. agrees, even though Taiwan has its own govt and
its own currency Western Sahara (currently part of Morocco)
Greenland (Denmark) Greenland controls internal affairs, Denmark
controls foreign affairs Greenland is referred to as a constituent
state Slide 8 Nation A group of people with a common culture
occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense
of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs Nations are
imagined communities -Benedict Anderson -imagined = you will never
meet all the people in your nation -community = you see yourself as
part of it Slide 9 The nations we perceive as natural and always
existing are relatively recent phenomena. In 1648, Europe was
divided into dozens of small territories. Slide 10 The Nation-State
A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a
distinct nation or people An entity whose members feel a natural
connection by sharing language, religion, or some other cultural
trait Examples of possible Nation-States: Iceland, Portugal,
Poland, Japan *There are no true, pure nation-states in the world
today Slide 11 Stateless Nation Nations that do not possess a
national territory even with a larger multinational state
Palestine, Kurds Slide 12 Multinational State The Former Yugoslavia
A state with more than one nation. Slide 13 Multistate Nation
Transylvania homeland for both Romanians and Hungarians. A nation
with more than one state Slide 14 Vlad the Impaler, leader of
Wallachia/Transylvania Slide 15 II. Spatial Characteristics of
States Largest Size Russia 17.1 million square kilometers Others:
China, Canada, United States, and Australia Slide 16 Spatial
Characteristics of States Smallest Size City-state: sovereign state
compromised entirely of a city and its countryside Singapore,
Monaco, San Marino Microstates: very small land areas Smallest:
Monaco -1.5 square kilometers Singapore, Andorra, and Bahrain Slide
17 Spatial Characteristics of States 5 basic shapes Compact Prorupt
Elongated Fragmented Perforated Slide 18 Shape Compact Compact Most
efficient form is a circle with a capital in the center Compact
size Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Poland Advantages? Slide 19 Examples of
Compact States Poland Zimbabwe Slide 20 Shape - Prorupt Nearly
compact but posses one or more narrow extensions of territory
Proruptions can be natural or artificial isolate a portion of a
state-Ex. Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia Slide 21
Examples of Prorupted States Democratic Rep.Namibia of the Congo
Slide 22 Shape - Elongated Long and Narrow Distance from the
capital is greater A large amount of diversity of climate,
resources, and people National cohesion difficult Norway, Vietnam,
Chile, Italy, Malawi Slide 23 Examples of Elongated States Vietnam
Chile Norway Slide 24 Shape - Fragmented Countries composed
entirely of islands (Philippines, Indonesia) Two Types: Separated
by water (Indonesia) Separated by an intervening state (India,
Russia) Weakness centralized control Slide 25 Examples of
Fragmented States Philippines Indonesia Slide 26 Shape - Perforated
State that completely surrounds another one Example: South Africa
Surrounds Lesotho Completely dependent on South Africa for imports
and exports Slide 27 Examples of Perforated States South Africa
Italy Slide 28 Slide 29 Relative Location Size and shape are
affected by a states absolute and relative location Canada &
Russia are large, yet their absolute northern location reduces the
agricultural productivity of the land Iceland has a compact shape
but its location near the arctic makes much of its land barren
Slide 30 Relative Location Landlocked countries are at a major
developmental disadvantage Many in Africa due to remnants of
colonialism Must arrange to use another countrys sea port Coast
lines can be a major advantage -Singapore (224 sq miles) is located
at a crossroads of shipping and trade Slide 31 Slide 32 III. The
Modern State Idea The idea of a state that is tied to a particular
territory with defined boundaries came out of Europe and diffused
outward from there. A change from society defining territory to
territory defining society. Modern States evolved in the late
1600s. Slide 33 Rise of the Modern State 1.The European model a)The
Norman invasion of 1066 produced a whole new political order b)On
the European continent, the strength of some rulers produced
national cohesiveness in more stable domains c)Economic revival and
so called Dark Ages were over d)Treaties signed at the end of the
Thirty Years' War contained fundamentals of statehood and
nationhood - Peace at Westphalia e)Western Europes strong
monarchies began to represent something more than authority Slide
34 Rise of the Modern State Mercantilism a) promotion of
commercialism and trade with other states b)City-based merchants,
not the nobility, gained wealth c)As money and influence were
concentrated in the cities, land as a measure of affluence began to
lose its relevance Slide 35 European Colonialism and the Modern
State Colonialism a physical action in which one state takes over
control of another, taking over the government and ruling the
territory as its own. Why? Organized political states forming
Wealth from mercantilism to expand Gained more wealth, territory,
and power through colonialism Slide 36 Diffusion of the
Nation-State Model European Colonization influenced State model the
European model became the international model Economic structure
colonies and colonizers became interdependent in a capitalist world
economy Slide 37 Two Waves of European Colonialism: 1500 - 1825
1825 - 1975 Slide 38 Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550-1950 This
map shows the dominant influence, as some places were colonized by
more than one power in this time period. Slide 39 What happened to
state size? Slide 40 Two Waves of Decolonization First wave focused
on decolonization of the Americas Second wave focused on
decolonization of Africa and Asia Slide 41 Slide 42 Construction of
the World Economy Capitalism people, corporations, and states
produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market,
with the goal of achieving profit. Commodification the process of
placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the
good. Colonialism brought the world into the world economy, setting
up an interdependent global economy. Slide 43 The Capitalist
World-Economy The World-Economy is more than the sum of its parts.
It is composed of dots but we must also understand the whole.
Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Pierre Seurat Slide 44
Immanuel Wallersteins World-Systems Theory: 1.The world economy has
one market and a global division of labor. 2.Although the world has
multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context
of the world economy. 3.The world economy has a three-tier
structure. Slide 45 Three Tier Structure Core Processes that
incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more
technology * Generate more wealth in the world economy
Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both
occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit
the periphery. * Serves as a buffer between core and periphery
Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education,
lower salaries, and less technology * Generate less wealth in the
world economy Slide 46 Core Most states have assumed their current
shape following centuries of growth Examples: North America,
Western Europe, Japan, Australia Slide 47 Periphery The benefits of
the core area thin the farther you move outward Any resource
benefits of the periphery are typically shipped backed to the core
Examples: Africa (except South Africa), SE Asia, Western South
America Slide 48 Semi-Periphery Exploited by the core, and exploit
the periphery Examples: Mexico, Brazil, Russia, Eastern Europe,
China, India Slide 49 Slide 50 IV. Boundaries Vertical lines that
establish the limit of each states jurisdiction and authority
Claims and boundaries are 3 dimensional Subsoil Resource disputes
Airspace extends into airline traffic (satellites next?) Slide 51
Slide 52 Slide 53 The Evolution of Boundaries Definition: the
official establishment or documentation of a boundary Treaty Legal
document Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation
agreement Slide 54 The Evolution of Boundaries Delimitation:
placing of the boundary on a map Slide 55 The Evolution of
Boundaries Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on
the ground Slide 56 Boundary Types Natural (physical): based on
recognizable physiographic features Mountains, rivers, and lakes
Can cause disputes Slide 57 Boundary Types Law of the Sea-158
countries A. Territory 12 Nautical miles (14 land mi) B. Contiguous
Zone 12 Nautical miles C. Exclusive Economic Zone 200 Nautical
Miles Slide 58 Boundary Types Geometric (Artificial): follows
parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude 49 th parallel
United States & Canada Africa, Asia, Americas Slide 59 Slide 60
Boundary Types Cultural/Religious: separate groups by a common
cultural trait India and Pakistan Slide 61 Boundary Origins
Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated United States
& Canada Slide 62 Boundary Origins Subsequent: border drawn
after the development of the cultural landscape 2 types: Consequent
Superimposed Slide 63 Boundary Origins Consequent (ethnographic):
border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or
ethnic differences N. Ireland and Ireland Slide 64 Boundary Origins
Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural
landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power
Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns Great Britain =
India/Pakistan Slide 65 Boundary Origins Relict/relic Boundary:
former boundary that no longer functions Differences on each side
of the border are still evident Ex. Berlin Wall Slide 66 Slide 67
Definitional/Positional Boundary Disputes Focus on the legal
language of the boundary agreement A boundary agreement may base a
boundary on a landmark that has moved or no longer visible
Argentina and Chile Slide 68 Locational Boundary Disputes The
delimitation and possible demarcation of the border is in dispute
Slide 69 Operational/Functional Disputes Neighboring states
disagree over policies to be applied along a boundary Immigration
Slide 70 Allocation/Resource Disputes Neighboring states can argue
about the distribution of resources Iraq v. Kuwait (oil) Georgia
vs. AL & FL (Chattahoochee River) Georgia vs. Tennessee Slide
71 Territorial Disputes A subsequent boundary divides an ethnically
homogenous group Irredentism- advocating annexation of territories
administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or
prior historical possession Ex. Kashmir Slide 72 Slide 73 Capitals
Typically are centrally located to allow for equal access Many
capitals have become distant to many areas due to growth:
Washington D.C. Some capitals have been relocated to make them more
accessible Slide 74 Capitals Usually located in the core area and
frequently the focus of it Capital cities are also frequently the
largest or the Primate City Primate City: dominates the economic
structure of the entire country Slide 75 Forward-Thrust capital
City Deliberately sited in a states interior Brazil relocated its
capital from Rio de Janeiro to a new city called Brasilia Nigeria
Abuja Kazakhstan Astana Slide 76 Brasilia Slide 77 Slide 78 Slide
79 Nigeria - Abuja Slide 80 Slide 81 Kazakhstan Astana Slide 82
Kazakhstan Astana (new) Almaty (old) Slide 83 V. Geopolitics
Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context
of national economic and military power and ambitions power
relationships: past, present, and future Manifest Destiny, Monroe
Doctrine, Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Slide 84
Geopolitics German School Ratzels Organic Theory a)Held that a
nation which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and
behave as an organism b)Nourishment of organism provided by
acquisition of territories and people c)Territory is essential to
life. d)Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzels ideas.
Slide 85 Geopolitics British/American School Sir Halford Mackinder
Heartland Theory a)Believed a land-based power, not a sea power,
would ultimately rule the world b)Pivot area extended from Eastern
Europe to eastern Siberia Slide 86 Slide 87 Mackinder Heartland
Theory The Heartland is impenetrable Resource rich Provided a base
for world conquest Slide 88 Mackinder Heartland Theory Who rules
East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands
the World Island Who rules the World Island commands the World
Slide 89 Geopolitics Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory Critic of
Mackinder Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key
to global power Slide 90 Slide 91 Spykman-Rimland Fragmented zone
Divided rimland key to balance of world power Dense population,
abundant resources, controlling access to both the sea and the
interior Slide 92 Spykman-Rimland Who controls the Rimland controls
Eurasia Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny of the world Slide
93 Recent Geopolitical Developments Bipolar World Post WWII
Heartland = U.S.S.R NATO CENTO SEATO U.S. practiced Containment
Confining the U.S.S.R by means of alliances with Rimland Military
intervention Domino Theory Slide 94 Geopolitics Today Current world
events have rendered older geopolitical ideas obsolete End of the
Cold War, Nuclear Technology, and Japan, China, Western Europe
becoming world powers Unilateralism United States dominance Will
this last??? Slide 95 U.S. Foreign Policy Strategies/Principles
1.Isolationism-state tends to domestic affairs only 2.Realism-take
active role in international affairs 3.Neo-isolationism-keep
foreign involvement to a minimum (only when necessary)
4.Idealism-foreign involvement for good of all countries Slide 96
VI. How do States Spatially Organize their Governments? Slide 97
Internal Structure 1.The needs of a well-functioning state
a)Clearly bounded territory served by an adequate infrastructure
b)Effective administrative framework, a productive core area, and a
prominent capital 2.All states confront divisive forces Slide 98
Forms of Government These two forms promote nation-building and
attempt to quell division within Unitary highly centralized
government where the capital city serves as a focus of power.
Federal a government where the state is organized into territories
(sub-states), which have control over some government policies and
funds. Slide 99 Unitary and Federal Systems 1.Early European
nation-states were unitary states: a)Governments were highly
centralized and powerful b)Capital cities represented authority
that stretched to the limits of the state Slide 100 Unitary and
Federal Systems 2.The federal state arose in the New World
a)Newness of the culture, and emergence of regionalism due to the
vast size of territories b)Conditions did not lend themselves to
unitary systems of government c)Absence of an old primate city
d)Lack of a clear core area and the vastness of national territory
Slide 101 Nigerias Federal Government Allows states within the
state to determine whether to have Sharia Laws Sharia Laws Legal
systems based on traditional Islamic laws Slide 102 Minnesotas
concealed weapons law requires the posting of signs such as this on
buildings that do not allow concealed weapons. The U.S. Federal
Government Allows states (sub-states) within the state to determine
moral laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed
weapons. Slide 103 Big vs. Small and Government Systems Usually
bigger states (ie. U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany) have federal
systems Usually smaller states (ie. Cuba, Djibouti, Isreal, Peru)
have unitary systems Slide 104 Forces of Fragmentation and
Cohesion: Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces Slide 105 Centripetal
Forces Promoting State Cohesion Nationalism Unifying Institutions
Organization and Administration Transportation and Communication
Supranationalism Slide 106 Centrifugal Forces Challenges to State
Authority Less Nationalism Devolution, Regionalism Peripheral
Location Social and Economic Inequality Slide 107 Devolution
Movement of power from the central government to regional
governments within the state. What causes devolutionary movements?
Ex. Ethnocultural forces Economic forces Spatial forces Slide 108
Slide 109 Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements Eastern Europe
devolutionary forces since the fall of communism Ex. Czechoslovakia
and Yugoslavia Slide 110 Economic Devolutionary Movements
Catalonia, Spain Barcelona, located in Catalonia, is the center of
banking and commerce in Spain and the region is much wealthier than
the rest of Spain. It produces 25% of Spanish exports and 40% of
its industrial exports. Slide 111 Spatial Devolutionary Movements
Honolulu, Hawaii A history apart from the United States, and a
desire to live apart in order to keep traditions alive. Slide 112
Supranational Organizations A separate entity composed of three or
more states that forge an association and form an administrative
structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals. * How many
supranational organizations exist in the world today? At least 60
Slide 113 United Nations Background: League of Nations 1919, idea
of Woodrow Wilson but, due to isolationist Americans, U.S. never
joined. League collapsed prior to WWII (Italian invasion of
Ethiopia). Prior to WWII, states created the Permanent Court of
International Justice. After WWII, states formed the United Nations
Basics of the UN: Cooperate with internationally approved standards
192 members Aid: refugees, poverty, troops in peacekeeping
operations, human rights Slide 114 Global Scale The United Nations
Slide 115 Regional Scale - Europe Benelux, 1944: Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxembourg Marshall Plan, 1948-52: US aid to Western
European Countries Organization of European Economic Cooperation,
1952 (OEEC) to European Economic Community (EEC) to European
Community (EC) to European Union, 1992 (EU) Slide 116 Regional
Scale - Europe European Union: domestic, military, and certain
sovereign policies that govern all members 12 European Community
(EC) members established the EU 1992 Euro introduced in 2002
Problems facing the EU? Bailouts to member countries Subsidies,
Germany, Turkey Original Members: Germany, France, UK, Italy,
Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxemburg, Denmark
and Ireland Slide 117 Regional Scale The European Union (27 Current
Members) Slide 118 Supranationalism Elsewhere NAFTA, ACS, APEC, CIS
Treaties to reduce tariffs and facilitate trade None like the
European Union
