Recent American History

Work in assigned groups to develop definition of assigned word in “define in your own words” column

Right down its significance to the civil rights movement as well as today…provide examples in each of these categories

Discrimination - Ashley - Jackie- Vinny - A.J.- Ally - Eric- Cyle C.

Prejudice - Nora - Julie- Kyle C. - Kevin- Brandyn- Tyler

Racism - Christina - Jenn- Cristina - Alan- Connor - Greg- Alex R.

Segregation - Austin - Matt- Taylor - Royce - Phil L. - James- Alex C.

Making a distinction in favor of or against a person or “thing”

What is discrimination’s significance to the civil rights movement?

How does this word apply to today?

Hatred or intolerance of another race or other races

What is racism’s significance to the civil rights movement?

What does racism look like today?

An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought or reason

What was prejudice’s significance to the civil rights movement?

What place does prejudice hold today?

The practice of separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups

What is segregation’s significance to the civil rights movement?

What does segregation look like today? Do we still segregate?

Explain how legalized segregation deprived African Americans of their rights as citizens

Describe the basis of the Brown vs. Board ruling

Trace the development of School Integration and explain the crisis in Little Rock

Plessy vs. Ferguson - Established the “separate but equal”

clause - Declared that separation laws did not

violate the 14th Amendment

Jim Crow Laws - Laws in South that segregated public

facilities- Facilities provided to blacks always far

inferior to those provided to whites

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

- Argued cases against segregation- Thurgood Marshall served as head lawyer- Most famous for winning the Brown vs. Board of

Education case Brown vs. Board of Education - Chief Justice: Earl Warren- Argument:

Segregated schools hurt the equality of education- Outcome:

To separate children solely based on race violated the equal protection clause of 14th amend

“To separate African American children from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone…We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”

During the 1940s, psychologists Kenneth Clark and his wife Mamie Phipps Clark tried to demonstrate the negative effects of segregation on black children. They developed a test using four dolls, identical except for the skin color. When asked which doll they liked best, most of the black children chose the white doll. After the testing was completed, Clark concluded that "prejudice, discrimination, and segregation" caused African American children to develop a senses of inferiority and self-hatred. The results of the tests were used during court cases, including Brown v. Board, to show that segregation damaged the personality development of black children.

As we continue through the 21st century, segregation by law is gone, but economic disparities and continuing patterns of segregated housing, in the North and South, show that the battle for equality has not yet been fully won.

Sean Price, New York Times, Upfront

Personal thoughts?

Brown Two- Second ruling on Brown case - Required States to implement

desegregation with “all deliberate speed”

Directions: - Work in your groups from yesterday…- Actively read article and complete note-guide.

Be prepared to discuss the following questions:

1. What are some of the characteristics of the black classroom pictured on page 7?

2. Who were the Little Rock Nine? 3. What happened to Elizabeth Eckford the first

day of school? 4. What did President Eisenhower do to help the

Little Rock Nine? 5. What is meant by the statement “One Down…

Eight to Go?”

Group 1- Ashley - Jackie- Vinny - A.J.- Ally - Eric- Cyle C.

Group 3- Nora - Julie- Kyle C. - Kevin- Brandyn- Tyler

Group 2- Christina - Jenn- Cristina - Alan- Connor - Greg- Alex R.

Group 4- Austin - Matt- Taylor - Royce - Phil L. - James- Alex C.

Description - Governor in Arkansas ordered National

Guard to turn away the 9 African-American students attending all white school

- Nine verbally and physically harassed

Effects - Eisenhower forced to become involved;

sent in paratroopers to “escort” 9 in and out

- Only one student graduated

Why do you think the Brown vs. Board decision is such a

landmark case in history?

Segregation remained widespread in the U.S. after WWII, especially in the South but there were signs of change. The Supreme Court ruling Brown vs. Board heralded the beginning of the modern civil rights movement.

But a little

boycott in

Montgomery,

Alabama began

to shake up the

Jim Crow

Reaction to Brown vs. Board Ruling…

Nonviolent Resistance - Boycotts - Marches - Demonstrations - Civil disobedience

Directions• Form groups of 4-5 students• Actively read your textbook (700 – 709), and

complete the graphic organizer

Anything you read will be fair game for the test… if you are confused, ask for help!

In 45 minutes, we will play a “photo” game where groups will play against each other. I will show an image from the Civil Rights Movement and you will need to identify it + explain the significance of the event based on what you learn while completing your graphic organizer.

What/who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

The Boycott Begins - Dec. 1st, 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her

seat on a segregated Alabama bus - Arrested for violation of city’s segregation laws

Key Players - African Americans across city boycott bus

system - Women’s Political Council (WPC) organized

telephone chains, leaflets, and carpools - Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

created to promote and support boycott - Martin Luther King Jr. is the leader of MLA and

spokesman for boycott

“My friends, I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong, we are not wrong in what we are doing. If we are wrong, the Supreme Court and this nation is wrong. If we are wrong, God Almighty is wrong….If we are long, justice is a lie. And we are determined here in Montgomery to work and fight until justice runs down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

Effects of the Boycott - African-American community decides to

boycott the Montgomery busses until they integrate (381 days) … nonviolently

- In 1956 federal judges ruled against Montgomery segregation laws - Laid foundation for civil rights struggle in the

1960s - King became spokesman for the

movement … “It was a great ride”

Description - Protested segregated lunch counters- Highly publicized- Protestors faced white violence

Effects - Media captured racism in south - Sparked many sit-ins across south

Description - Protestors rode on segregated buses- Protestors brutally attacked

Effects - President Kennedy forced to become

involved - Sent 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders- Banned segregation in all interstate

travel facilities (waiting rooms, restrooms and lunch counters)

Birmingham Alabama - “Most racist city on earth” - Reputation for racial violence

Description - MLK and followers led marchers

(majority children)- Most violent of all events

(fire hoses, attack dogs, clubs)

Effects - JFK forced to take a stand - Begins the development of the Civil Rights

Act

“I guess it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, “wait.” But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at whim; when you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, brutalize, and even kill your black brothers and sisters;…when you see the vast majority of your 20 million Negro brothers smothering in the air-tight cage of poverty;…when you have to concoct and answer for a five-year-old son asking:..”Daddy, why do the white people treat the colored people so mean?”…then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.”

Description - Largest civil rights event - Organized to persuade Congress to pass

the civil rights bill - Famous for MLK’s “I Have a Dream”

Effects - JFK pushes through Civil Rights Act of

64 - Church bombings; 4 die

Freedom Summer - Campaign to

register black voters in Mississippi

Selma March - March for the right

to vote in Alabama- Brutally attacked

by police

Description - James Meredith

enrolled in all-white- Purpose to

desegregate U of Miss.

Effects - Kennedy ordered

federal marshals- Riots resulted in two

deaths - Federal officials

escorted Meredith to class

How do you believe African American’s nonviolent tactics appeared to the world versus

white violent tactics?

Unit III Summative Project

As a review of what you have learned since September, please complete the following quiz.

Time Limit: 10 minutes

What two “things” were keeping blacks from voting?

Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Banned discrimination in all public

accommodations on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin

Changes Description

Educational Attainment

Gave the federal government the power to enforce school desegregation.

Graduation rates for African Americans have risen ever since

Employment Opened white-collar jobs to African Americans

Income Incomes rose drastically.

Migration Patterns Migrated out of the South

Poverty Act helped to pull large percentage of African Americans out of poverty

Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Outlawed literacy tests and other

tactics used to prevent blacks the right to vote

Arrange 6 desks in a row at the front of the classroom

Each group should form a line behind the desk

I will show a picture› STUDY the picture.› The first group to hit the textbook with the

“drum” (aka. marker) will identify the picture.› You must tell me the name of the event, key

players, and the significance of the event to the greater Civil Rights Movement.

› Each player will have at least one try to identify and explain a picture.

› Take your time. Your group loses 5 points for an incorrect picture identification.

Reward for the winning group!

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The events of the early 1960s (‘60-’65) had a major impact on the treatment of African-Americans in the U.S.

Through civil disobedience the CRM achieved many of its initial goals…and more would follow

1. Generally speaking, what key events of Civil Rights Movement between the mid-1950s and early-1960s were most successful?

2. How was the U.S. government involved?a) Were they helping to advance civil rights?

How?b) What was the response of many state

governments in the South?

They got a little “taste” of equality and they wanted

more…

Name leaders who shaped the Black Power movement.

Describe the reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Background - Member of Nation of

Islam (Black Muslims)

Beliefs- Contradicted MLK

and nonviolence

- Black separatism and self-defense

CivilDisobedienc

e Black Power

Martin Luther King Jr.• Non violent tactics• Black Integration• Concentrated in South

Martin Luther King Jr.• Non violent tactics• Black Integration• Concentrated in South

Malcolm X• Violence / Self Defense• Black Separatism • Goals in North & South

Malcolm X• Violence / Self Defense• Black Separatism • Goals in North & South

“Concerning nonviolence: it is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks. It is legal and lawful to own a shotgun or a rifle. We believe in obeying the laws…The time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever and where ever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked”

Emphasized black separatism and pride

Urged African Americans to “define their own goals and lead their own organizations”

Examples: Afros, Black studies classes in

college

Shot by James Earl Ray in Memphis, TN

Paradox: Man who dreamed of racial peace lay dead from racial violence

Death sparked urban riots across America

First Half (1950s-1965) Second Half (1965-?)• Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Nonviolence

• Black Integration

•Concentrated in South

• Malcolm X and Black Panthers

• Violence & Self-Defense

• Black Separatism

• Goals in North and South

Which half do you believe was more successful? Why?

The civil rights movement changed course in mid-1960s, moving beyond the South and expanding its goals. Many activists abandoned the strategy of nonviolence.

Compare segregation in the North with segregation in the South

Summarize the accomplishments of the civil rights movement

De Facto Segregation - Segregation that exists by practice and

custom - Difficult to eliminate because it requires

changing people’s beliefs and values - Segregation that existed in North

De Jure Segregation - Segregation by law - Example: Jim Crow laws

Kerner Commission - Found white racism to be the cause of

urban violence

Civil Rights Act of 1968- Banned discrimination in housing

Affirmative Action - Making special efforts to hire or enroll

groups that have suffered from discrimination in the past

- “Reverse discrimination?”

“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.”…I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character…I have a dream that one day the little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.”

Most experts believe that racism and prejudice are lingering problems

in America, and might even be getting worse.

Most experts believe that racism and prejudice are lingering problems

in America, and might even be getting worse.

1. What are the predominant ethnic and racial groups in your school? If there are different groups; do they get along? Why or why not?

2. Do you think racism still exists today? Is it worse than the 1960s?

3. Have you or has someone you know been affected by racism or prejudice? If so, describe what happened.

4. What, if anything, is your school or community doing to discourage prejudice? Is there anything more we could do?

5. Why do you think people are prejudice and/or racist?

6. Has Dr. King’s dream come true? Why or why not.