Unit IWorld Trade and Migration

Jada Wensman, Hannah Lutz, and Alex Berger

Definition: An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of

production and by private control over decisions on prices, production, and distribution of goods in a free,

competitive market of supply and demand.

Significance: Capitalism is significant, because the adoption of capitalist ideals by the European nations helped cause the industrial revolution as a result of the increased competition that occurs in a capitalist economy. Capitalism follows the rules of supply and demand leading to countries with an abundance of resources finally receiving appropriate compensation for these goods, such as in the case of China for precious metals and India for cotton goods. Europe soon took the lead in the market following the Industrial Revolution which shows how capitalism also can negatively skew the economy toward the powerful countries and make it harder for the weaker ones.

Definition: A concession from the Spanish crown to a Spanish American colonist, giving him permission to exact tribute – in gold, in kind, or in labor – from a specified number of Indians living in a certain area; in return he was to care for the welfare and instruct them in the Catholic faith. The system was designed to supply labor for the mines, but it was severely abused and later abolished.

Significance: The encomienda system was invented by the Spanish and was implemented in South America and Central America in order to enforce rule upon the indigenous peoples and to maintain a sufficient work force. The encomienda system was disasterous to the people who worked with Spain having to stop the system as Spain was running out of workers. Most of them died due to the horrendous conditions and the poor wages if any that they received.

Definition: The literal meaning of the Arabic words is “the abode of peace.” The term refers to the land of Islam, or the territories in which Islam and its religious laws (shari’a) may be freely practiced.

Significance: Dar al’ Islam was significant, because it was enforced upon those who lived in the 3 Muslum empires, the Ottoman, the Mughal and the Persian. All three empires expanded with the purpose of enforcing Dar al’ Islam upon their citizens. Dar al’ Islam normally involved the discrimination of other religions other than Islam and forced conversions were frequent.

Definition: The Colombian exchanges involved the exchange of foods, technology, ideas, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds stemming from the discovery of the New World by Columbus.

Significance: The Colombian Exchange was significant because it led to both the decimation of the Amerindian population and the drastic increase in the Old World population. This was caused by the influx of new crops to Europe which then exported them around the world. The Colombian exchange benefited the Old World at the expense of the New World with the New World being pillaged for goods and services while the Old World prospered.

Emperor Akbar1542-1605

Akbar was the third ruler of the Indian Mughal Empire, and the grandson of Babur, its first sultan. His rule went from 1565 to 1605. He conquered widely, and established both an administrative bureaucracy and cash economy in India. He was also known for his religious tolerance – although the ruling family was Muslim, the majority of India was Hindu. Akbar greatly encouraged religious discussion between people of all religions and cultural syncretism. (502)

H Lutz

Touissaint L’Ouverture was the primary leader of the successful Saint-Domingue slave revolts. He fought against any country with slavery, but when France abolished slavery, he allied with them against Britiain. Eventually, he became the political leader of Saint-Domingue. (548)

Sultan Mehmed II “The Conqueror” ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481. He conquered Constantinople in 1453 and established it as his capital. The conquering Mehmed II led the Ottoman Empire into its greatest period of power in 1600. (501)

Mehmed II Toussaint L’Ouverture1743-1803

H Lutz

Christopher Columbus was a Portuguese explorer sponsored by Spain who made a succession of voyages to the New World from 1492 to 1504. His exploration began the Columbian Exchange, which resulted in the death of many Amerindians and the gain of new resources and trading power for European countries such as Spain. (452)

Christopher Columbus1452-1506

H Lutz

Essential Questions1. What are the pros and cons of the Colombian

Exchange?• Pros: New crops, Domesticated animals, New food sources

causes population increase.• Cons: Disease and cruelty by Europeans kills 90% of

Amerindian Population (Spodek 487).

2. How did the empires of Spain and Portugal impact intercontinental trade in the sixteenth century?

• Spain and Portugal were both motivated by a desire for more trade and riches and new routes to Asia. They dominated intercontinental trade and sent explorers to what is now South America and parts of Africa, forcibly instituting colonies there (Spodek 471).

JW

Essential Questions3. What were the three Islamic empires and what

led to their decline? • Ottoman (1300-1700) – finances and military drained by

war. Capital in Constantinople (Istanbul)• Safavid (1400-1700) – failing administration, beginnings of

anarchy, and unraveling army. Capital in Isfahan.• Mughal (1526-1707) – overextended army, overtaxed

peasants to the point of revolt. Capital was Delhi/Shahjahanabad

4. How did the Transatlantic Slave Trade influence populations, and which places were most influenced by it?

• African slaves were carried from Africa to North, Central, and South Americas. The economies in these places became dependent on these slaves, and slave owners profited.

JW

Map of Islamic Empires

http://www.harunyahya.com/books/social/union/images_islamic_union/5.jpg

Colombian Exchange

http://mrthompson.org/text/2-3%20The%20Impact%20of%20Colonization_files/image019.jpg

New World

Old World

TimelineTrade and Migration

H Lutz

1492-1504 – Columbus’s voyages/Columbian exchange

1453 – Ottomans conquer Constantinople

1500 1600 1700 1800

1791 – Haitian slave revolt

1576-1707 – Mughal Empire

1579 – Cortés conquers Aztecs

Slave trade

Colombian ExchangeEmpires of Spain

and Portugal

Expansion of Islamic Empires

Transatlantic trade

Movement of Goods and

People

JW