Unit E Master Outline - wsfcs.k12.nc.us€¦ · Web viewProgram Area: Health Occupations Education. Course Title: Allied Health Sciences I Number: 7211. Unit Title: Circulatory

Unit H: Circulatory System

Program Area: Health Occupations Education

Course Title: Allied Health Sciences I Number: 7211

Unit Title: Circulatory System

SuggestedTime forInstruction: 7 class periods (90 minute classes)

12 class periods (55 minute classes)

Course Percent: 8%

Unit Evaluation: 100% Cognitive

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Competency: 1H08. Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system.

Specific Objectives:

1H08.01 Explain the structure of the heart.

1H08.02 Analyze the function of the heart.

1H08.03 Analyze circulation and the blood vessels.

1H08.04 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac and circulatory disorders.

Summer 2005 H.1

Unit H Master Outline

H Circulatory System

1H08.01 Explain the structure of the heart.A. Size, shape and location

1. Size of closed fist2. In thoracic cavity3. Apex4. Four chambers

B. Layers1. Pericardium2. Myocardium3. Endocardium4. Septum

C. Structures to and from heart1. Superior and inferior vena cava2. Pulmonary artery and vein3. Aorta

D. Chambers and valves1. Atria (atrium)2. Ventricles (ventricle)3. Tricuspid valve4. Mitral (bicuspid) valve5. Pulmonary semilunar valve6. Aortic semilunar valve

1H08.02 Analyze the function of the heart.A. Four main functions of circulatory system

a. Pumpb. Blood transport system around bodyc. Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries away waste

productsd. Lymph system – returns excess tissue fluid to general circulation

B. Hearta. Ave. 72 beats per minute, 100,000 beats per dayb. Superior and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood to

right atriumc. Cardiopulmonary circulation – circulation from the heart to the

lungsd. Pulmonary artery takes blood from right ventricle to lungse. Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left

atriumf. Aorta takes blood from left ventricle to rest of bodyg. Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction

C. Pumpa. Heart is a double pumpb. Right heart = right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve pulmonary artery lungs (for oxygen)

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c. Left heart = Lungs pulmonary veins left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta general circulation

D. Heart sounds (lubb dupp)E. Electrical activity

a. SA (sinoatrial) node = pacemaker, sends out electrical impulses, spreads impulse over atria and makes them contract

b. AV (atrioventricular) node = carries impulse to bundle of Hisc. Bundle of His = conducting fibers in septum, divides into right

and left branches in ventricles to Purkinje fibersd. Purkinje fibers = cause ventricles to contract

1H08.03 Analyze circulation and the blood vesselsA. Cardiopulmonary circulation – carries blood from heart to lungs

1. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood2. Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange

B. General circulation1. Coronary arteries2. Aorta3. Systemic circulation

C. Blood vessels1. Arteries

a. Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries

b. Elastic, muscular and thick-walledc. Transport blood under very high pressure

2. Arterioles3. Veins

a. Carry deoxygenated blood away from capillaries to heartb. Less elastic and muscular than arteriesc. Thin walled, collapse easily when not filled with bloodd. Superior and inferior vena cava carry blood to heart

4. Venules5. Capillaries

a. Smallest blood vesselsb. Only seen with microscopec. Connect arterioles and venulese. Walls are one-cell thick, allow for selective permeability

6. Valves – permit flow of blood only in direction of heart7. Capillaries8. Jugular vein – located in neck9. Carotid artery – carries blood to brain

D. Blood pressure1. Systolic – ave = 120 (Systole is contraction

phase)2. Diastolic – ave = 80 (Diastole is relaxation

phase)E. Pulse – alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood

flows through it1. Brachial 2. Carotid3. Femoral4. Pedal5. Popliteal6. Radial

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1H08.04 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac and circulatory disorders.A. Heart diseases

1. Symptomsa. Arrythmia (dysrrhythmia) – any

change from normal heart rate or rhythmb. Bradycardia – slow heart rate (<60)c. Tachycardia – rapid heart rate

(>100)2. Coronary artery disease

a. Angina pectoris – chest pain, lack of O2 to heart muscle, treat with nitroglycerine

b. Edema – fluid in tissues, often caused by poor circulation

3. Myocardial infarction (MI, heart attack)a. Lack of blood supply to myocardiumb. Symps – severe chest pain radiating to left shoulder, arm,

neck and jaw, nausea, diaphoresis, dyspneac. Rx – bedrest, oxygen, medicationd. Morphine for paine. Anticoagulant therapy to prevent further clots from formingf. Surgery may be necessary

B. Vascular diseases1. Aneurysm – ballooning of an artery, thinning

and weakening2. Arteriosclerosis – arterial walls thicken and

lose elasticity3. Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits form on

walls of arteries and block circulation4. Hypertension

a. High blood pressureb. Silent killer – usually no symptomsc. Leads to strokes, heart attacks, kidney failured. Higher in African-Americans and post-menopausal womene. Risk factors – smoking, overweight, stress, high fat diets,

family historyf. Treatment – relaxation, low fat diet, exercise, weight loss,

medication5. Hypotension – low blood pressure, systolic

<1006. Embolism – traveling blood clot7. Varicose veins

a. Swollen, distended veinsb. Heredity or due to poor posture, prolonged periods of

standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancyC. Diagnosis and treatment

1. Electrocardiogram – electrical tracing of the heart

2. Coronary bypass – healthy vein from leg removed and attached before and after the coronary obstruction, creating an alternate route for blood supply to the myocardium

3. AED – automated external defibrillator4. Defibrillation – electrical shock to bring the

heart back to a normal rhythm

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5. CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation, used in presence of cardiac arrest

6. Artificial pacemaker – when heart has conduction (electrical impulse) defect, demand pacemaker fires when heart rate drops below minimum, causes heart to contract

7. Angiogram – x-ray of blood vessel using dye


Competency 1H08: Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system.

Materials/Resources

Scott, Ann Senisi and Elizabeth Fong. Body Structures & Functions. Delmar Publishers, Current Edition. www.DelmarAllied Health.com

National HOSA Handbook: Section B. Published by HOSA, Flower Mound, Texas. Current Edition. www.hosa.org

Teaching/Learning Indicators: The following letters are used to indicate specific skills/areas required in the instructional activity.

R Reading SS Social StudiesW Writing S Science

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http://www.DelmarAllied/

M Math A The ArtsH Health professional/parent/community involvement

Summer 2005 H.7

Objective 1H08.01 Explain the structure of the heart.

Teaching/Learning Activities

Cognitive SHave students label the diagram of the heart located in the appendix (Appendix 1H08.01 B). After learning about the circulation, students can then color the different structures of the heart red or blue depending on the oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

Teamwork S, AHave students work in teams to produce a 3-D model of the heart following the instructions in “Make a Heart 101” (Appendix 1H08.01C). Each team member must show proof of participation. The teams will present the models to the class. Individual teams will decide on the method to produce the models.

Before beginning the assignment, the teacher should obtain the following materials to be used with the activity:

Latex gloves Paper cups (4 per group)Note cards Masking tapeMarkers

Critical Thinking S, AHave students draw a heart on a plain sheet of paper. Do not give any instructions other than to draw a heart. After the hearts are drawn, have students list all the words inside the heart that they can think of having to do with the circulatory system. The students must be able to explain the words to the class. It is good to require at least 5 words, but the number can vary.

Special NeedsEach student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as recommended in the student’s IEP.

Summer 2005 H.8

Objective 1H08.02 Analyze the function of the heart.


Critical Thinking S, MHave students complete the worksheet “Heart & Blood Math,” (Appendix 1H08.2A). To be successful in this activity, the students and teacher will need to discuss why we have a pulse, and the teacher should teach students how to take a radial pulse.

Cognitive SAs a follow up to the previous activity, discuss the transparency “Blood and the Heart Fun Facts” (Appendix 1H08.2B).

Employability Skills S, H, WInvite a cardiovascular technologist to demonstrate and talk about the electrical activity of the heart, or visit the cardiovascular department at the local hospital and observe the cardiovascular technologist. After the presentation have students to write a summary of their conclusions about the function of the heart, based on their experiences with this activity.

Note: Ask the speaker if he/she has an echocardiogram to share with the class. This shows the pumping mechanism of the heart and the structures.

Basic Skills S, WHave students write a paper explaining the electrical activity of the heart. The paper should be imaginative while factual. For example, SA node could be Shawn Adams who gets a real charge out of life. The AV node could be Agnes Vernox who always gets a charge out of other people. Assign points for creativity and realism.

Teamwork S, WHave students divide into groups of 3-5 depending on the class size. Complete the “New Beginnings,” activity. (Appendix 1H08.02C)


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Objective 1H08.03 Analyze the circulation and the blood vessels.


Cognitive SHave students participate in a class discussion about blood vessels and circulation. (Transparency Appendix 1H08.03A)

Teamwork SHave students draw note cards with the pulse sites and their locations listed. Put one site on half the note cards and the location on the other half. Example:

Brachial Bend of the arm

Pin note cards on each student’s back and have him/her search for his/her mate. The students may ask only 3 questions of each person they meet. When they find their partner, the students should stay together until the activity is over.

Critical Thinking SShow students how to feel pulses at various pulse sites and explain to the students what pulses are. Have students listen to the heartbeat with a stethoscope and explain the physiology behind the lubb dupp sound.

Technology S, AHave students create a poster of the physiology of the blood vessels using the computer. Students may want to try the web site: www.innerbody.com/indexbody.htm/ as an anatomy and physiology resource.

Teamwork S, AHave students become the different structures of the heart by making a sign to wear with the name of their structure on it. Assign one student per structure and any remaining students may be the blood. Assign each drop of blood a different direction to come from: tip of nose, bottom of ear lobe, etc. The first time a drop of blood goes through the heart, each structure holds up his/her sign to guide the way. The second time the blood goes through, no signs are shown, but the blood may ask the structures who they are. The third time the blood goes through, no questions are allowed. If the blood gets stuck, this could be a good learning example of a clot, etc.

Teamwork SHave students participate in the circulation race. (Appendix 1H08.03B)


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Objective 1H08.04 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac and circulatory disorders.


Employability S, H, SSInvite a cardiologist to class to explain current methods used for treating heart attack patients, such as stints, cardiac bypass, angioplasty, transplants, etc.

HOSA S, W, RUsing the Researched Persuasive Speaking guidelines, have students research a disorder assigned by the teacher, and then write a paper on the assigned topic. A main focus of the paper and speech will be to persuade people to change behavior related to the prevention or treatment of the disease assigned.

Students will present their persuasive speech in class while classmates take notes. When two or more students are assigned the same topic, those speeches should be given, one after the other, to allow students to focus on one disorder at a time.

HOSA S, SSUsing the guidelines for “Biomedical Debate” debate the topic “Heart Transplants – No Restrictions.”

Cognitive S This exercise will be useful as a review for the entire unit on the circulatory system. Have students play the game, “Speaking Of.” The game begins by the student making a statement concerning the heart. The statement must be true and must begin with “Speaking of.” For example: Speaking of the heart, it pumps 80 mL of blood with each heartbeat. A student may jump in when he/she can make a statement using any word in the previous sentence. For example: Speaking of each heartbeat, if you count it for 1 minute that will give you your pulse rate. The next student may pick up on pulse, heart, beat, count, rate, etc. Use for 5-10 minutes or until you are satisfied students understand.

NOTE: Make sure students understand how to play. Each student may be responsible for making at least one statement. If on teams, one team member may answer for the whole team if there is joint input.

Teamwork S This activity is best if it is done after the Researched Persuasive Speeches have been given.

Have one team be a “host” panel. Each person on the team is allowed to ask the “guest” team two questions. At the end of the questions, the host panel has 30 seconds to confer and name the diseases. Students must answer questions truthfully, but should not volunteer any information that is not asked. If the host panel guesses correctly, the guests go home with nothing. If the host panel does not guess correctly, each host panel member gives each guest panel member a piece of miniature candy.

Summer 2005 H.11

Objective 1H08.04 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common cardiac and circulatory disorders.

Teaching/Learning Activities (Continued)

Teamwork S Have students divide into four or five teams. Give them 15 minutes to write 5 questions about the diseases they studied. Each team gets to challenge any other team in the room with their questions. If the other team answers the question correctly and guesses the disease, they get the point. If not, the challenging team gets the point. Teammates who are challenged have 20 seconds to confer and then they must answer. The turn passes to the challenged team.


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Unit H: Circulatory SystemTerminology List

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1. aorta2. aortic semilunar valve3. apex4. arterioles5. artery6. atrium7. Atrioventricular (AV) node8. bicuspid/mitral9. brachial10. Bundle of His11. capillaries12. carotid13. cardiopulmonary circulation14. coronary arteries15. deoxygenated16. diastolic17. endocardium18. femoral19. inferior vena cava20. jugular21. lubb dupp22. myocardium

23. oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange24. oxygenated25. pacemaker26. pedal27. pericardium28. popliteal29. pulmonary artery30. pulmonary semilunar valve31. pulmonary vein32. pulse sites33. purkinje fibers34. radial35. Sinoatrial (SA) node36. septum37. superior vena cava38. systemic circulation39. systolic40. tricuspid41. valves42. veins43. ventricle44. venules

Disorders and Related Terminology

1. AED/defibrillation2. aneurysm3. angina pectoris4. angiogram5. arrhythmias6. arteriosclerosis7. artificial pacemaker8. atherosclerosis9. bradycardia10. coronary bypass

11. coronary artery disease12. CPR13. edema14. electrocardiogram (EKG and ECG)15. embolus (embolism)16. hypertension17. hypotension18. myocardial infarction19. tachycardia20. varicose veins

Appendix 1H08.01A

The Heart

Label the following structures of the heart:

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1. right atrium2. left atrium3. right ventricle4. left ventricle5. septum6. mitral valve7. tricuspid valve8. superior vena cava9. inferior vena cava10. aorta11. myocardium12. endocardium13. pericardium

Appendix 1H08.01B

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Make a Heart 101

Your assignment is to work in you assigned groups (do not change them) and using the materials in your heart packet, construct a heart.

You may use the finger tips of the gloves for your valves. You may use up to four cups, but you do not have to use all

of these if you are doing something else creatively. Your heart must have all the chambers, valves, arteries, veins, etc.

The note cards can be cut into small pieces and used as labels. Your heart must be labeled. The tape needs to be returned to the teacher at the end of class to be used with other classes. The most accurate and creative heart will win a prize.

To complete this assignment you must write a group essay in which you use your particular model to teach a person about the heart. Make sure you make reference to the different structures and the materials you have used to make those structures. This essay will be graded for content, grammar, and spelling. Please use paragraphs.

Use other people in your group to proof-read your essay. You have only this class period to complete this assignment, so do not waste time.

For maximum success, put your heart into this assignment!

Appendix 1H08.01C

Summer 2005 H.16

Heart and Blood Math

FACTS: About 80 ml of blood is sent through the aorta with each contraction of the left ventricle.

Your body contains about 5 L of blood.

Your heart weighs about one pound (10 oz.)

The adult heart is about 5 inches long and 5.5 inches wide.

QUESTIONS:

1. How much blood does your heart pump in one minute?

Pulse Amount in ml Amount in oz.

A) at rest _____ ___________ ___________

B) jump in place for 1 min. _____ ___________ ___________

C) run in place for 2 min. _____ ___________ ___________

2. Is the entire volume of blood pumped through your body in more or less than a minute?

3. How long and how wide is the heart in centimeters? _____

4. How much does the heart weigh in grams? _____

Appendix 1H08.02A

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BLOOD AND THE HEART FUN FACTS

An average adult human contains about 5 liters (5.3qt) of blood.

The blood makes up about one-thirteenth of the body’s weight.

The adult heart weighs about 280 grams (10 oz.)

At rest, the heart pumps out about 80 millimeters (2.6 oz) of blood with each beat.

The heart beats, on average, 70 times each minute at rest.

This means all the blood is circulated (goes round the body once) in about one minute.

During strenuous exercise the heart can pump six to eight times the amount of blood that it pumps at rest.

Appendix 1H08.02B

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New Beginnings

In a container place the slips of paper containing the “New Beginnings.” Have each team to draw one “new beginning” out of the container. The team must take their beginning and complete their story using ten of the anatomy terms found on the terminology list in the appendix. Each team member must participate. Allow 20 minutes for the exercise. Terms must be used appropriately.

Examples of “New Beginnings”

John and Jillian were studying together when all of a sudden. . . . . .

Peter thought Chris was meeting him at the bus station. When he walked through the door soaking wet. . . . . .

As the train careened around a steep turn. . . . . .

It was a bright and sunny day.. . . . . . . . . .

Newsflash! This is amazing!. . . . . . .

Help!. . . . . .

Appendix 1H08.02C

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As the Blood Flows

Deoxygenated Blood from Body Tissue

Superior/inferior vena cava

Right Atrium

Tricuspid Valve opens

Right Ventricle

Pulmonic Valve Pulmonary Artery

Both Lungs

CO2 - O2 exchange Alveolar via Pulmonary Veins

Left Atrium

Mitral Valve Opens

Left Ventricle

Aortic Valve Opens

Aorta - Transporting Oxygenated Blood to Body Cells

Appendix 1H08.03A

Summer 2005 H.20

Circulation Race

Prepare two envelopes. One envelope will be for the artery team (pink note cards) and one envelope for the veins team (blue notecards.)

The following terms should be written on a note card (one term per note card). Each team should have a complete set of terms in their envelopes. (Another alternative is to copy this page on blue paper and on pink paper, and cut out the terms below.)

Before the race starts, appoint a team captain. Have the team captain distribute the note cards, with the term facing down so the student does not know what it is. Make sure each team member has at least one term. Some may have more depending on the number of students per team.

When the whistle blows, the students are to race to see who can create a “circulation circle” which follows the flow of blood through the circulatory system. Students can also race against their own times to see if they pick up speed.

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve

Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve

Pulmonary Artery

Lungs

CO2 and O2 Exchange

Pulmonary Vein

Left Atrium Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta Arteries

Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

Appendix 1H08.03B

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OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCYMASTERS

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Functions1.Pump2.Blood transport system around body3.Carries O2 and nutrients to cells, carries away

waste products4.Lymph system – returns excess tissue fluid to

general circulation

Structure – Circulatory system involves: Heart Arteries Veins Capillaries Blood and lymph are part of circulatory system

Major Blood Circuits General (Systemic) circulation Cardiopulmonary circulation

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The Heart Muscular organ Size of a closed fist Weighs 12-13 oz Location – thoracic

cavity APEX – conical tip, lies

on diaphragm, points left Stethoscope –

instrument used to hear the heartbeat

Structure Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates

blood At rest = 2 oz blood with each beat, 5 qts./min.,

75 gallons per hour Ave = 72 beats per minute 100,000 beats per day PERICARDIUM – double layer of fibrous tissue

that surrounds the heart MYOCARDIUM – cardiac muscle tissue ENDOCARDIUM – smooth inner lining of heart SEPTUM – partition (wall) that separates right

half from left half

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Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium

Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs for O2

Pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body

Chambers and Valves

SEPTUM divides into R and L halves Upper chambers – RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT

ATRIUM Lower chambers – RIGHT VENTRICLE and

LEFT VENTRICLE Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one

direction

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TRICUSPID VALVE – between right atrium and right ventricle

BICUSPID (MITRAL) VALVE – between left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar valves are located where blood leaves the heart - PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE and AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE

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PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEARTThe heart is a double pump. When the heart beats…

Right HeartDeoxygenated blood flows into heart from vena

cava right atrium tricuspid valve right

ventricle pulmonary semilunar valve

pulmonary artery lungs (for oxygen)

Left HeartOxygenated blood flows from lungs via pulmonary

veins left atrium mitral valve left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve aorta general

circulation (to deliver oxygen)

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Blood Supply to the Heart – from CORONARY ARTERIES

Heart Sounds = lubb dupp

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Control of Heart Contractions

SA (sinoatrial) NODE = PACEMAKER Located in right atrium SA node sends out electrical impulse Impulse spreads over atria, making them

contract Travels to AV Node

AV (atrioventricular) NODE Conducting cell group between atria and

ventricle Carries impulse to bundle of His

BUNDLE OF HIS Conducting fibers in septum Divides into R and L branches to network of

branches in ventricles (Purkinje fibers)

PURKINJE FIBERS Impulse shoots along Purkinje fibers causing

ventricles to contract

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ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (EKG or ECG)

Device used to record the electrical activity of the heart.

SYSTOLE = contraction phaseDIASTOLE = relaxation phaseBaseline of EKG is flat line

P = atrial contrationQRS = ventricular contractT = ventricular relaxation

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CARDIOPULMONARY CIRCULATION – heart and lungs

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION – from the heart to the tissues and cells, then back to the heart

Cardiopulmonary Circulation “As the Blood Flows” Appendix MD08.03A

ARTERIOLES – small arteriesVENULES – small veins

Systemic CirculationAORTA – largest artery in the body First branch is coronary artery Aortic arch Many arteries branch off the

descending aorta

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Blood Vessels

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ARTERIES Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to

the capillaries Elastic, muscular and thick-walled Transport blood under very high pressure

CAPILLARIES Smallest blood vessels, can only be seen with a

microscope Connect arterioles with venules Walls are one-cell thick and extremely thin –

allow for selective permeability of nutrients, oxygen, CO2 and metabolic wastes

VEINS Carry deoxygenated blood away from

capillaries to the heart Veins contain a muscular layer, but less elastic

and muscular than arteries Thin walled veins collapse easily when not filled

with blood VALVES – permit flow of blood only in direction

of the heart JUGULAR vein – located in the neck

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Blood PressureSurge of blood when heart pumps creates pressure against the walls of the arteriesSYSTOLIC PRESSURE – measured during the contraction phaseDIASTOLIC PRESSURE – measured when the ventricles are relaxed

Average systolic = 120Average diastolic = 80

PULSE – alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as blood flows through it.

Pulse sites: BRACHIAL CAROTID RADIAL POPLITEAL PEDAL

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Diseases of the HeartDiseases of the Heart

ARRHYTHMIA (or dysrrhythmia) – any change from normal heart rate or rhythm

BRADYCARDIA – slow heart rate (<60 bpm)

TACHYCARDIA – rapid heart rate (>100 bpm)

Coronary Artery Disease

ANGINA PECTORIS – chest pain, caused by lack of oxygen to heart muscle, treat with nitroglycerin to dilate coronary arteries

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION MI or heart attack Lack of blood supply to myocardium causes

damage Due to blockage of coronary artery or blood clot

atherosclerosis – plaque build-up on arterial walls, or arteriosclerosis – loss of elasticity and thickening of wall.

Amount of damage depends on size of area deprived of oxygen

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Symptoms – severe chest pain radiating to left shoulder, arm, neck and jaw. Also nausea, diaphoresis, dyspnea.

Immediate medical care is critical Rx – bedrest, oxygen, medication Morphine for pain, tPA to dissolve clot Anticoagulant therapy to prevent further clots

from forming Angioplasy and by-pass surgery may be

necessary

Heart Surgery

CORONARY BY-PASS – usually, a healthy vein from the leg removed and attached before and after the coronary obstruction, creating an alternate route for blood supply to the myocardium.

PACEMAKERSDemand pacemaker – fires only when heart rate drops below programmed minimum

CPR – cardiopulmonary resuscitation, used in the presence of cardiac arrest

DEFIBRILLATION – electrical shock to bring the heart back to a normal rhythm.

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AED – automated external defibrillator

Disorders of the Blood Vessels

ANEURYSM – ballooning of an artery, thinning and weakening

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – arterial walls thicken, lose elasticity

ATHEROSCLEROSIS – fatty deposits form on walls of arteries

EMBOLISM – traveling blood clot

VARICOSE VEINS – swollen, distended veins – heredity or due to posture, prolonged periods of standing, physical exertion, age and pregnancy

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HYPERTENSION High blood pressure “silent killer” – usually no symptoms Condition leads to strokes, heart attacks, and

kidney failure 140/90 or higher Higher in African-Americans and post-

menopausal women Risk factors = smoking, overweight, stress, high

fat diets, family history Treatment = relaxation, low fat diet, exercise,

weight loss, medication

HYPOTENSION – low blood pressure, systolic <100

Diagnostic Tests

CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION – catheter fed into heart, dye injected, x-rays taken as dye moves through coronary arteries

STRESS TESTS – determine how exercise affects the heart, pt. on treadmill or exercise bike while electrocardiogram recorded

ANGIOGRAM – x-ray of a blood vessel using dye

Summer 2005 H.39

Documents

Unit E Master Outline - wsfcs.k12.nc.us€¦ · Web viewProgram Area: Health Occupations Education. Course Title: Allied Health Sciences I Number: 7211. Unit Title: Circulatory