Unit B4: Unit B4:

Economic activity and energy

New stuff 1 and 2

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Key idea 3: Increased economic Key idea 3: Increased economic production creates a rising demand for production creates a rising demand for energy and/or energy efficiency.energy and/or energy efficiency.• The rising demand for energy and the energy

gap.• The concept of ‘precious’ energy and the need

for energy efficiency.• The relative merits of using renewable (eg

wind, solar and nuclear power) versus non-renewable sources of energy (eg fossil fuels).

• Research into energy sources of home country.• Investigating peoples’ views on the use of

renewable and non-renewable energy (fieldwork opportunity).

NEW STUFF weeks 11/12NEW STUFF weeks 11/12

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Energy is…Energy is…

• One of the most important resources we have.

• We need it to: Keep warm Cook with Light our homes Run our factories Provide us with transport

• Fortunately, we do have a variety of sources

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Dividing energy upDividing energy up

• It can be sorted into primary and secondary energy.

•Primary energy sources provide energy without undergoing any changes – coal is one – can you think of any others?

•But to get the energy from secondary sources, they need to be processes – petrol is refined from oil for example. Any others?

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Another even more Another even more familiar way to divide familiar way to divide

energy upenergy up• Energy sources can be renewable or non-renewable

• Non-renewable ones like coal and ..? As once they are used up, there will be no more

• Renewable ones can one that can be used again and again. For this reason their use is sustainable.

• And they will become increasingly important – what are they?

• But there are 2 that are controversial …..

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Controversy over nuclear power as a Controversy over nuclear power as a renewable energy sourcerenewable energy source

• In 1983, physicist Bernard Cohen proposed that uranium is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy. He claimed that uranium extracted from seawater could supply energy at least as long as the sun's expected remaining lifespan of five billion years.

• Nuclear energy has also been referred to as "renewable" by the politicians George W. Bush and David Sainsbury.

• But inclusion under the "renewable energy" classification could mean that nuclear power projects eligible for development aid. But nowhere has this happened.

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Controversy over nuclear power Controversy over nuclear power as a non- or renewable energy as a non- or renewable energy

sourcesource• In addition, it has not been established that nuclear energy is inexhaustible, and issues such as peak uranium and uranium depletion are ongoing debates.

• There are also environmental concerns over nuclear power, including the dangerous environmental hazards of nuclear waste.

• Some say that development of new plants cannot happen quickly enough to reduce CO2 emissions, so that many say that nuclear energy is neither an efficient nor an effective way of cutting CO2 emissions.

• So where does this put nuclear power? Not sure that anyone has decided!

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Controversy fuelwood as a non- Controversy fuelwood as a non- or renewable energy sourceor renewable energy source

• If the trees are planted for using as fuelwood, then clearly it is renewable.

• But much of the fuelwood used in LICs is from natural forests and is not replaced, then it is non-renewable.

• However, in areas such as the Sahel, tree planting and maintenance is seen as a major way to counteract soil erosion and the provision of fuel wood that does not involve going ever greater distances is increasingly seen as a ‘good thing’, so more and more fuelwood is becoming a renewable resource.

EnergyEnergy

Who produces it, what is the relative importance of each type and who uses it?

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This shows the production by area per This shows the production by area per capita in barrels of oil – the book does it capita in barrels of oil – the book does it

in kg of coal equivalentin kg of coal equivalent

What the 3 main world producers of energy?

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This shows the production in % This shows the production in % by typeby type

What are the 3 largest sources

of energy?

Are these renewable or non-

renewable?

What is the group name given to these 3 due to their origins?

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This shows the consumption by area per This shows the consumption by area per capita in barrels of oilcapita in barrels of oil

• While North America and Europe use 70% of the energy produced, only 20% of the population live there

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Energy demandEnergy demand

• The need for energy is constantly rising.

• This causes, in part at least, by the rising population.

• But as important, is the rising expectations of people in LICs, for electricity in the home, for cleaner cooking mechanisms, for transport etc.

• The amount of energy used in a country is increasing used as an indicator of development.

• The amount it uses is its energy consumption

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I hope you noticed that ..I hope you noticed that ..• The major consumersconsumers are also among the major

producersproducers• The amount of energy a country uses has always

been an indicator of the level of development – the more they use, the more industry they have and better the standard of living of the population.

• As these countries have also produced a lot in the past, the availability of energy was one of the main factors that kick started their development in the first place.

• However, many of their reserves are beginning to be exhausted and so they are looking to other parts of the world to import from.

• In addition, environmental problems are leading many to look for alternatives and also to reduce their overall need for energy in an attempt to make better use of what they have

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The energy gapThe energy gap• But an increasing number of countries are facing an

‘energy gap’ – what might that be?• An example is the UK – in the 1980s, the UK had

more gas and oil coming out of the North Sea than it could use. Now this is fast running out and we are forced to import gas for example from other countries – this makes us vulnerable to political changes ( e.g. as in the old Soviet Union, when they cut their supplies to eastern Europe when they had a disagreement with one of their satellite states) and it also very expensive to ship in gas from further afield.

• Yes, we still have coal, but much of it is expensive to mine, and there are increasing worries about the use of coal in power stations, given the pollution they give out, in terms of CO2, N0 etc.

• So our sources of fuel to run power stations is changing – see over

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What do you notice has changed What do you notice has changed about electricity production in the about electricity production in the

UK?UK?

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The energy gap is getting worse The energy gap is getting worse ……• As we need more energy and are trying avoid the

worse polluters ( e.g. coal), the gap between what we can harvest from within our own boundaries and what we need is getting wider.

• However there still is plenty of coal, gas and oil (if you think 50 years worth is plenty), but these do cause issue of climate change and of a few holding a lot of power.

• But whether we will reach crunch point with energy supplies is hotly debated – many think we will ‘technologize’ ourselves out of it, while there a number of groups – the transition town movement for example, who are quite certain that we will run out of oil and therefore need to be looking now for alternatives, while thinking about producing food and goods locally and not depending on a ready supply of imported goods.

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But whether we are going run out But whether we are going run out or not …or not …

• .. we do need to make efficient use of what we have. As we could see from previous maps, the people in LICs use very little indeed and if they are to become more developed, they will need more than they currently use.

• So we need to use it sparingly and with the utmost efficiency (quote textbook)

• Non-renewables must be conserved. Wasteful use cannot continue as it is a precious resource (which means?)

• But neither do we want to add to the pollution by burning it.

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Energy conservation is an issue Energy conservation is an issue for everyonefor everyone

Why are these pictures here?

Any others you can think of?

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What has happened to What has happened to consumption in the UK between consumption in the UK between

1990 and 2008?1990 and 2008?•The UK as an example of changing energy situation is in the textbook – they say that the overall use for making electricity has increased by 1/3 between 1990 and 2008 – not sure I agree it is quite that much, but ….

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990 2008

Millio

n of t

onne

s of o

il eq

ivalne

t

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But why the changes But why the changes in source materials?in source materials?

•1. For a while we had lots of gas and found this was far less polluting and so have continued to use it.

•2. Coal is v. polluting and now our coal mines are getting hard to mine.

•3. The Green renewables, while still small, are growing and will grow more.

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The rest of the chapter is looking The rest of the chapter is looking at what they call fact filesat what they call fact files

•For each major energy sources, whether it is renewable or not, the amount we have, where it is produced, what it is used for and the advantages and disadvantages are examined.

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OK Lets work through them – the OK Lets work through them – the Fuel Fact FilesFuel Fact Files• CoalCoal

• Status: non-renewable fossil fuel

• Description: where formed? What from?

• Lifespan: over 200 years• % of the world’s energy:

23• Main producers: USA,

China, Australia, India, South Africa

• Energy uses: electricity, heating, coke

• Advantages:?• Disadvantages:?

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The Fuel Fact FilesThe Fuel Fact Files• OilOil• Status: non-renewable fossil

fuel• Description: where formed?

What from?• Lifespan: about 50 years

[how do they know that? New fields being found – OK so not long?]

• % of the world’s energy: 37• Main producers: Saudi Arabia,

USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico ….• Energy uses: electricity,

petroleum, etc + plastics etc• Advantages:?• Disadvantages:?

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The Fuel Fact FilesThe Fuel Fact Files• Natural GasNatural Gas• Status: non-renewable fossil fuel• Description: where formed?

What from?• Lifespan: 60 years• % of the world’s energy: 23• Main producers: Russia, USA,

UK (but sinking fast), Algeria• Energy uses: electricity, heating

– but they don’t mention LPG – increasing used in vehicles

• Advantages:?• Disadvantages:?

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The Fuel Fact FilesThe Fuel Fact Files• NuclearNuclear• Status: non-renewable(?? –

remember earlier comments)• Description: Uranium, found in

rocks/sea generates heat to turn water into steam that

• Lifespan: unknown• % of the world’s energy: 6• Main producers: USA, France,

Japan, Germany, Russia• Energy uses: electricity – chain

reactions that produced heat• Advantages:?• Disadvantages:?

Sizewell B in Suffolk – the last one to have been built

in the UK

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The Fuel Fact FilesThe Fuel Fact Files• FuelwoodFuelwood• Status: non-renewable fonon-renewable fo• SustainableSustainable

• Description: Trees, not grown for fuels(???)

• Lifespan: viable within each country but declining (really?)

• % of the world’s energy: about 10

• Main producers: LEDCs – Africa, Asia – (tell that to pellet fuel producers in Wales)

• Energy uses: heating and cooking• Advantages:?• Disadvantages:?

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The Fuel Fact FilesThe Fuel Fact Files• Hydro-electric powerHydro-electric power• Status: renewable

• Description: running water turns the turbine that generates electricity - water usually stored behind a dam

• % of the world’s energy: 4 (that is of all energy – of electricity it is closer to 20%)

• Main producers: Canada, USA, Brazil, China, Russia

• Energy uses: Electricity

• Advantages:?

• Disadvantages:?

Three Gorges Dam

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The Fuel Fact FilesThe Fuel Fact Files• Tidal (also wave power)Tidal (also wave power)• Status: renewable

• Description: tides/waves turns the turbine that generates electricity - water usually stored behind a dam

• % of the world’s energy: hardly any yet – lots of research – Severn Barrage could produce 10% UK electricity

• Main producers: France, Russia

• Energy uses: Electricity

• Advantages:?

• Disadvantages:?

Three Gorges Dam

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HomeworkHomework

• But we have not finished

• And with luck we should have a bit of the lesson left.

• So start the homework which will be to complete the fact files for: Solar Geothermal Wind Biomass

• And any others you can find – biodiesel maybe or what else might you come across?

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Here are a few good sitesHere are a few good sites

•http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/index.htm - has most of it!! But don’t go into detail of how it is produced

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy has quite a lot of good things

•http://ramblingsdc.net/ElecGenProsCons.html#Notes go to the bottom to find a comprehensive table of pros and cons

What next?What next?

Research into energy sources of home country.

Investigating peoples’ views on the use of renewable and

non-renewable energy (fieldwork opportunity).

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Looking at the first part:Looking at the first part:

• Research into energy sources of home country:

• This means where does the energy come from.

• How much is needed will depend on what kind of area you come from. Is it HIC/MIC/LIC? Very urban or more rural? Industrialise or not? Densely or sparsely populated?

• And what is the climate like?

• This will then lead you on to ….

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You need to think what you need You need to think what you need energy for … and why?energy for … and why?

•Lets think of all the uses:•Lighting•Heating/cooling• Industrial use•Transport•Taking each of these in turn, consider

how important they are and why to your country.

•Next ….

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What sort of primary sources are What sort of primary sources are there?there?

• Do you have lots of Sun, Wind Waves/tides Big rivers to dam for

HEP Geothermal energy Coal Oil Gas Fuel wood Have I missed any?

• Pick out the most important sources for your country, in order of important and explain why this is so.

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OK – there are all the possibilitiesOK – there are all the possibilities

•But which ones are actually used – some research figures would be good here

•Those in the UK can use the PP and/or textbook to cheat with

•The rest of you will have a bit more work to do! Sorry!

•Conclusion: Are there any that are used that are a surprise? Any left out that might be good?

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Just a thoughtJust a thought

• Under: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Wales

• And utilities I found:• The average annual production of electricity

in Wales is some 3,800 MW. Average annual electricity consumption is just over half of the annual production making Wales a net exporter of electricity.[28] Electricity generation encompasses a broad mix of technologies including Nuclear (e.g. Wylfa), Coal (e.g. Aberthaw), Gas (e.g. Baglan Bay), Wind (Cefn Croes) and hydro-electricity (Dinorwig).

• Which is more than enough!

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SimilarlySimilarly

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland#Energy

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus#Statistics

•This gives you all you will even need for Spain

•http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/mix/mix_es_en.pdf

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More …More …

• Dubai – interesting article about the future hopes with some good figures

• http://gulfnews.com/business/general/nuclear-matters-1.121033

• Nigeria• There is a pdf on the wiki for this one• China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_ChinaTunisiahttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Tunisiahttp://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/SuccessStories/SolarenergyinTunisia/tabid/4715/language/en-US/Default.aspx

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I will do a complete set of I will do a complete set of notes for the notes for the

questionnaire issue on a questionnaire issue on a separate PowerPointseparate PowerPoint