Unit 7.the Christian Kingdoms in Spain

Cristóbal Marín

I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGÜE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY 68

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 7: THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS IN SPAIN


OUTLINE

ASPECTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS VOCABULARY

1 - INTRODUCTION • LA RECONQUISTA (THE

RECONQUEST) • CHRONOLOGY

2 - 8th, 9th AND 10th CENTURIES

3 - 11th CENTURY. 4 - 12th CENTURY 5 - 13th CENTURY 6 - 14th AND 15th CENTURIES

• ACTIVITIES 7 - VOCABULARY

NOMBRES CONTABLES E INCONTABLES. SOME Y ANY. HOW MUCH / HOW MANY. DAR CONSEJOS: SHOULD/ SHOULDN´T.

PHONETICS

/Z / /ʃ / /ʒ / /f/

/v/ /θ/ /ð/ /m/ /n/

• TO ANNEX • TO ASPIRE • BACKWARD • BELONGED TO • BUT RATHER • CARRY OUT • FOUNDER • TO FACE • FOLLOWERS • IN CONTRAST • TO MANAGE • TO SUBJUGATE • RAID • RECONQUEST • TO REPLACE • SUBSEQUENTLY • TENT • THE CROWN • TROOPS • TO WIN OUT • WISE

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1 – LA RECONQUISTA (THE RECONQUEST).

When Muslims invaded the Iberian Peninsula, they occupied almost all its territory (Al-Andalus), except some zones in the North. Those territories were the first nuclei to form, afterwards becoming the Christian kingdoms. Those kingdoms were developed throughout the Middle Ages. Al-Andalus kept its supremacy till the year 1.000 AC. Since then, the Christian kingdoms began to expand to southern territories dominated by muslims. That expansion is called <<La Reconquista>> (The Reconquest). <<La Recoquista>> was the long period of 800 years where the Christian kingdoms invaded and slowly recovered territories of Al-Andalus.

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That process had advances and failures, but when de Caliphate of Cordoba fell there was a decisive

advance, in which the Muslims lost a lot of zones and territoy and finally were limited to the Nasrid kingdom of Granada. <<La Reconquista>> ended with the conquest of Granada by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492.

981 –King Ramiro III of Leon was defeated by the Vizier Almanzor and was forced to pay tribute to the Caliph of Cordoba.

2 – 8th, 9th AND 10th CENTURIES. 718 or 719 – Pelagius, a Visigoth noble, defeated to a Muslim army in Covadonga (Asturias). This is the beginning of <<La Reconquista>>. 740-754 – The Christians, under the reign of the King Alfonso I of Asturias, conquered Galicia and Leon. 791-842 –King Alfonso II of Asturias conquered some fortresses and settled south of the Duero. 800-801 – The Franks, under the reign of Charlemagne, conquered the Pyrenees, created a zone known as <<Marca Hispanica>>, and one year later conquered Barcelona. 905-926 – Sancho I Garcés of Pamplona created the kingdom of Navarre. 950-951 – Count Fernán González laid the foundations for the future independence of Castile.

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3 – 11th CENTURY.

1004-1035 – Sancho Garcés III of Navarre, called <<the Great>>, managed to subjugate the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza in Aragon. He expected to dominate the territories of Bermudo III of Leon and be declared Emperor. Before he died, he divided his territories between his three sons: - The throne of Navarre and the Basque Country for García III. - Castile for Ferdinand I, on the death of count García Sánchez. - Sobrarbe and Ribagorza for Gonzalo I. 1065-1109 – Alfonso VI, nicknamed <<the Brave>>, was King of Leon, King of Castile and King of Galicia. He captured Toledo (1086), and proclaimed himself <<Emperor of Spain>> (Imperator Totius Hispaniae) and <<Emperor of the Two Religions>>. The historic and legendary figure of <<El Cid>> lived during his reign. 1086 – The Christian advances forced to the Muslims kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to ask the Almoravid Dynasty for help. Subsequently this dynasty established control in Al-Andalus.

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4 – 12th CENTURY.

1102 – The followers of <<El Cid>> left Valencia, and the African Muslims (Almoravids) conquered the rest of Al-Andalus. 1135 – Alfonso VII, King of Leon and Castile, restored the prestige of the monarchy of Leon and was proclaimed Emperor of Spain (Imperator Totius Hispaniae), but, in contrast to Alfonso VI, he didn´t give himself this title, but rather it was given to him legitimately. 1147 – The Almohads, another African Dynasty, occupied Spain and replaced to the Almoravids. After they established their Capital city in Seville. 1157 – The Almohads conquered Almeria. 1162 –King Alfonso II of Aragon, son of the Count Ramon Bereguer IV of Barcelona and Petronila of Aragon, unified in his person the kingdom of Aragon and the county of Barcelona from 1162 until his death in 1196. He was also Count of Provence. 1195 – The Castilians were defeated in the Battle of Alarcos by the Almohads.

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IBERIAN PENINSULA The Reconquest, 1037-1270 Scale, 1: 10.000.000 (160 miles=1 inch)

Northern limits of Saracen lands, 1037 “ “ “ “ , 1100 “ “ “ “ , 1200 Frontier of Aragon, 1270 Frontier of Castile, 1270 Frontier of Portugal, 1270 Dominion of El Cid, 1094 -1102

5 – 13th CENTURY.

1212 –King Alfonso VIII of Castile, with the help of King Peter II of Aragon, King Sancho VII of Navarre and some troops of Portugal, won out in the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. 1230 – Alfonso IX, King of Leon and Galicia, advanced on the Guadiana river (Extremadura) and captured Mérida and Badajoz, and as a result he opened the way for the conquest of Seville. 1217-1252 – Ferdinand III the Saint, King of Castile, Leon and Galicia, took Cordoba (1236), Murcia (1243), Jaén (1246), and Seville (1248). Granada was the last independent Muslim kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula. 1213-1275 – James I the Conqueror, King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona and Lord of Montpellier, conquered the Balearic Islands (1229) and Valencia (1238). 1252-1284 – Alfonso X the Wise and the Astrologer, King of Castile, Leon and Galicia, continued <<La Reconquista>>. He had to face revolts of Mudéjars in Andalusia and Murcia. He aspired to be chosen as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1257.

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6 – 14th AND 15th CENTURIES.

1309 – Ferdinand IV, King of Castile, Leon and Galicia, captured Gibraltar from the Moors with the help of the nobleman Alonso Pérez de Guzmán of Aragón. Guzmán the Good was the founder of the line which the dukes of Medina Sidonia belonged to. Ferdinand IV died suddenly in 1312 in his tent at Jaén while preparing for a raid into the Moorish territory of Granada. 1333 – The Nasrid King of Granada, Muhammed IV, recovered Algeciras and Gibraltar and Algeciras. He was killed in this year, and couldn´t enjoy his victory. 1482-1484 – The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon (they married in 1469), had the firm intention to finish cpnquering the last Muslim territories (Kingdom of Granada) in the Iberian Peninsula once and for all. The Granada war was a series of military campaigns over ten years and carried out in several phases. This war finally ended when the city of Granada was taken, on January 2 of 1492, and its last king, the Emir Boabdil, surrendered and went into exile. The kingdom of Granada was annexed to the Crown of Castile. The end of this war concluded <<La Reconquista>>, eight centuries after Muslim invaded the Iberian Peninsula.

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� Activities: - Using the main dates of <<La Reconquista>>, create a time line.

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Cristóbal Marín




- Using the maps from this unit, write the centuries in the blank boxes of the maps below; put a title in the yellow boxes; and place the meaning of each color in the map’s legend. - Look for information about <<El Cid>> and write a brief composition about his life.

MAP LEGEND MAP LEGEND

MAP LEGEND MAP LEGEND

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7 – VOCABULARY

English Pronunciation Spanish A

Almost adv. /'�:lməʊst/ Casi

Also adv. /'�:lsəʊ/ También, además

to Annex verb. /ə'neks/ Anexionar

to Aspire verb. /ə'spa�ə(r)/ Aspirar a algo

Astrologer sust. /ə'strɑ:ləd�ər/ Astrólogo-a

B

Backward adj. y adv. /'bækwərd / Retrocesos, hacia atrás

to Be chosen verb. y verb (en participio) /bi:�/ /'tʃəʊzən/ Ser elegido

to Belong to verb. /b�'l� / /tu:/ Pertenecer a

Between prep. /b�'twi:n/ Entre

But rather conj. y adv. /b"t/ /'rɑ:ðə(r)/ Si no que

C

to Capture verb. /'kæptʃər/ Capturar, tomar

to Carry out verb. (phrasal verb) /'kæri/ /aʊt/ Llevar a cabo, realizar, cumplir (un deber)

to Conclude verb. /kən'klu:d/ Concluir, finalizar

to Conquer verb. /'kɑ:ŋkər / Conquistar

Count sust. /kaʊnt/ Conde

County sust. /'kaʊnti/ Condado

to Create verb. /kri'e�t/ Crear

D

Decisive adj. /d�'sa�s�v/ Decisivo

to Defeat verb. /d�'fi:t/ Derrotar, vencer

to Dominate verb. /'d�m�ne�t/ Dominar

Dukes sust. /dju:ks/ Duques

E

to Establish verb. /�'stæbl�ʃ/ Establecer, fundar

Exile sust. /'eksa�l/ Exilio, destierro

to Expect verb. /�k'spekt/ Esperar (algo)

F

to Face verb. /fe�s/ Enfrentarse a, encararse a

Followers sust. /'fɑ:ləʊərs/ Seguidores-as

to Force verb. /f�:rst/ Forzar, obligar

to Form verb. /f�:rm / Formar

Fortresses sust. /'f�:rtr�sis/ Fortalezas

Foundations sust. /faʊn'de�ʃəns/ Fundaciones

Founder sust. /'faʊndər / Fundador-a

I

In contrast to adv. /�n/ /'k�ntrɑ:st/ A diferencia de, por el contrario, al contrario

Independent adj. /'�nd�'pendənt/ Independiente

Intention sust. /�n'tentʃən / Intención, propósito

K

to Keep verb. /ki:p/ Mantener, guardar, conservar

Kingdoms sust. /'k�ŋdəms/ Reinos

L

Later adv. /'le�tər / Después, más tarde

to Leave verb. /li:v/ Dejar, abandonar

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M

to Manage to subjugate verb. y verb. /'mæn�d�/ /'s"bd�ʊge�t/ Lograr someter

to Marry verb. /'mæri/ Casarse, contraer matrimonio

N

to Nickname verb. /'n�kne�m/ Apodado

Nuclei sust. /'nju:kli:/ Núcleos

O

to Occupy verb. /'�kjʊpa�/ Ocupar

P

Phases verb /fe�zis/ Fases

Prestige sust. /pre'sti:�/ Prestigio

Process sust. /'prəʊses/ Proceso

to Proclaim verb. /prə'kle�m/ Proclamar, declarar

R

Raid sust. /re�d/ Asalto, incursión

Reconquest sust. /�ri:'k�ŋkwest/ Reconquista

to Recover verb. /'ri:'k"vər / Recuperar, recobrar

Reign sust. /re�n/ Reinado

to Replace verb. /r�'ple�s/ Reemplazar, sustituir

to Restore verb. /r�'st�:r / Restaurar, restablecer

Revolt sust. /r�'vəʊlt/ Revuelta

S

to Settle down verb. /'setl/ /daʊn/ Establecerse, asentarse

Slowly adv. /'sləʊli/ Lentamente, despacio

Subsequently adv. /'s"bs�kwəntli/ Posteriormente

Suddenly adv. /'s"dn)li/ Repentinamente, de repente, de pronto

to Surrender verb. /sə'rendər/ Rendirse, entregarse, rendir, entregar

T

Tent /tent/ Tienda de campaña

The Crown art. y sust. /ði/ /kraʊn/ La corona (de Castilla, de Aragón…), como reino

Throne sust. /θrəʊn/ Trono

Throughout prep. /θru:'aʊt/ Durante todo, toda

Tribute sust. /'tr�bju:t/ Tributo

Troops sust. /tru:ps/ Tropas

U

to Unify verb. /'ju:n�fa�/ Unificar, unir

V

Victory sust. /'v�ktəri/ Victoria

W

Way sust. /we�/ Camino, modo, forma, manera

to Win out verb. y adv. (phrasal verb) /w�n/ /aʊt/ Salir triunfante, resultar victorioso, triunfar

Wise adj. /wa�z/ Sabio

Mapa 1: http://bachiller.sabuco.com/historia/images/De%20Asturias%20a%20Leon.jpg El Cid: http://andrewpetcher.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/el-cid-1.jpg Mapa S. XIII: http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/images/maps/spain14thc.jpg Las navas de Tolosa: http://www.laguia2000.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/fotocantg2.jpg

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Unit 7.the Christian Kingdoms in Spain