Unit 7 Animals

Unit 7

Animals

Table of Contents

Table of Contents 1

Introduction 4

Essential Questions 5

Review 5

Lesson 7.1: Animals that Live on Land 6 Objectives 6 Warm-Up 6 Learn about It 8 Key Points 14 Web Links 14 Check Your Understanding 15 Challenge Yourself 18

Lesson 7.2: Animals that Live on Water 19 Objectives 19 Warm-Up 19 Learn about It 20 Key Points 25 Web Links 26 Check Your Understanding 26 Challenge Yourself 28

Lesson 7.3: Animals that Live on Land and Water 29 Objectives 29

Warm-Up 29 Learn about It 31 Key Points 35 Web Links 35 Check Your Understanding 36 Challenge Yourself 37

Lesson 7.4: How Animals Move 38 Objectives 38 Warm-Up 38 Learn about It 39 Key Points 47 Web Links 48 Check Your Understanding 49 Challenge Yourself 49

Lesson 7.5: Where Do Animals Live 51 Objective 51 Warm-Up 51 Learn about It 53 Key Points 58 Web Links 58 Check Your Understanding 59 Challenge Yourself 60

Lesson 7.6: Where to Raise Animals 61 Objectives 61 Warm-Up 61 Learn about It 62 Key Points 67

Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited 2

Web Links 68 Check Your Understanding 68 Challenge Yourself 70

Laboratory Activity 71

Performance Task 74

Self Check 75

Key Words 76

Wrap Up 78

Photo Credits 78

References 79


GRADE 4 | SCIENCE

Unit 7 Animals

Animals live in different kinds of habitat. Some animals live on land, some live in water and there are also animals that spend part of their lives both on land and in water. Big predatory birds such as those shown in the picture normally stays on the land to eat fruits and small insects but can also fly to the sea to catch fishes. Their wings and general body structure allow them to easily fly in the air. In general, The body structures and actions of animals allow them to adapt and survive in their habitat. In this unit, you will study how are body structures and behaviors important to the survival of animals in their respective habitat.


Essential Questions

At the end of this unit, you should be able to answer the following questions.

● What is adaptation? ● What is the difference between structural and behavioral

adaptation? ● What animals are found in a specific habitat? ● What body structures and behaviors help animals live and survive

on land? ● What body structures and behaviors help animals live and survive

on water? ● Which animals live both on land and in water? What body

structures and behaviors help these animals live and survive on both areas?

● What structural features and behaviors do birds have that help them live and survive?

Review

● Animals have body parts that allow them to move, eat and protect themselves from the environment.

● Animals may be classified according to their body parts and uses. They may also be grouped according to their habitat.

● A habitat is a place or a type of place where a living thing like an animal lives.


Lesson 7.1: Animals that Live on Land

Objectives In this lesson, you should be able to:

● infer that body structures help animals adapt and survive on land;

● enumerate different animals that live on land; and ● compare body movements of animals on land.

Can you name some animals that you see in the neighborhood? Have you seen dogs or cats walking around the park? Or chickens in a coop found in a yard? The animals that you see living on land are called terrestrial animals. These animals spend all their lives on land habitats. Dogs, cats, and chickens are just few examples of land animals. How do different land animals survive in their habitat?

Warm-Up Animals that Live on Land Are you familiar with animals that live on land? Shown below are pictures of terrestrial animals. Can you describe them? Procedure:

● List down the all the body structures these animals have and their functions in the table below.

● Choose an animal given above. Try to copy and act its movement and sound.

● Ask your classmate to guess your animal of choice.


Land Animals Body Structures Functions

Dog

Pig

Chicken


Learn about It

Land Adaptation Adaptation is a way of adjusting to the natural environment or habitat to survive. Animals have different kinds of adaptations. It can be a structural adaptation wherein their physical features or body parts that help them in food-getting and for protection. It can also be behavioral adaptation in which animals do certain actions or behavior help them survive in their habitat. Structural Adaptation of Land Animals The body structures of terrestrial animals for getting food vary depending on what they eat in their habitat. Long, Pointed Teeth Tigers have long, pointed teeth used for killing and eating other animals. Their teeth are strong enough to tear apart meat of their prey. Other animals with long, pointed teeth are lions, cheetahs and foxes.

Fig. 1. Tiger’s sharp teeth and Horse’s flat teeth.


Flat Teeth Unlike tigers and other wild animals, horses have flat teeth that are suitable in chewing grass, leaves, and other tough plant parts. Other animals with flat teeth are carabaos, camels, goats, sheep, and cows. Sharp Beak and Talons Birds have sharp beak and talons that help them hunt smaller animals for food. The talons are used to grab smaller animals while the sharp beak is used to tear them apart.

Fig. 2. Bird’s sharp beak and talons.

Long Arms and Legs Monkeys have long arms and legs that allow them to swing from tree to tree to pick fruits and insects. They also have strong tails that allow them to hang on a tree as they get their food.


Proboscis Butterflies have thin tube-like mouth part called proboscis. This is used to reach and suck nectar from flowers. Insects like moths and bees have proboscis too. Lungs and Tracheae Many land animals like cows, snakes, and birds can take in oxygen from the air by using their lungs to breathe. Some terrestrial animals like insects do not have lungs but they can get oxygen through tiny tubes in their abdomen called tracheae. There are some land animals that live in the soil, like earthworms, that absorb oxygen from air through their moist skin.

Fig. 5. Insects breathe through their tracheae while worms breathe

through their moist skin. Body Covering Different types of body covering of land animals protect them from heat, rain and other conditions of their habitat. Animals like bears have fur that keep them warm. Birds have feathers that keep their body warm, too. Other terrestrial animals like lizards have leathery skin or


dry scales that protect them from the rough or rocky surfaces where they move.

Bear (fur) Chicken (feather) Lizard (leathery skin) Fig. 6. Examples of body covering of land animals.

Behavioral Adaptation of Land Animals Animals behave differently to protect themselves from being eaten by other animals. Leathery Scales and Hard Shell A tortoise may be slow, but it has leathery scales and hard shell to protect itself from enemies. Whenever it senses danger, it remains still and hide its body parts inside the shell. Camouflage Some animals are difficult to find in a certain environment as they blend their colors in the surroundings. This protective coloration is known as camouflage. For example, the color of grasshoppers when they go from plant to plant make them hard to spot by insect-eating birds. Mimicry Other animals copy the shape, sound, smell, taste, or color of other animals or objects. This is to pretend that they are stronger or


poisonous, which could prevent other animals from eating them. This behavior is known as mimicry. Living and Travelling Together Some land animals live and travel together to protect one another. Though they sometimes scatter themselves to hunt for food, they do not stay too far. This is to make sure that they can protect their own kind when another animal attacks it. Examples of land animals that live together are elephants, tigers, lions, and giraffes.

Tortoise (hard shell)

Grasshopper (camouflage)

Praying mantis (mimicry)

Elephant (living together)

Fig. 7. Land animals with various behavioral adaptations


Running Speed Rats can move fast and are small enough to hide in hard to reach places. Cheetahs can also run fast to chase preys or hide from their predators.

Fig. 8. Animals like rats and cheetahs move fast to protect themselves.


Key Points

● Adaptation is a way of adjusting to the natural environment or habitat in order to survive.

○ Structural adaptations are physical features or body parts that help animals in food-getting and for protection.

○ Behavioral adaptations are certain actions or behaviors that animals do which help them survive in their habitat.

● Animals that live on land are called terrestrial animals. ○ Terrestrial animals have different structures that allow them

to get their food, breathe, and protect them from other animals. They also have different body coverings that keep their body warm.

○ Some behavioral adaptation of terrestrial animals are camouflage and mimicry.

Web Links

To learn more on animal adaptations, visit the following web links:

● With their strong claws and sharp talons, eagles are amazing hunters. Watch this video compilation on the most spectacular hunting attack moments: Animal Channel. 2015. “Compilation of Eagles Most Spectacular Hunting Attack Moments in HD.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohwfBf6tqqk

● Nature has so many things to offer but most of the time you can’t see it. Yes, they are well-camouflaged! Watch this clip to know the coolest animals that can camouflage. Talltanic. 2017. “12 Coolest Camouflage Animals and Insects.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBdbGPK1ZlQ


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohwfBf6tqqk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohwfBf6tqqk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBdbGPK1ZlQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBdbGPK1ZlQ

● Migration among animals - guess who travelled the fastes Ella Davies. 2016. ‘Meet the animals that travel farther than any other.’ http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160719-meet-the-animals-that-travel-farther-than-any-other

Check Your Understanding

A. Study each figure. Identify the structural adaptation used for

food-getting and for protection.

1. 2.

3. 4.


http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160719-meet-the-animals-that-travel-farther-than-any-other



5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 10.


B. Identify the kind of behavioral adaptation demonstrated in each figure.

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. ______________________

4. ______________________

5. ______________________


Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. How is structural adaptation different from behavioral

adaptation? 2. Explain how camouflage can help an animal survive in its habitat. 3. Do people also use mimicry? In what ways? 4. What structural and behavioral adaptations have you learned in

this lesson which are also demonstrated by humans? 5. What do you think is the purpose of a dog’s tail? Does it share the

same purpose with the cat’s and the monkey’s tail?


Lesson 7.2: Animals that Live on Water


● infer that body structures help animals adapt and survive in water;

● enumerate different animals that live in water; and ● compare body movements of animals in water.

How long can you hold your breath underwater? For sure, it only takes few minutes for you to raise your head out of water and gasp for air. It is because the human body structure, just like other land animals, is not designed to stay long in the water. This is similar to the idea that fish cannot survive when taken out of water. Fish is just one of the examples of animals that can live only in water. What are the structural and behavioral adaptations of underwater animals that help them survive in water?

Warm-Up Animals that Live in Water Are you familiar with animals that live on water? Shown below are some pictures of underwater animals. Can you describe them?

Procedure: ● List down the all the body structures these animals have and their

functions in the table below. ● Choose an animal given above. Try to copy and act its movement

and sound.


● Ask your classmate to guess your animal of choice.

Animals Body Structures Functions

Fish

Starfish

Octopus

Learn about It

Animals that live in water are called aquatic or marine animals. Like terrestrial animals, aquatic animals have different structures and behaviors that make them live and survive in their environment. What adaptations do aquatic animals have that allow them to survive in their habitat?


Structural Adaptations of Aquatic Animals Gills How do aquatic animals breathe in water? Most aquatic animals get the oxygen they need directly from water using a special body part called gills. Although gills in oysters and other shelled animals can also be used for food-getting, the main purpose of gills is to get the oxygen from the water that passes through it. Filter-feeding Some aquatic animals are filter-feeders. They feed on very small organisms like algae and planktons that can also be found in the water. These filter-feeders can either be small like mussels or big like baleen whales. These animals have special body parts that can filter their food from water. Shelled animals like oysters and mussels filter their food by letting the water pass through their bodies. The gills of the oysters can capture planktons for food.. Big aquatic animals like the whale shark and baleen whales also have special mouthparts that filter their food from the water that they suck in through their mouths. Baleen whales have special comb-like mouth


part called baleen. Similar to how oyster uses their gills, the baleen traps small animals and planktons for food..

Fig. 11. Baleen is a special mouth part that traps food from the water in

some whales. There are also a lot of aquatic animals that hunt other animals for food. Shark, barracuda and other fish have streamlined body shape. Their heads and tails are narrower than their bodies. The streamlined body shape allows them to cut through the water fast to chase smaller fish or other aquatic animals for food. They also have sharp teeth that can tear the flesh of other animals. There are some aquatic animals like whales and dolphins that have lungs. They cannot get the oxygen directly from water. They still need to go to up to the surface of water to breathe air. Whales and dolphins have blowholes on top of their heads. It is a special body part similar to


our noses. The blowholes open and allow breathing in of air when the whales and dolphins reach the water surface. Blowholes close when whales and dolphins swim underwater, so water will not get into their lungs.

Fig. 13. The blowhole opens when the dolphin surfaces to breathe air.

Scales Aquatic animals need body covering that will protect them from the conditions of their water habitat. Fish have scales that are overlapping covered with a slimy substance that protect them from diseases and help them move smoothly in water.

Body Covering Oysters, mussels and clams have shells that can keep them safe even in shallow areas where waves can frequently push them. Shrimps and lobsters have exoskeleton, a hard cover that protects their soft boneless bodies but still allows them to move.


There are kinds of body covering that protect the marine animals from enemies, especially those that want them as food. While some animals have shells, starfishes and sea urchins have spiny and tough body cover that makes harder for other animals to feed on them. The body cover also helps them to move

Clams are protected by shells

Lobster is protected by an

exoskeleton

Starfish and sea urchins have spiny and tough body cover

Fig. 15. Body covering adaptation of various aquatic animals

Behavioral Adaptations of Aquatic Animals Some animals do not have tough body covering. Instead they have special body parts that let them escape from predators. The squid, cuttlefish and octopus can squirt ink to distract the enemy. Their soft body cover has a color-changing capacity that acts as a camouflage. Jellyfish have soft bodies too, but they have tentacles that can secrete poison not only for defense but also for capturing their prey.


Fig. 16. Aquatic animals like squid (left) and jellyfish (right) have special

body parts to protect them.

Key Points

● Animals that live in water are called aquatic animals. ○ Most aquatic animals get the oxygen they need directly from

water using a special body part called gills. ○ Similarly, gills can be used to filter water and capture very

tiny animals. ○ Whales have baleens or specialized mouths that trap small

animals like planktons. ○ Some aquatic animals are covered with scales, while others

are covered with shells or outer skeleton called exoskeleton. Aquatic animals like starfish and sea urchins have spiny skins.


Web Links

To learn more on the adaptations of aquatic animals, visit the following web links:

● Filter-feeders are the most important animal underwater. Find out why: IMTA Canada. 2010. “Episode II - Filter Feeders.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNqEQjGaDVk

● Read about the 21 of the most poisonous creatures in the sea. Weird Nature. N.d. ‘The Most Poisonous Creatures in the Sea’ https://www.ranker.com/list/most-poisonous-sea-creatures/eric-vega


A. Study each figure. Identify the structural adaptation used for

food-getting and for protection.

1. __________________________

2. __________________________


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNqEQjGaDVk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNqEQjGaDVk

https://www.ranker.com/list/most-poisonous-sea-creatures/eric-vega

https://www.ranker.com/list/most-poisonous-sea-creatures/eric-vega

3. __________________________

4. __________________________

5. __________________________

B. Complete the table by selecting an animal from the word box that matches the body structure of each item. Then, identify the purpose of its adaptation/s by placing a check ( / ) under the correct heading.

fish oyster scallops shrimp lobster dolphin whale jellyfish


Body Structure

Aquatic Animals

Adaptation for

Food - getting

Oxygen - getting

Protection

1. blowhole

2. gills

3. exoskeleton

4. baleen

5. scales

6. tentacles

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. How does a streamlined body shape help a shark survive in its

habitat? 2. Why do animals need to adapt to their habitat? 3. How do fish scales help fishes to live and adapt in water? 4. Distinguish a baleen from gills. What makes baleen more useful

for whales rather than the presence of gills? 5. Stonefish (or Gatasan) is dubbed as the most venomous fish in the

Philippines. It is found near rocks and has 13 spike-like structures surrounding its body which release deadly venoms when touched. How do these characteristics help the fish survive underwater?


Lesson 7.3: Animals that Live on Land and Water


● infer that body structures help animals adapt and survive in both land and water;

● enumerate different animals that live in both land and water; and

● compare body movements of animals that live in both land and water.

Crabs are usually sold alive in the market. They are just tied and piled together. Do crabs need to be in water to survive? Although crabs need to be always in water at the early stage of their life cycle, some adult crabs can survive on land habitats in most of their adult life. There are many other animals that need to spend parts of their life cycles both on land and in water habitats. Animals that live both on land and in water habitats are also known as amphibious animals. How do amphibious animals survive both on land and in water habitats?

Warm-Up

Animals that Live on Land and in Water You already know that there are animals that live on land and there are animals that live in water. Shown below are some pictures of common animals. Which do you think live on land? Which live on water?


Procedure: ● Describe the animals by determining some of their body

structures and functions. ● Choose an animal given below. Try to copy and act its movement

and sound. ● Ask your classmate to guess your animal of choice.

Animals Does it live on land or in

water?

Body Structures

Functions

Horse

Seahorse

Turtle


Learn about It

Animals like frogs, salamanders, and crabs lay eggs that are adapted to live only in water. Their eggs are soft or jelly-like which can be moved by the water without breaking.

Fig. 17. Frogs and crabs lay jelly-like eggs that can withstand the

movement of water. In the early stage of their lives, they have body structures that are adapted only to water habitats. For example, frogs develop from tadpoles with gills for breathing and tails for swimming. Some insects like mosquito, dragonfly and damselfly lay their eggs in water. When the eggs hatch, the larvae (or nymphs) emerge that have body parts that can move, breathe and eat in water. Insect larvae have better chances to grow and develop in non-flowing bodies of water such as swamps and ponds. When they become adults, they emerge out from their water habitat. They change their body forms completely and develop wings. These insects stay longer in water than on land before they develop as adults.


tadpoles mosquito larva Fig. 18. Examples of amphibious animals in the

early stages of their life cycle. Some animals can spend the most of their lives in water but have to stay on land to lay their eggs. Crocodiles and turtles stay in water most of the time where they get most of their food. When it is time to lay their eggs, they find a safe place on land to hide their eggs. Crocodile eggs have a hard outer shell while turtle eggs are enclosed in a thick, strong pouch. These protect the unborn animals from the effects of soil, sand or mud. These eggs also need a rich supply of oxygen to develop and hatch. Animals that grow and develop in water have gills or similar body parts that allow them to breathe only in water. As they grow to become adults adapted to the land habitat, they develop body parts that can let them take oxygen from air. Frogs and salamanders develop lungs for breathing as an adaptation for land habitat. But they can still breathe in water through their skin. Crabs that live in shorelines use gills for respiration provided that they are kept moist. Its gills have a special


cover to keep it from drying out. Mosquitoes, dragonflies and damselflies breathe through their tracheae just like other insects, once they become adults and out of water. There are some animals with lungs that depend on bodies of water for their food and other needs. They cannot breathe underwater. They have other adaptations for staying in water for longer periods. For instance, crocodiles, alligators, turtles and even hippopotami; have eyes, nose and ears that are located on the top-side of their heads. These help keep water out of those body parts when they are floating in water.

hippopotamus crocodile Fig. 20. Amphibious animals can stay alert while in the water for longer

periods of time. A crocodile can stay afloat without moving for longer periods of time. It can keep its body low in the water and hide itself when it hunts for food. Hippopotamus do not hunt for food but it guards its resting space. Having its eyes and ears above the water surface helps it stay alert for enemies. A hippopotamus eats grass but stays in the water most of the day. It needs to cool off in the water because it does not sweat. When a hippopotamus needs to swim or sometimes walk underwater, its nostrils and ears can close so that water will not get inside its body.


Amphibious animals mostly stay on land habitats that are near bodies of water for food source. They possess body parts that are adapted for eating aquatic animals and plants. Birds like ducks and swan have flattened beaks that are suited for getting fish, crabs, snails, water insects and even water plants from shallow or even muddy waters. Pelican is another kind of bird with a special beak that has has a pouch. The lower bill has an expandable or folded pouch that can be filled with water when catching a fish.

Fig. 21. Amphibious birds like duck (left) and pelican (right) have beaks

that are adapted for getting food from bodies of water.


Key Points

● Animals that live both on land and in water are called amphibious animals.

○ Animals that start their life cycles in water have gills or similar body parts that allow them to breathe only in water.

○ As adults adapted to live on land, their body parts develop to get the oxygen from air.

○ Hippopotami and crocodiles have lungs that are adapted to staying in water over long periods of time.

Web Links

To learn more on the adaptations of amphibious animals, visit the following web links:

● The life cycle of amphibious animals are quite complicated. Read it here: Leanne Guenther. 2018. ‘Animal Life Cycles.’ http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/lifecycle.htm

● Patiently waiting for its target, the crocodile is one of the bosses in lakes and enclosed bodies of water. Watch how deadly it is in this documentary: Wild Things. 2017. “Crocs Down Under” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_BckhLECVY


http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/lifecycle.htm

http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/lifecycle.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_BckhLECVY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_BckhLECVY


A. Study each figure. Identify the structural and behavioral adaptation shown in each item.

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. ______________________

4. ______________________

5. ______________________


B. Tell if the statement is true or false. 1. Amphibious animals live both on land and in water. 2. Frogs lay jelly-like eggs that can survive both on land and water. 3. Crabs can keep their gills moist even when on land. 4. An adult frog can breathe through their gills too. 5. A crocodile can stay alert in water even without moving for a long

period of time. 6. A hippopotamus does not sweat so it stays on land most of the

time to cool-off. 7. Insect larvae have a better chance to grow and develop in

non-flowing bodies of water such as swamps and ponds. 8. Amphibious animals mostly stay on land habitats that are near

bodies of water for food source. 9. Crocodiles and turtles live most of their lives in water but have to

stay on land to lay their eggs. 10. Amphibious birds eat aquatic animals with the help of their

special beaks.

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. Discuss the difference between a chicken’s egg and a frog’s egg.

Explain why are these differences crucial for their survival. 2. What are the body structures for getting oxygen of dog, fish and

frog. Use a table to organize your responses. 3. If you are to keep a pet frog, where will you keep it? What are the

things you will provide to make it survive? Why? 4. Having learned the life cycles of animals that live on land and in

water, why do you think we need to throw stagnant waters in vases, tires, or plastic bottles?

5. How will you classify yourself? Do you have adaptations for land , water or both? Explain your answer.


Lesson 7.4: How Animals Move


● infer that animals have different body parts that help them move; and

● compare the body movements of animals living in different habitats.

Humans have different body parts to perform different actions. For example, legs are used for walking or running letting humans move from one point to another. But have you ever thought of the idea on what it is like to race against an animal? If you are a fast runner, will you be able to win a race against a fish underwater? The legs help us move fast and steady on solid surfaces but they are not adapted to running in water. In the same manner that other animals can move in their habitats even without having legs. How do different animals move in their habitats?

Warm-Up

Guess What!? Are you familiar with how animals move? Let us try playing charades!

Procedure: ● Divide the class into two big groups. One group will select an

animal from the list below and a member will try to act out the animal’s movement. The other group will guess. You can use your members as props but you cannot use other objects or make


sounds! Be as creative as you can!

List of Animals

dog rabbit turtle

fish frog duck

snake spider alligator

eagle crab horse

Guide Questions:

1. Which animal movement do you find the hardest to act? Why? 2. Which animal movement is the easiest to guess? Why?

Learn about It

Body Parts of Land Animals for Movement Land animals have different body parts that allow them to move on different kinds of surfaces. Animals with legs move in different ways. They can walk or run while some can even gallop and jump. Long Legs Horses, gazelles, and giraffes have long legs for running, jumping and galloping. They also have hooves protecting their feet when moving on either grassy or dry surfaces. Hoof A hoof (hooves for plural) is a hard, protective covering of the part of a four-legged animal’s feet. Many plant-eating four-legged animals have hooves.


giraffe gazelle

horse

Fig. 22. Giraffes have long legs to move around. Gazelles use their strong legs to run and escape from their predators. have hooves that

allow them to move.

Paws with Claws Some animals with four legs have paws with claws instead of hooves. Tigers, cheetah, foxes, and wolves all have muscular legs and paws with claws. These parts help them run and pounce on the animals that they hunt. Some cats and foxes can also climb trees with the help of their claws.


bear cat Fig. 23. Bears have paws with claws that are used for hunting food,

while cats use their sharp claws in climbing trees.

Long Limbs Monkey, sloth, tarsier, and red panda are animals that live in different kinds of forest habitats. These animals have body parts that let them climb and stay on trees by hanging from or sitting on branches. They have long limbs that help them reach for branches of trees. Some animals can climb with the help of their long bendable fingers or toes claws, or tails.

sloth monkeys Fig. 24. Sloth and monkeys can climb and hang on tree branches using

their strong limbs.


Short Legs Animals like lizards have short legs to let them move while keeping their body low and near the ground. This helps them manage their body temperature and hide from their enemies. They can crawl in between cracks of rocks or under logs easily too. Tiny Hair-like Structures on Feet Some animals can crawl even on walls and ceilings. It is quite ordinary to see house lizards and house flies even on glass windows. These animals have very tiny hair-like structures on their feet that allow them to cling even to smooth surfaces. More Than Four Legs Small animals like spiders and centipedes have more than four legs. This helps them crawl fast even under sand, rocks and soil. Wings Some animals have wings like birds, insects, and bats that let them fly or glide in air as they look for food or a place to stay. It also allow them to move away from their enemies. Some birds travel long distances together, as they look for a warmer place during the cold season. Birds like geese travel in a V-shaped formation to help them fly faster together.


Fig. 27. Birds have wings that allow them to fly and glide in air. A flock

of birds travel in a V-shaped formation.

There are also land animals without legs and wings. They have special body parts that help them move.

snake snail Fig. 28. Animals which can slither to move on solid surfaces.

Strong Muscles Underside the Body Snakes have strong muscles at its underside that contract and expand to push the snake forward. Snakes can also bend its body in different


directions. These adaptations of snakes allow them to slither on the ground and even up a tree. Snails use their “foot” for movement. It is located at the underside of the snail. It is kept moist with a special kind of slime to help the snail slide smoothly on different surfaces. Aquatic Animals Many aquatic animals can swim. They have various body parts for them to adapt to their environment. Fins, Tail, and Flippers The fins and tail of fish as well as the flippers of dolphins and whales help them swim in water. Fins, flippers and tails help them swim forward or turn to a different direction.

fish dolphins Fig. 29. Fish have fins and tails for swimming while

dolphins have flippers for swimming. Clapping Shells Together Some shelled animals like scallops also propel themselves by opening and closing their shells quickly. When they move, it looks like they are “clapping” their shells together.


Propulsion Squid and cuttlefish swim in another way. They use propulsion, an action that forces water out to push their bodies in a certain direction. They can propel themselves by sucking water in then releasing it to push their bodies to the direction that they want. Jellyfishes force water out of their bodies to be able to swim. Tongue-like Foot There are aquatic animals that do not move as fast by swimming or propelling themselves. The shelled animals like clams push their bodies down into the the sand by digging using their tongue-like foot. Burying their bodies under the sand protects them against predators and strong waves. Some aquatic animals are very tiny that they are just drifting or can be carried by the water current. These very small animals like brine shrimp and zooplanktons float and flow along the water current. Amphibious Animals Amphibious animals have body parts that allow them to move both on land and in water. Webbed feet Birds like ducks, swans, and penguins have webbed feet and short legs that act as paddles when they swim. On land, they tend to waddle or take short steps while swinging their bodies from side to side.


Fig. 31. Swans have webbed feet which allow them to swim

in shallow waters. Flippers and Streamlined Body Shape Ducks and swans can fly too, but penguins cannot. Instead, penguins have flippers and a streamlined body shape that give them the ability to dive deep into the sea, swim fast and catch fish.

ducks penguin Fig. 32. Ducks have wings which allow them to fly. Penguins have wings too, but their bodies are heavy for flight. They swim instead using their

flippers.


Marine turtles and seals also have flippers instead of legs that make them swim easily.

turtle eal Fig. 33. Animals which can swim in water using their flippers.

Strong Hind Legs Adult frogs have strong hind legs and webbed feet for swimming in the water. When on land, they can hop for short distances. To jump for longer distances, they use their strong hind legs to push their body upwards and forward.

Key Points

● Land animals have different body parts that allow them to move

in different kinds of surfaces. They can walk, run, gallop, jump, crawl and climb.


● Some animals that crawl on walls and ceilings have very tiny hair-like structures on their feet that allow them to cling even to smooth surfaces.

● Many plant-eating four-legged animals have hooves. These are hard, protective covering of the part of their feet.

● Some animals have wings like birds, insects, and bats that allow them to fly or glide in the air as they look for food or a place to stay.

● Snails and snakes slide and slither to move from one place to another.

● Many aquatic animals can swim. The fins and tails of fish, as well as the flippers of dolphins and whales help them swim in water.

● Squid and cuttlefish swim by propelling themselves. Some aquatic animals are very tiny that they are just drifting or carried by water currents.

● Amphibious animals have webbed feet that let them move both on land and in water. Adult frogs have strong hind legs and webbed feet that make them swim well in water.

Web Links

To learn more on aquatic adaptation, visit the following web links:

● Webbed feet are not only found in amphibians, but can also be found in our own hands and feet. Read this text on how we obtain this aquatic adaptation. The Aquatic Human Ancestor Theory Website. N.d.. “Fingers, hands, feets and toes.” http://aquatic-human-ancestor.org/anatomy/fingers-toes-feet.html

● Which is the fastest animals? Find out here by watching this video: Free School. 2015. “Fastests Runners in the Animal Kingdom.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fey2JshCNng


http://aquatic-human-ancestor.org/anatomy/fingers-toes-feet.html

http://aquatic-human-ancestor.org/anatomy/fingers-toes-feet.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fey2JshCNng

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fey2JshCNng


A. Match the following land animals under column A with their corresponding movements under column B.

Column A Column B

1. cheetah A. crawling 2. horse B. digging 3. kangaroo C. galloping 4. salamander D. hopping 5. snake E. running

F. slithering G. propelling

B. Identify the body part of the following animals that allows them to

move easily in their own habitats. 1. swan 2. monkeys 3. goat 4. frog 5. octopus

6. spider 7. crocodile 8. snail 9. seahorse 10. dragonfly

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. Cheetahs are well known as successful hunters. What is the

reason for this? 2. Why do divers wear flippers and goggles underwater? 3. What are the examples of vehicles which are modelled after


certain animals to mimic their movements on land and in sea? 4. How do human beings move? How do the movements change

from birth to adulthood? 5. Suppose you are a great inventor. You want to climb a wall

without using a ladder. Using your knowledge on movements of animals, what kind of a device or tool will you create?


Lesson 7.5: Where Do Animals Live

Objective In this lesson, you should be able to:

● make a survey of animals found in the community and their specific habitats.

Have you been to a pond? How many frogs did you see? The number of frogs in that pond is the frog population in that habitat. A population of animal means the number of the same kind of animals living in one habitat. In a natural habitat, there are different kinds of animals living together. In your community, what are the different animals living in different habitats?

Warm-Up

What Lives in Here? Provided below are images of two habitats where animals live. What do you think are the characteristics of animals that live in there? Procedure:

● For each picture below, describe the characteristics of animals that live in each place and provide examples.


Image 1: A cave

Characteristics of animals that live in the cave

Examples of animals that live in the cave

Image 2: A jungle


Characteristics of animals that live in the jungle

Examples of animals that live in the jungle

Learn about It

Different habitats have different animal populations. Grasslands A field or a hill may be a grassland habitat especially if grasses are most abundant in the area. Animals that eat grass can live in this habitat.

Fig. 35. Cows are examples of animals that live and feed on grasslands.


Grasslands may support populations of cows and goats, horses, mice, and rabbits. Birds, insects and worms can also be found in grassy areas. Birds can make nests using grass and insects can lay eggs on grass blades. Snakes hide or stay underground in the grasslands. They prey on other small animals that also live in this habitat. Garden A garden is a man-made area that can be a habitat for animals. It is a small patch of land that has different kinds of plants. There can even be fruits and vegetables grown in gardens. A garden is often visited by people. You can expect animals to hide or move away from people. If you look closely and carefully, you may observe snails and different insects such as beetles, bees, ants and butterflies, even mosquitoes and flies. Earthworms, centipedes and other animals that live in the soil can be found in gardens too. These animals help the soil become rich with nutrients. The garden provides food for garden animals. Different animals may feed on the same plants. Flies may prefer eating decaying plants and animals. Birds and mice can live in gardens too. They can eat plants and other small animals that can be found in a garden.


Forest A forest is a natural habitat with a lot of trees. Different kinds of animals live on trees and on the ground. We can expect to see animals that can climb such as cats and monkeys. Birds that can reach the highest parts of the tree by flying also live in forests. Snakes and lizards can stay either on the ground or in hidden parts of trees. Many insects live underground, among fallen branches and leaves, or on the leaves and branches of trees.

Fig. 38. Forest floor also support lives of insects and small animals that

feed on insects. Pond A community may have a pond or a similar body of water such as a rice field during the wet season. A pond is a small and still body of freshwater surrounded by land. It can be natural or man-made. It is usually small and shallow. Populations of fish such as tilapia, janitor fish, koi and catfish can live in it. It is a good place for animals such as frogs, dragonflies and mosquitoes to lay their eggs. Snails can also lay their eggs on the grass that surround or are in the pond. Ducks and turtles can lay their eggs on land near the pond so they can be near their source of food. Earthworms can live in the soil that surrounds the


pond or at its bottom. Animals that live in a pond are either aquatic or amphibious. They can get their needs from the pond. A habitat is rich and productive if it has different animal populations. It gives more chances for each animal population to interact and survive in a habitat. A survey can be conducted to observe how many kinds of animals are there and find out their population. Study the figure below.

Fig. 39. Animals living in a pond habitat.

To make a survey, you make a list of all the different animals that are observed in a specific habitat. How many different kinds of animals do you see in the pond?. After listing each kind of animal, you can start counting the number of each to get their population. The population data will tell you if the environment supports the growth of the animals or provides their needs. You may organize your survey in a table similar to the one below:


Table 1. Survey of animal populations in a pond habitat.

Animals Population

Ducks

Frogs

Newts

Turtles

Dragonflies

Mosquitoes

Pond Snails

Pond Skater

Tilapia

Different populations interact with each other in different ways. Fishes can compete for the same space, food, and oxygen. If one species of fish has a much bigger population than another, what do you think will happen to the latter? Another kind of interaction can be harmful to one and beneficial to another. Ducks can eat insects, small fish, small frogs and snails. Frogs eat insects too. What do you think will happen if there are too many ducks in a pond? What do you think will happen if there are no insects in a pond? What kinds of habitats are in your community? There can be gardens, farms, rivers or sea. Different communities will have different kinds of habitats where animals can live together and interact.


Key Points

● Different animals live in different habitats. ● A field or a hill may be a grassland habitat especially if grasses

are the most abundant kind of plant in that area. ● A garden is a man-made area that can be a habitat for animals. It

is a small patch of land that has different kinds of plants. ● A forest is a natural habitat with a lot of trees. Different kinds of

animals live on trees and on the ground. ● A pond is a small and still body of freshwater surrounded by land.

It can be natural or man-made. It is usually small and shallow. ● A habitat is a healthy one if it has different animal populations. A

survey can be done to see how many kinds of animals there are in a habitat, and the population of each animal.

Web Links

To learn more on habitats, visit the following web links:

● Did you know that there are animals that live in a volcano? Whoah! Amazing, right? Watch this: Ridddle. 2017. “Who Lives at the Bottom of the Volcano” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GkZYzMDxhM

● The ocean is not limited to common marine organisms such as fishes and sharks. Deep down, the dark ocean habitat is full of weird, rare organisms never seen before. Top 10 Archive. 2016. “Deep Sea Creatures You Didn’t Know Existed” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsNwe_12iok


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GkZYzMDxhM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GkZYzMDxhM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsNwe_12iok

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsNwe_12iok


A. Complete the Venn diagram to show where the following animals

can live.

birds insects cow giraffes worm monkeys snakes rats sheep eagles

B. Tell if the statement is true or false.

1. Animals that eat grass most likely live in a forest. 2. A habitat is a healthy one if it has different animal populations. 3. Different animals such as eagles and birds make their nests on

treetops in the forest. 4. A survey lists all the kinds of animals in a habitat. 5. Fishes and other aquatic organisms can be found living in a pond.


Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. What do you think are the characteristics of animals that live in a forest?

2. The forest is known as the habitat of large predators such as lions and tigers. But it is also the habitat of smaller animals such as squirrels and deers. How do you think squirrels and deers will survive with the presence of predators?

3. Do you think all the animals in the pond can swim? What are the characteristics of animals that live in the pond?

4. The Marianas trench is the deepest part of the ocean. Do you think animals can live in there? What are the characteristics of animals that might survive in the Marianas trench?

5. Do you think the human body can act as a habitat for animals? Explain your answer.


Lesson 7.6: Where to Raise Animals


● choose which animals to raise in a specific habitat.

People need animals for different reasons. Animals are sources of many important things like food and raw materials in creating useful products such as clothes and shoes. Some animals give joy, too, by being household pets. To domesticate animals, it is important to learn how and where to raise animals for different purposes. Where should we raise animals in the community?

Warm-Up

You Raise Me Up Animals are raised for different reasons. Given below are list of animals that are usually domesticated or taken care of. Some animals are raised for food, while others are raised as pets. Can you identify which of these animals are taken care of for as a source of food or as pets?

List of Animals

dog cow chicken

goldfish pig goat

mikfish cat crab


Classify them by placing them under the correct column.

Animals Raised for Food Animals Raised as Pet

Learn about It

Getting familiar with the different body parts that help animals adapt to their environment will help you to know their habitats too. Understanding their natural habitats will let you determine the place where they can be raised. For example, an animal with fins and scales will show that it lives in water habitats such as lakes and seas. An animal with flat teeth and four legs will survive in a big area that has a lot of grass. An animal with webbed feet shows that it can walk on land and swim in water. Body parts of animals can give us a clue as to where and how they will survive.


Animals Raised for Food Many animals are being raised by people for food. They are usually raised in areas called farms. A farm is an area for raising animals (and plants) for human consumption. There are different areas in the community that are used as farms. Farms will not always provide the ideal shelter for animals. But farmers do their best to make sure that the animals l grow healthy and free from diseases. A grassland can be used as a pasture for grazing animals. Pastures are large grassy areas where farm animals graze. Cows, goat and sheep are grazing animals. This means they eat grass for most part of the day. These animals have legs adapted to moving in grasslands. They have teeth and stomachs that are adapted to eating and digesting grass. They can be raised in farms that are near pastures. The grazing animals can be brought to pastures early in the morning and herded back to their holding areas at the end of the day. Sometimes, pastures are not available or grasses dry out during the summer season. People created other methods of feeding grazing animals. They can give the animals grass that were preserved before the dry season. There are also feeds that can be bought, which are made from grass and cereals (grass seeds). Chickens can fly but they usually get their food by digging with their sharp talons and beaks. They can eat grass, especially cereals (grass


seeds) and small animals like worms. They can be raised in grassy areas too. However, most chickens are raised in poultry farms and are not allowed to move a lot. Instead they are also given ready-made feeds that will give them the nutrients they need to grow healthy.

Fig. 41. Chicken feeds on cereals or grass seeds.

There can be natural ponds in a community or people can make artificial ponds. Ponds can be made by digging out soil from an area to create a pit. The pit can then be filled with water. Fish like tilapia and milkfish are raised as food. They can breathe, move and feed in bodies of water. They can be grown in ponds which are also called fish farms. In ponds, they can have their food, shelter and oxygen. But fish raised in fish farms are provided with additional food by farmers, to make sure that they will grow fast and healthy. Ducks are also raised by people for its meat and eggs. They can be raised in areas near lakes or ponds. Their beaks are adapted to raking the mud in search for small animals like insects and snails. They can also catch small fish with their beaks. The ducks are given time to stay in the ponds at certain periods of the day. When the duck population is high, there will not be enough food in the pond. Farmers do not want


ducks to eat the fish grown in ponds. Instead, ducks are given additional food made from cereals and crushed snails.

Fig. 42. Man-made ponds are used as fish farms.

Animals Raised as Pets Animals are also raised by people as pets. Dogs, cats, birds and fish are common pets. Pets live with people inside their homes or within their yards. Their natural habitat is very different from the habitats provided by humans. People try to domesticate animals by supplying their needs within their homes. Dogs and cats have adapted well living with people. Still, it is important that they are provided with food and enough clean space. Both dogs and cats have sharp teeth, muscular legs and claws adapted to hunting other animals. This means their main food should consist of meat or meat products. It is safer to feed them with cooked meat. Cooking can kill the germs found in raw meat. They can be fed with artificial dog food.


dog cat Fig. 43. Dog and cat are often raised as pets.

Some birds that are raised as pets are placed in a cage. But take note that birds need space to fly. Therefore, it is important to put them in a bigger cage, if possible. Some bird enthusiasts build aviary where they can raise their pet birds. It is also important to study the body parts of the bird to infer on what kinds of food it will eat. Its beak and feet will give you a clue whether it feeds on plants, other animals or both. Fish can be kept in aquariums or ponds that should always be kept clean. There are fishes that can only live in certain water conditions. Fish from the sea are adapted to live in saltwater at temperatures colder than tap water. Different fishes also eat different food. A fish may be a food source for another fish. Therefore, it is advisable to select fishes that will not prey on one another or compete with one another.


Fig. 45. A fish tank is an artificial home of pet fish.

Animals raised by people for different purposes are not always in their natural habitats. It is possible to provide the animals with their needs when one is knowledgeable of their adaptations in their natural habitats.

Key Points

● Many animals are being raised by people for food. They are

usually raised in areas called farms. ● A farm is an area devoted to raising animals (and plants) for

human consumption. ● A grassland can be used as a pasture for grazing animals.

Pastures are large grassy areas where farm animals graze. Cows, goat and sheep are grazing animals.

● Animals are also raised by people as pets. Dogs, cats, birds and fish are common pets. Pets live with people inside their homes or within their yards.


Web Links

To learn more on raising animals, visit he following web links:

● Who knows tigers are pettable? Here’s how a family takes care a tiger as a pet! Barcroft TV. 2013. “Living with Tigers: Family Shares Home with Pet Tigers,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwidefc2wpc

● Interested on raising a pig (or a hog) as a source of food (and income!)? Watch this: Mag-Agri Tayo. 2012. “Babuyang Walang Amoy.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNKTqdbXu6o


A. List at least five animals that you can raise in each habitat.

Grassland


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwidefc2wpc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwidefc2wpc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNKTqdbXu6o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNKTqdbXu6o

Pond

Ocean

B. Identify whether these animals are raised for food or raised as a

pet. 1. duck 2. carabao 3. hamster 4. cat 5. snake


Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions. 1. What can be done when pastures are not available or the grasses

in a grassland dry up? 2. Which do you think will grow better, animals raised in a farm or

animals that grow in the wild? Explain your answer. 3. Which do you think is safer, fishes raised in fish farms or fishes

caught in natural waters? Why do you think so? 4. Why is it important to put birds in a bigger cage? 5. Why do you need to regularly clean your aquarium?


Laboratory Activity

Activity 7.1

Investigating Animals Objectives At the end of this laboratory activity, the students should be able to:

● infer that body structures help animals adapt and survive in their own habitat;

● enumerate different animals that live on land, in water, and both on land and in water;

● compare body movements of animals in their habitat; and ● make a survey of animals found in the community and their

specific habitats. Materials and Equipment

● magnifying glass ● paper ● pen

Procedure

1. Visit your school garden. Carefully observe the surroundings. What animals do you see? Record these animals in the first column of the table below.

2. Observe these animals closer. What body structures can be used to get food, to facilitate movement, or to protect itself? Record your observations in the table below.

3. Now, find a bush and carefully observe its base, stem and leaves. Use your magnifying glass to observe smaller insects that might


be living on its leaves or stems. Record these animals in the table below.

4. Similarly, identify the body structures of the insects which can be used to get food, to facilitate movement, or to protect itself. Record your observations in the table below.

5. Visit a pond or any stagnant body of water. Carefully observe the surroundings. What animals can you see? Record these animals in the first column of the table below.

6. Observe these animals closer. What body structures do you see which can be used to get food, to facilitate movement, or to protect itself? Record your observations in the table below.

7. Try using your magnifying glass to look at smaller animals. Are there smaller animals present in the pond? Record these animals in the table below.

8. Similarly, identify the body structures which can be used to get food, to facilitate movement, or to protect itself. Record your observations in the table below.

Data and Results

Table 1. Animals in the School Garden

Animal Body parts used to get food

Body parts used to move

Body parts used for protection


Table 2. Animals in the Pond

Animal Body parts used to get food

Body parts used to move

Body parts used for protection

Guide Questions

1. Which animals in the school garden did you see? 2. Which animals in the pond did you see? 3. Which animals did you see with the help of a magnifying glass? 4. Which animals did you see both in the garden and in the pond?

Are these amphibious animals? 5. Which animals can walk? Are there any animals that fly? 6. Which animals have proboscis? Which animals have trachea? 7. Are there any animals that sting? 8. Describe one behavioral adaptation that the animals in the school

garden or in the pond have exhibited.


Performance Task

My Own Animal Goal

● Your task is to design and create your own animal that has characteristics to survive in a particular habitat.

Role

● You are a part of a Grade 4 class who studies animal body structures, movement and adaptations.

Audience

● Your audience are the other students in your school. Situation

● You want to create your own animal that can survive a particular habitat. You also want to raise it either as a pet or as a source of food.

Product, Performance, and Purpose To be able to achieve your purpose, follow these steps:

● Think of a habitat that you want your animal to live in. Do you want your animal to live in a pond, in a forest, or in a cave? Or maybe in the outer space or in the deepest part of the ocean?

● Based on your habitat, design your own animal. Does it have legs, paws, claws or talons? Does it have feathers, skin, scales or shell? Does it breathe through lungs, through a trachea or through a baleen?

● Create a model of your animal out of recycled materials. Be creative and be ready to present your model in the class.


Standards and Criteria for Success ● Your work must meet the standards found in the rubric below.

Criteria

Below Expectations

, 0% to 49%

Needs Improvement

50% to 74%

Successful Performance 75% to 99%

Exemplary Performance

100%

Research and Analysis of Literature, Organization

Report shows no organization

Shows some organization, but report did not flow smoothly from one idea to the other

Organized, but lacks few details needed to completely explain the topic

Very organized and comprehensive, report carefully planned out and has met the objectives

Model created No model presented

Created a model but does not show coherence in terms of the body parts and functions

Created a model and shows some coherence in terms of the body parts and functions but did not use recycled materials

Created a model, shows strong coherence in terms of the body parts and functions and used recycled materials

Communication skills

Was not able to communicate his thoughts

Was able to communicate some ideas

Was able to communicate, but some are not well explained

Was able to communicate the report in a manner well understood by the audience

Self Check

After studying this unit, you will be able to do the following.

Check I can…

infer that body structures help animals adapt and survive in their habitat.


enumerate different animals that live on land, in water, and both on land and in water.

compare body movements of animals in their habitat.

make a survey of animals found in the community and their specific habitats.

choose which animals to raise in a specific habitat.

Key Words

Adaptation It is a way of adjusting to the natural environment or habitat to survive.

Amphibious These are animals that live on both land and in water.

Baleen It is a special comb-like mouth part in whales that is used to filter the water and trap smaller organisms.

Behavioral adaptation

It is a type of animal adaptation in which animals do certain actions or behavior help them survive in their habitat.

Farm It is an area devoted to raising animals (and plants) for human use.

Camouflage It is a behavioral adaptation where the animal mimics the color of the environment.

Exoskeleton It is a hard cover that protects some animals’ soft boneless bodies but still allows them to move.

Filter feeders These are aquatic animals that feed on very small organisms like algae and planktons.


Forest It is a natural habitat with a lot of trees.

Garden It is a man-made area that has different kind of plants.

Grassland It is a habitat usually found in the hill or in the field where grasses are abundant.

Mimicry It is a type of behavioral adaptation where the animals copy the shape, sound, smell, taste, or color of other animals or objects.

Pond It is a small and still body of freshwater surrounded by land.

Population It represents the number of the same kind of animals living in one habitat.

Proboscis It is a thin tube-like mouth part in insects used to reach and suck nectar from flowers.

Structural adaptation

It is a type of animal adaptation wherein their physical features or body parts that help them in food-getting and for protection.

Survey It can be done to see how many kinds of animals there are in a habitat, and the population of each animal. Study the figure below.

Trachea These are tiny tubes in the abdomen in insects used to get oxygen.


Wrap Up

Animals

Photo Credits

Fig. 13. Just Breathe by Erik Chariton is licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Fig. 14. A Bivalvia Scallop by CSIRO, CSIRO ScienceImage is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.


https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ca/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2853_A_Bivalvia_Scallop.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/?theme=Running_Club


Fig. 15. Anim1090 by NOAA Photo Library is licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr. Fig. 36. Octopus3 by Albert Kok is licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Fig. 40. North-american-bullfrog-1 by Carol D. Howe is licensed under CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons. CYK 4.6. Small pond by Dennis Simpson is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

References

Hackett, Dr. Jay, Dr. Richard Moyer, Dr. Joanne Vasquez, Mulugheta

Teferi, M.A., Dinah Zike, M.Ed, Dr. Dorothy Terman, and Dr. Gerald Wheeler. 2013. Science A Closer Look 5. Quezon City: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia) and Phoenix Publishing House.

Society, National Geographic. "Adaptation." National Geographic

Society. October 09, 2012. Accessed June 17, 2017. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/adaptation.

Danika Painter. “Big BIG Bugs.” ASU-Ask A Biologist. June 10, 2012.

Accessed June 17, 2017. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/how-insects-breathe.

"Longest Time Breath Held Voluntarily (Male)". 2017. Guinness World

Records. Accessed June 23, 2017.http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-time-breath-held-voluntarily-(male).


https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/5187319399

https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/5187319399

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ca/

https://www.flickr.com/

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Octopus3.jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Albert_kok

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/?theme=Running_Club


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cdhowe

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/


http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5358373

https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/3462

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/


"NOAA's National Ocean Service Education: Estuaries". 2017.

Oceanservice.Noaa.Gov. Accessed June 23, 2017.http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar07b_crab.html.

"Cancer Magister". 2017. Bioweb.Uwlax.Edu. Accessed June 24,

2017.http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/luchterh_wesl/adaptions.htm.

"Frog Respiration". 2017. Brown.Edu. Accessed June 24,

2017.https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En123/MuscleExp/Frog%20Respiration.htm.

"National Geographic Kids |". 2017. National Geographic Kids. Accessed

June 24, 2017.http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/hippopotamus/#hippopotamus-closeup-water.jpg.

Wong, Kate. 2017. "How Geckos Get A Grip". Scientific American.

Accessed June 24, 2017.https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-geckos-get-a-grip/.

Paul, Robert C. 2017. "How Do Flies And Other Insects Walk Up Walls,

Ceilings And Even Apparentlysmooth Glass Windows? It Seems Unlikely That They Have Adhesive Feet--So Howdo They Do It?". Scientific American. Accessed June 24, 2017. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-flies-and-other-in/.


https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-geckos-get-a-grip/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-geckos-get-a-grip/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-flies-and-other-in/

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-flies-and-other-in/

Documents

Unit 7 Animals