Unit 6: Global Struggles 1931-1960. Chapter 19 A World in Flames 1931-1941 Adolf Hitler Emperor...
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Unit 6: Global Struggles 1931-1960. Chapter 19 A World in Flames 1931-1941 Adolf Hitler Emperor Hirohito Francisco Franco Benito Mussolini Pearl Harbor
Chapter 19 A World in Flames 1931-1941 Adolf Hitler Emperor
Hirohito Francisco Franco Benito Mussolini Pearl Harbor
Slide 3
I. America and the World A. Between the Wars - US determined
not to be drawn into another foreign war - worked for intl
agreements & arms control 1. 1919: US refuses to ratify Treaty
of Versailles. Why? 2. Problems in Europe a. Communism in Russia b.
Unrest in Germany c. widespread economic distress
Slide 4
3. Actions taken by US to prevent further overseas involvement
a. Ended draft b. 1921: Washington Conference 1 st successful
disarmament conference in US History c. 5/4/9 Power Treaty 1920s
treaties aimed at maintaining peace - 5/4 power treaty to prevent
hostile actions - 9 power treaty to keep China independent and open
to foreign trade
Slide 5
d. 1928: Kellogg Briand Pact pledged to renounce war as an
instrument of national policy. But no way to enforce it and it
didnt rule out defensive wars 4. War Debts & Reparations Europe
couldnt pay war debts. a. France & GB owed US b. Germany owed
France & GB c. Germany could not pay France & GB d. So
France & GB could not pay US 5. 1924: Dawes Plan US plan to
improve German economy so it could pay failed
Slide 6
B. The Rise of Dictators - after WWI, US hoped to aid in the
establishment of democracy throughout the world. Instead, in the
1920s-30s, totalitarian govts appeared in Italy, Germany, and the
USSR ALL used terror and force to suppress the opposition
Slide 7
1. Mussolini - Italy (Il Duce) a. Problems in Italy 1) Scorn
for Versailles Treaty didnt get Austrian territory 2) Economy
failing, political and class tensions 3) unemployment, inflation
led to strikes, fear of Communism b. Mussolini blamed problems on
Communists, corrupt biz leaders & weak politicians promised to
restore to Italy the honor, glory & prosperity of ancient Roman
Empire
Slide 8
c. founded Fascist party in 1919 1) Fascism stresses
nationalism and the supreme authority of the leader 2) believed
nations made great by expanding territory and building up military
3) nation more important than individual. Individualism = weakness
Believe, Obey, Fight The function of a citizen and a soldier are
inseparable
Slide 9
4) anti-communist: stood for protection of pvt property &
middle class; full employment for industrial workers; social
security; national prestige 5) organized blackshirts militia used
gang tactics to suppress strikes & attack leftist trade unions
Mussolini with Blackshirts 1922
Slide 10
Benito Mussolini Il Duce
Slide 11
2. Stalin Takes Over the USSR (1926) a. Bolshevik Revolution
1917 (Lenin) b. Instituted one-party rule, suppressed individual
liberties, punished opponents c. Stalin takes over 1926 - advocated
rapid industrialization, state control of farms his methods caused
famine and starvation. Kept control through series of purges -
killing or imprisoning political enemies and possible
opposition
Slide 12
Josef stalin
Slide 13
3. Hitler & Nazism a. political & economic chaos in
post-WWI Germany - economic burden of reparations and rebuilding +
skyrocketing inflation - Weimar Republic: A Democracy, but little
experience; weak & ineffective. - workers begin to support
Communists; upper class wants return to monarchy b. humiliated by
terms of WWI surrender Weimar Republics Paul Von Hindenburg
Slide 14
Terms of Treaty of Versailles
Slide 15
c. Adolf Hitler blamed Germanys problems on - Communists -
foreign powers who stripped Germany of its land & military
abilities at Versailles - Jews who controlled world finances d.
Mein Kampf: Hitler outlines his plan for Germany (from jail 1923) -
Germans are a superior race w/ right to conquer & rule other
peoples (especially Slavs/Jews) - Germany needed lebensraum (living
space) should expand east Mein Kampf became a best- seller in
Germany
Slide 16
e. Rose to power through Nazi Party (National Socialist German
Workers Party) Nazism = fanatical ideas of nationalism, German
racial superiority, and supremacy of the fuhrer f. 1932: Both
Communists & Nazis gain seats in German parliament
Slide 17
g. Hitler became President in 1934. Called himself der fuhrer.
Vowed to: 1) rebuild German economy 2) restore lands lost after WWI
3) to rearm Germany (in defiance of Treaty of Versailles)
Slide 18
Adolf Hitler
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
4. Francisco Franco - Spain a. Spanish Civil War 1936
republican govt vs fascists b. Germany & Italy helped arm
Francos fascist forces (German arms, weapons, new tactics are
battle tested) c. USSR helped loyalists. GB, France, US did nothing
d. Democracy lost
Slide 22
Francisco Franco "Our regime is based on bayonets and blood,
not on hypocritical elections. Francisco Franco
Slide 23
Ernest Hemingway was moved to write the following words after
witnessing the treachery and wastage of the ignominious Spanish
Civil War: "They wrote in the old days that it is sweet and fitting
to die for one's country. But in modern war there is nothing sweet
or fitting in your dying. You will die like a dog for no good
reason." Ernest Hemingway Notes for the Next War
Slide 24
5. Militarists Gain Control of Japan a. background. 1920s:
Japan had close ties with West, was developing democratic system b.
But economy suffering trade deficit, unemployment etc. c.
Nationalists/Military leaders, some biz leaders urged return to
glory of Japans past with absolute rule by emperor - Japan destined
to dominate East Asia - Preached virtues of territory
expansion
Slide 25
d. Why Expand? 1) expanding population 2) economic expansion
(defense contracts) 3) lack of natural resources e. Sept 1931:
military (w/o support of govt) invaded Manchuria, a resource-rich
province of China
Slide 26
f. Japanese civilian govt tried to intervene. Prime Minister
and many other supporters of democracy assassinated g. Series of
military officers now serving as Prime Minister h. League of
Nations complained Japan simply withdrew from L of N
Slide 27
Slide 28
C. America Turns to Neutrality - America supports Isolationism
the belief that the US should avoid intl commitments that might
drag US into another foreign war 1. Isolationism a. Isolationism
grew in popularity. Why? 1) war debt Europeans werent paying loans
2) belief that US arms manufacturers influenced WWI
Slide 29
Nye Committee Findings
Slide 30
b. Nye Committee confirmed that arms manufacturers made huge
profits believed these companies influenced US decision to enter
war
Slide 31
2. Legislating Neutrality supporting Isolationism a. Neutrality
Act (1935) barred sale of munitions to all belligerents (nations at
war) b. 1936: another Neutrality Act passed to ban sale of arms to
either side in a civil war - reaction to Spanish Civil war (1936)
c. Neutrality Act of 1937 continued ban on arms sales to
belligerents but allowed sale of nonmilitary supplies - on cash and
carry basis & on their own ships - reaction to Rome-Berlin Axis
and Anti-Comintern Act (Japan & Germany agree to exchange info
about commies) thus, Germany, Japan, Italy = Axis Powers
Slide 32
For or Against neutrality??
Slide 33
3. Roosevelt & Internationalism a. FDR an internationalist
(not an isolationist) believes trade btwn nations creates
prosperity & helps prevent war b. Japan attacks China again in
July 1937 - FDR oks sale of weapons to China - this he says, does
not violate Neutrality Act, as neither side declared war A survivor
after intense bombing during the Japanese attack on Shanghai's
South Station. August 1937.
Slide 34
Rape of Nanking Btwn Dec.1937 and March 1938 Japanese troops
captured Nanking (then the Capital of China) and embarked on a
campaign of murder, rape and looting. An estimated 250,000 and
300,000 (out of 600,000 total) killed, many of them women and
children. # women raped is estimated at 20,000+ w/ many accts of
civilians being hacked to death. Like other genocides, some refute
this atrocity (acct by BBC
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/39166.stm)
Slide 35
Rape of Nanking Japanese soldiers carrying rifles on their
shoulders walk across a bridge, through a pillared gate, into the
walled city of Nanking, China. Chinese men rounded up by the
Japanese, in Nanking. Japanese Troops raising rifles in victory
somewhere near Nanking
Slide 36
II. World War II Begins A. Pre-War German Aggression 1. 1935:
Germany rearms (violating Treaty of Versailles) a. Natl pride soars
b. German economy improves unemployment fell, new opportunities
grew c. Result? Devotion to Hitler grew d. No reaction from
France/Britain
Slide 37
2. 1936: Germany sent military into Rhineland (demilitarized
region along border w/ France) again, in violation of the T of V -
no reaction from France whose army could easily have overpowered
German forces at this time
Slide 38
3. March 1938: Austrian Anschluss the annexation of Austria
(again, a violation of the T of V) a. part of Hitlers goal to unite
German-speaking people b. Germany stood to gain territory, food,
soldiers, defensible frontier c. Austrians divided over the issue,
but little intl opposition to the takeover
Slide 39
4. Sept. 1938: Munich Conference a. Hitler lays claim to the
Sudetenland = German speaking region in Czechoslovakia b. Unlike
Austrians, Czechs wanted to resist. + very diff. scenario ** Czech.
= democracy ** Czech. in defense alliance w/ USSR & France **
multilingual (not just German)
Slide 40
c. Munich Conference : Britain, France, Germany & Italy
agree to allow Germans to occupy Sudetenland ( APPEASEMENT!! ) -
Brit PM Neville Chamberlain declares that there would be peace in
our time. d. March 1939: Hitler seizes the rest of Czechoslovakia -
Britain & France realize that appeasement had failed
Slide 41
5. Oct 1938: Hitler demands return of Danzig (Baltic Sea Port)
from Poland + hwy & RR across Polish corridor - March 1939:
Brits & French announce plan to defend Poland - Poland refuses
Hitlers demands knowing Brits & French will come to her
aid
Slide 42
6. Aug 1939: Brits & French asked for USSR support for
Poland, but instead, Stalin informed them of one of the centurys
biggest diplomatic surprises - The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact -
Germany free to attack Poland and elsewhere w/o USSR opposition -
Stalin agreed to this pact believing that the USSR would be
protected by turning the capitalists against e/o (Germany vs.
GB/France) - contained secret deal to divide Poland btwn
Germany/USSR
Slide 43
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
Slide 44
German Aggression Prior to Outbreak of WWII
Slide 45
The Big Question Why did European leaders do nothing to stop
the Nazis in Germany in the early1930s when they had the
chance?
Slide 46
Answer/Explanation? a. Memory of WWI horrors of war b. Fear of
Soviet communism - strong Germany = good balance against Soviets c.
Objections to the Treaty of Versailles d. Hope for compromise w/
Germany - thought some of his demands were reasonable - believed
appeasement would work (appeasement = accepting demands in hope of
avoiding conflict)
Slide 47
B. The War Begins 1. Sept 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland (from
west; USSR from east) a. Blitzkrieg lightning war b. Sept 3, 1939:
GB and France declare war on Germany, but Poland cant be saved
(divided btwn Germany/USSR) c. USSR takes over Baltics, invades
Finland Nov. 1939 d. US response? Neutral but Neutrality Act of
1939: allowed sale of arms to belligerents, but no US ships in war
zone
Slide 48
2. Germany targets France a. Last months of 1939: Sitzkrieg;
Phony War; Bore War not much action b. French & British troops
in France on the defensive. - Maginot Line: a line of concrete
bunkers & fortifications along German border
Slide 49
Maginot line Anti-Tank Defenses on the Maginot Line
Slide 50
c. April 1940: German unleashes blitzkrieg into neutral
Denmark, then Norway d. To get to France, Hitler went around the
Maginot Line, invading Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg The
thing about the Maginot Line was that it pointed to exactly the
spot where the French Army could be found; therefore, the Germans
avoided it.
Slide 51
3. May 1940: Miracle at Dunkirk a. Brit and French Armies
trapped in Belgium b. Germans captured all ports except Dunkirk -
(in France on Belgian border) c. Brits sent over 850 ships
(warships, sailboats, fishing boats etc) across English Channel to
Dunkirk - rescued 338,000 Brit & French troops!!!! But almost
all of Brits army equipment was left behind d. Americans
inspired!
Slide 52
Miracle at Dunkirk Rescue at Dunkirk
Slide 53
4. June 1940: The Fall of France a. June 5: Germany invades
France b. France surrenders June 22, 1940 c. West & North of
France under Nazi Rule - rest of France governed by neutral but
German friendly regime = Vichy
Slide 54
Fall of France German soldiers marching past the Arc de
Triomphe after the surrender of Paris, 14 June 1940
Slide 55
Fall of France
Slide 56
d. Only Britain left to fight against Hitler and Nazi
Germany
Slide 57
C. The British 1. Winston Churchill = new Prime Minister of
Britain a. Germany expects Brits to negotiate peace b. Churchills
response? We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight in the
fields and in the streets, we shall never surrender!
Slide 58
2. July-Oct 1940: Battle of Britain a. Air war b. German
Luftwaffe (LW) vs. British Royal Air Force (RAF) c. Germanys plan?
- to disrupt wartime production & break British civilian morale
d. Germanys mistake? - Luftwaffe bombs London accidentally, RAF
responds by bombing Berlin. Hitler furious orders LW to stop
bombing military targets to focus on bombing London * duh what
about that wartime production! RAF Spitfire LW Heinkel HE 111
Slide 59
3. Oct 1940: Hitler gives up on invasion of England. What
happened? a. RADAR: Brits able to detect incoming LW aircraft and
intercept them b. LW: poor leadership etc. See attached article:
How the Luftwaffe lost the Battle of Britain Notice that Luftwaffe
greatly outnumbered RAF
Slide 60
Churchill to the RAF Fighter Pilots The gratitude of every home
in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world,
except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen
who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and
mortal danger, are turning the tide of the world war by their
prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict
was so much owed by so many to so few.
Slide 61
III.The Holocaust A. Nazi Persecution of Jews 1. Nazi Ideology:
aim of Hitlers regime to create a European world dominated and
populated by the Aryan race as outlined in Mein Kampf - plan to
eradicate undesirables (based on who you were genetic, cultural,
health or what you did )
Slide 62
2. Jews: (Undesirable based on who you were) - already
centuries of anti- Semitism in Europe a. Nuremberg Laws 1) stripped
of German citizenship 2) banned intermarriage 3) disenfranchised
& loss of most political rights 4) defined Jew as anyone w/ 3
or 4 Jewish gdparents (nothing to do w/ religious beliefs)
Slide 63
b. Nov 1938: Kristallnacht - Nazis burned synagogues, &
vandalized Jewish biz - Gestapo (German secret police): arrested
20,000+ Released if they agreed to emigrate & surrender all
their possessions Cities where synagogues were destroyed
Slide 64
3. Other undesirables b/c of who you are a. Poles & other
Slavs considered untermenschen (subhuman); an obstacle to gaining
lebensraum for German race b. Roma (gypsies) considered asocial
& racially inferior c. Physically or mentally disabled
threatened the Nazi plan for human perfection faced sterilization
or euthanasia Gypsy Patch
Slide 65
4. Undesirable based on what you did a. Political dissidents
& dissenting Clergy b. Homosexuals considered an obstacle to
keeping Aryan birthrate high c. Jehovahs Witnesses for refusal to
salute flags, Heil Hitler or to serve in German army Jehovahs
Witness inmates were identified by purple triangles on their
uniforms. Dietrich Bonhoeffer: German Lutheran Pastor &
Anti-Hitler resistance fighter executed April, 1945
Slide 66
Undesirables Prisoners standing during a roll call. Each wears
a striped hat and uniform bearing colored, triangular badges and
identification numbers. 1. German political prisoner. 2. Criminal
prisoner - German or other nationality. 3. Political prisoners of
other nations, e.g. 'P' Polish; 'L' Luxembourg, etc. 4. Homosexual,
'gay' 5. Antisocial called 'Arbeitsscheue' (to shy to work)- mostly
German prostitutes, pimps, etc. 6. 'Bibelforscher' (Jehovah's
Witnesses) 7. Jew, political or racial. 8. 'Emigranten' (Migrants)
- Members of International Brigade of Spanish War. 9. Jews,
criminals, mostly because of financial 'offences' e.g. transactions
or non-disclosure of foreign currencies.
Slide 67
B. Jewish Emigration 1. 1933-1939: 350,000 German Jews emigrate
(exit) ex. Einstein & other Jewish Scientists to US; Anne Frank
family to Holland a. What prohibited more Jewish immigration into
the US? 1) Jews prohibited from taking more than $4 from Germany 2)
1920s immigration quotas in US 3) high unemployment in 1930s US
restricted immigration further Albert Einstein
Slide 68
2. German transatlantic liner St. Louis ( May 1939) a. 930
Jewish refugees arrive in Havana, Cuba hoping to get to US b. Cuban
govt refused to allow refugees ashore c. Denied permission to land
in US d. Back to Europe - June, appx 250 died in Holocaust
Slide 69
C. The Final Solution 1. Berlin 1942: Wannsee Conference a.
Nazi leaders met to determine Final Solution to the Jewish question
b. Previous methods too slow & inefficient c. Plan to send Jews
and other undesirables to -concentration camps -extermination
camps
Slide 70
2. Concentration Camps a. Detention centers for healthy
individuals b. Work as slave laborers until they died of
exhaustion, disease or malnutrition Bergen Belsen Concentration
Camp
Slide 71
3. Extermination Camps a. Detention centers for the elderly,
the sick, and young children b. Execution in massive gas chambers
c. Auschwitz could kill 2000 at a time/12,000 per day - appx 1.6
million killed there
Slide 72
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Slide 73
D. How could this happen? Theories 1. Germanys sense of injury
after WWI 2. Severe Economic problems 3. Hitlers grip on the nation
4. lack of a strong tradition of representative govt in Germany 5.
fear of Gestapo 6. Long history of anti-Semitism in Europe
Slide 74
The Holocaust
Slide 75
IV.America Enters the War A. America Supports England 1.
Neutrality Act of 1939 a. US officially neutral: BUT found a way to
help Britain & France b. Revise neutrality laws: allow warring
countries to buy arms from US as long as cash & carry
Slide 76
2. Sept 1940: Destroyers for Bases Deal a. Churchill asks FDR
for destroyers to protect Brit cargo ships from U-boats & to
block German attempts to invade Britain b. FDR gave Brits 50 aging
destroyers in exchange for free 99 yr lease of British Naval Bases
in Canada & Caribbean c. Since deal wasnt a sale, Neutrality
Act didnt apply
Slide 77
B. The Isolationist Debate in US 1. Support for Brits increases
(thanks to Dunkirk & Invasion of France) 2. America First
Committee a. Favored continued isolation b. Opposed to ANY US
intervention or aid to Allies c. Famous members: Charles Lindbergh,
Senator Nye
Slide 78
C. Election of 1940 1. FDR reelected for unprecedented 3 rd
term - breaks precedent b/c he believed a change in leaders would
not be in the best interest of the country at that time 2. FDR
promises to keep US boys out of war
Slide 79
1940 Election
Slide 80
D. FDR aids our Allies as US edges closer to WAR 1. Jan 1941:
In 4-Freedoms Speech, FDR claims US has a duty to assist
democracies at war to protect: The Four Freedoms: 1) Freedom of
Speech 2) Freedom of Worship 3) Freedom from Want 4) Freedom from
Fear
Slide 81
The Four Freedoms Freedom of Speech Freedom of Worship Freedom
from Want Freedom from Fear A Series by American Artist, Norman
Rockwell
Slide 82
2. March 1941: Lend-Lease Act a. Problem: Brits out of $$$. FDR
must come up w/ way to remove cash requirement from neutrality act
b. Solution: LEND-LEASE Act 1) allowed US to sell, lend, or lease
war materials to any nation whose defense was vital to US
security
Slide 83
2) US could send weapons to Brits if they promised to return or
pay rent for them after the war c. FDR argued that US should be the
arsenal of democracy b/c if Britain fell, Axis would conquer the
world & Americans would be living at the point of a gun
Arsenal: an establishment for the manufacture or storage of arms
and military equipment
Slide 84
US = Arsenal of Democracy
Slide 85
3. June 1941: Germany invades USSR!! Operation Barbarossa a.
Violation of the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact b. US begins to
send aid to USSR: the enemy of my enemy is my friend
Slide 86
Operation Barbarossa
Slide 87
Stalin Betrayed! US aid follows (Lend-Lease)
Slide 88
4. Hemispheric Defense Zone a. FDR declares entire western of
Atlantic as part of Western Hemisphere (OUR hemisphere!!) b.
Neutral territory c. US Navy ordered to patrol it to reveal
location of German U- Boats to the Brits who could sink them
Slide 89
5. Aug 1941: Atlantic Charter a. FDR & Churchill plan for
the post -war era and commit to : 1) democracy 2) nonaggression 3)
free trade 4) economic advancement 5) freedom of the seas
Slide 90
b. Sept. 1941: USS Greer Incident 1) U-boat fires on the Greer,
a US destroyer that was radioing U-Boats position to the Brits 2)
FDR orders US ships to follow a shoot on sight policy toward German
U- boats c. Oct 1941: USS Reuben James torpedoed, 115 US sailors
dead d. Late 1941, US & Germany in tense standoff in North
Atlantic
Slide 91
D. Japan Attacks US 1. FDRs pre-war objective? To help Brits
defeat Germany a. Brits Navy cant protect its Asian colonies b. FDR
institutes policies to discourage Japan from attacking Brits Asian
empire
Slide 92
2. The policies: a. Export Control Act: restricted sale of
strategic materials to Japan b. Sent Lend-Lease aid to China c.
Froze Japanese assets in US d. Cut off oil exports to Japan
Slide 93
3. Japanese Reaction? Believed that only the US stood in its
way to unite all East Asia under Japanese control - Japan made
plans to: 1) attack British & Dutch colonies in SE Asia 2)
seize the Philippines 3) attack US Naval fleet at Pearl Harbor
Slide 94
Japanese Plans
Slide 95
4. Dec 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor
Timeline USS Arizona burning after forward magazine explodes
killing 1177 US sailors A date which will live in infamy
Slide 96
Slide 97
5. The Result? a. 21 ships sunk or damaged; 188 airplanes
destroyed; 2403 Americans killed b. What did they miss? - The
aircraft carriers!!! (they were at sea)
Slide 98
6. Dec 8, 1941: US declares war on Japan President Roosevelt
Asks Congress for a Declaration of War on Japan
Slide 99
7. Dec 11, 1941: Germany and Italy Declare War on US Lil
Hitler