WARMUP (in notebook)

How were the policies of Hitler, Mussolini, and Hirohito similar?

Why would these leaders be classified as fascists?

What is the difference between an authoritarian government and a totalitarian government?

Unit 7: WWII

Why did the US enter WWII?

Essential Question

TotalitarianismGovernments that restrict personalfreedoms and political opposition

Italy- Benito Mussolini:

Dictator who strengthened the military

& took control of Italy

JapanEmperor Hirohito & military leaders take power;Japan takes over Chinese territory of Manchuria

Germany- Adolf Hitler

Gained power in 1933;violently anti-Semitic

leader of the Third Reich

Event Response/Effect

Mussolini & Italyinvade Ethiopia

League of Nations imposessanctions; no real effect

Germany annexes theRhineland, Austria, &

the Sudetenland

Appeasement – Giving into demands in order toavoid future conflicts

Munich Pact – Germanypromises not to capture

any more territory

Germany signsNon-Aggression Pactwith the Soviet Union

Germany plans to attackFrance; Germany & USSR

will split Poland

FDR stated neutrality, but at the same time he knew action would

eventually have to be taken.

Timeline of Events leading to US entrance into WWII September 8, 1939

FDR calls Congress into a special session to revise the Neutrality Acts.

The Neutrality Acts had been passed in 1935 which outlawed sales of arms or loans to nations in war or in civil war.

At this time, FDR asked to allow American arms to be sold to warring nations if they paid cash and shipped them in their own ships (cash and carry)

After six weeks, Congress passed FDR’s request.

“ I do not believe that we can become an arsenal for one belligerent without becoming

a target for another.”-Senator Arthur Vandenberg

What steps would the US take in the next few months to make it less

neutral?

Event Response/Effect

Germany’s war technique“blitzkrieg” – lightning war

rapid air & land strikes,overpower enemies

Germany captures most ofEurope, including France

Battle of BritainGermany bombs Britain

almost daily (July-Oct 1940)

Leadership of P.M.Winston Churchill helps

Great Britain win,Germany calls off attack

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII Spring to Summer 1940

Even with cash and carry in effect, allied forces continue to fall in Europe.

September 1940Japan, Germany, and Italy signed a mutual

defense treaty, known as the Tripartite Pact, and are referred to as the Axis Powers.

This pact was similar to the alliances of WWI.

This meant that if the US decided to enter WWII, it would have to

fight on two fronts, not just one.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII November 1940

FDR re-elected to a third term with 55 % of the vote.

Shortly afterward, the President begins to prepare the nation for war, stating that we would need to be the “great arsenal of democracy.”

Didn’t we learn our lesson from WWI?

What made it different this time?

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII Winter 1940

Britain runs out of money to purchase arms from the United States.

FDR proposes a new program, known as lend-lease.

Under this provision, the US would lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country “whose defense was vital to the United States.”

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII Winter 1940

FDR steps up his aid of military equipment to Britain.

Under “Lend-Lease”, the US gave Britain ships to borrow in exchange for leases on their bases in other parts of the world.

At the same time, FDR asks congress to increase defense spending, which they approve in addition to instituting a draft.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII Spring 1941

Although isolationists fought lend-lease, Congress passes the provision with an initial appropriation of $7 billion, eventually spending $50 billion.

June 22, 1941Hitler ignores peace treaty with Soviet Union

and invades with 3 million troops. Lend-lease is eventually extended to the Soviet Union as well due to their scorched earth policy of warfare.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII Spring 1941

To stop shipment of arms, the Germans once again deploy U-Boats into the Atlantic Ocean, usually in groups of 15-20 known as Wolf Packs.

In five weeks alone in 1941, the Germans successfully sank 1.2 million tons of British shipping.

June 1941FDR orders the US navy to protect lend-lease

shipments as far as Iceland and to attack U-Boats in necessary for self-defense.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII August 1941

Congress authorized the draft for another 18 months, with high isolationist opposition.

FDR and Churchill meet secretly off of Newfoundland and agree to the Atlantic Charter.

The document spelled out what the goals of Britain and the US would be after the end of WWII.

Atlantic Charter Provisions No territorial expansion No territorial changes without consent of inhabitants People should be allowed to choose their form of

government Free trade among nations Encourage international cooperation A secure peace based on freedom from want or fear Disarmament of aggressors A permanent system of general security

DOES THIS SOUND FAMILIAR? THINK BACK!

How was this similar to Wilson’s 14 points?

- Atlantic Charter (1941)FDR meets with Churchill,

strengthens alliance

- Lend-Lease Act (1940)US can send aid to anynation whose defense

was vital to US nationalsecurity (i.e. Allies)

The US Moves Towards Intervention:

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII September 4, 1941

German U-boats fire on the USS Greer, and FDR responds by commanding that US shoot German ships on sight.

This move essentially started the naval war between the US and Germany

Fall 194126 nations sign the Atlantic Charter, now known as

the “Declaration by the United Nations.” These 26 nations become known as the Allies, counterpart to the Axis.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII Fall 1941

As shipping incidents increase, the US senate repeals the ban against arming merchant ships, making us one step closer to war.

What was happening on the other side of the ocean? While the US seem preoccupied with

Germany, Japan was increasing to build up its war machine.

By July of 1941, Japan had invaded Manchuria (1931), China (1937), Indochina (1941), and many of the outlying islands except for those occupied by the United States.

By now, tensions were mounting between these two nations.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII July 1941

As the Japanese entered Indochina, the US responded by cutting off trade with Japan, imposing an embargo.

At the heart of this embargo was oil, which Japan needed for its war machine.

Japanese Navy informs government that oil reserves will be exhausted within two years.

Japanese begin planning invasion of Southeast Asia to take oil fields in Dutch East Indies.

October 1941Japanese general Hideki Tojo becomes prime minister of Japan,

promising to attempt peace with the Americans, but to go to war if they failed.

Japan fears an attack on British and Dutch colonies will cause the U.S. to enter the war.Begins planning for attack on Pearl Harbor to

neutralize U.S. Pacific Fleet. Goals of the attack

Destroy or disable the Pacific Fleet battleships.Destroy or disable the Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers.Destroy fuel storage and repair facilities at Pearl

Harbor. Hirohito approves plan for war against U.S.,

Holland, and Britain on Nov. 5, 1941. Attack planed for early December if diplomatic

solution not reached.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII November 5, 1941

Japan sends a peace envoy to Washington, but at the same time orders the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the US.

Late November, 1941US intelligence breaks Japanese code, discovering

that an attack was likely on the United States by Japan, but it was unknown when or where this would occur.

FDR issues a war warning to forces in Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines while peace talks continued.

The Plan of attack

Japanese will attack harbor with three waves of planes from their aircraft carriers.

First two waves will destroy battleships and airfields, third wave will destroy fuel storage and repair facilities.

5 midget subs will sneak into harbor and torpedo ships.

U.S. Preparedness Planes at airbases parked in the open,

close together to protect against sabotage. Battleships moored side by side in rows for

the same reason. U.S. radar station picks up approaching

Japanese planes, but report is misinterpreted.

Attack begins at 7:48a.m. Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941U.S. Fleet caught totally by surprise, most

sailors asleep below deck.

Timeline of events leading to US entering WWII December 6, 1941

US intelligence intercepts another Japanese message that instructed the peace envoy to reject all American peace proposals.

FDR fears war is likely

December 7, 1941Japanese air forces attack Pearl Harbor.After about two hours, Japan lost 29 planes while the

US lost 2 battleships (and 16 ships damaged), 188 planes (159 damaged), and about 2400 soldiers.

- US/Japan Priorto the Attack:

US trade embargo;trying to halt

Japanese expansion

- Japan attacks Pearl Harbor:Dec. 7, 19412,400 killed, 2,400 killed,

188 aircraft destroyed; 188 aircraft destroyed; US declares war on JapanUS declares war on Japan

- Tripartite PactMilitary alliance betweenMilitary alliance betweenGermany, Italy, & JapanGermany, Italy, & Japan

Japan’s Push to Intervention:

http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,1313122074001_2101696,00.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwxQgoY&safe=active

Consequences 3rd wave not launched, Japanese fail to

destroy fuel storage and repair facilities. U.S. aircraft carriers not at Pearl Harbor on

Dec. 7th

Japanese surprise attack causes American public to instantly change isolationist views.

The next day, FDR addressed a joint session of Congress, asking for a resolution of war against Japan.

U.S. declares war on Japan on Dec. 8, 1941. Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. on

Dec. 11, 1941

1942 Newsreel

http://archive.org/details/NewsPara1942