Unit 5HS260 Anatomy, Physiology & ChemistryAmy Habeck, RD, MS, LDN

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Questions?

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Objectives

•Answer your questions•Review chapter 14: Respiratory System•Chapter 15: Digestive System

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Types of Respiration

•Pulmonary ventilation: breathing or external respiration

•Internal respiration: exchange of gasses between the blood and cells of the body

•Cellular respiration: use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism

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What is the function of respiration?

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What is the function of respiration?•Air distribution

▫Supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide from cells

•Gas exchange•Warms, filters and humidifies the air we

breathe

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Structure of Respiratory System•Tube with many branches ending in

millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs▫What are these sacs called?

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Structure of Respiratory System•Tube with many branches ending in

millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs▫What are these sacs called?

Alveoli•The alveoli distribute air close enough to

blood for a gas exchange to take place between air and blood. ▫What is this transport process called?

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Structure of Respiratory System•Tube with many branches ending in

millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs▫What are these sacs called?

Alveoli•The alveoli distribute air close enough to

blood for a gas exchange to take place between air and blood. ▫What is this transport process called?

Diffusion

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Upper Respiratory Tract•Nose

▫External nares▫Nasal cavities

•Pharynx▫Nasopharynx▫Oropharynx▫Laryngoharynx

•Larynx (voice box)▫Vocal cords▫Glottis▫Epiglotttis ▫Thyroid cartilage

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Lower Respiratory Tract•Trachea (windpipe)

▫15-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage

▫Produces and moves mucus up to the pharynx

•Bronchial tree▫Primary (right and left)

bronchi•Lungs

▫Secondary bronchi▫Bronchioles▫Alveolar ducts▫Alveolar sacs▫Alveoli

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InspirationDiaphragm 1_____________, volume of thorax 2_______________ and pressure 3 ____________, causing air to fill the lungs.

ExpirationDiaphragm returns to 4_____________, volume of thorax 5_______________ and pressure 6____________, forcing air from the lungs.

InspirationDiaphragm contracts, volume of thorax increases and pressure decreases, causing air to fill the lungs.

ExpirationDiaphragm returns to upward position, volume of thorax decreases and pressure increases, forcing air from the lungs.

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

•Respond to stretch in lungs•Protects respiratory organs from over

inflation•Air inspired – lungs expand, stimulating

the stretch receptors to inhibit inspiration – relaxation of inspiratory muscles occurs – expiration follows

•Air expired – lungs deflate, inhibiting the stretch receptors – inspiration allowed to start again

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What is the function of the respiratory mucosa?•It is different from the respiratory

membrane and serves a different purpose.▫Respiratory membrane: separates the air

in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries

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What is the function of the respiratory mucosa?•Respiratory Mucosa

▫Covered with mucus▫Lines the tubes of the respiratory tree▫Cleanses the air by trapping bacteria▫Mucus forms a “blanket” that moves

contaminants upward to the pharynx with the help of the hairline cilia that line the respiratory mucosa

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Questions?

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Digestive System (Alimentary Canal)

•29 feet long•Two types of digestion

▫1.▫2.

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Digestive System (Alimentary Canal)

•29 feet long•Two types of digestion

▫1. mechanical Chewing or deglutition Churning of stomach Defecation

▫2. chemical Digestive enzymes and other chemicals

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What are the three kinds of processing that food undergo in the body?•1.•2.•3.

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What are the three kinds of processing that food undergo in the body?•Digestion•Absorption•Metabolism

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What are the four layers of the digestive tract?•1.•2.•3.•4.

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What are the four layers of the digestive tract?1. Mucosa or mucous membrane2. Submucosa3. Muscularis4. Serosa

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Salivary Glands

•What is the largest salivary gland?

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Salivary Glands

•Parotid gland: largest salivary gland, lies just below and in front of each ear at the angle of the jaw

•Submandibular glands: open on either side of the lingual frenulum

•Sublingual glands: open into the floor of the mouth

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Digestion•Carbohydrate

▫Salivary amylase in mouth▫Pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes

digest starches and sugars•Protein

▫Pepsin in stomach▫Trypsin and peptidases in small intestine

•Fat▫Emulsification by bile in the duodenum▫Pancreatic lipase splits up fat into fatty

acids and glycerol

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Digestion-Let’s Practice

•Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin?

•Where does digestion of protein begin?•Where does digestion of fat begin?

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Digestion-Let’s Practice•Where does digestion of carbohydrate

begin?▫In the mouth with salivary amylase▫The majority takes place in the duodenum

with intestinal enzymes sucrase, maltase and lactase

•Where does digestion of protein begin?▫In the stomach with gastric juice containing

pepsin and HCl▫It continues in the small intestine with

trypsin & peptidases•Where does digestion of fat begin?

▫In the duodenum with pancreatic juice containing lipase

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What are the three divisions of the stomach?•1.•2.•3.

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What are the three divisions of the stomach?•1. fundus: enlarged portion to the left of

and above the opening of the esophagus in to the stomach

•2. body: central part of the stomach•3. pylorus: lower narrow section, which

joins the first part of the small intestine

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What are the three sections of the small intestine?•1.•2.•3.

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What are the three sections of the small intestine?•1. duodenum•2. jejunum•3. ileum

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Liver and Gallbladder

•Liver is an exocrine gland▫Cells secrete bile into ducts

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Pancreas

•Both an exocrine and endocrine gland•Why?

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Pancreas

•Both an exocrine and endocrine gland•Exocrine

▫Secretes pancreatic juice into ducts•Endocrine

▫Secretes hormones into the blood

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Large Intestine

•About 5 feet in length•What are the subdivisions of the large

intestine?

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Large Intestine

•What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?▫Cecum▫Ascending colon▫Transverse colon▫Descending colon▫Sigmoid colon▫Rectum▫Anal canal

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Questions?

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Slide 42

A function of respiratory organs is to

A. Maintain stable CO2 concentration in the bodyB. Maintain stable O2 concentration in the body

C. Distribute air to the lungsD. Warm and humidify breathed airE. All of the above are correct

Slide 43

After leaving the trachea during inspiration, air then moves into the

A. Primary bronchiB. Secondary bronchiC. LarynxD. PharynxE. Alveoli

Slide 44

If the volume of the thorax increases, then a person will

A. ExpireB. Inspire

Slide 45As a person begins exercising,we should expect theirtidal volume to ? over time.

A. IncreaseB. Decrease

Slide 46

Chemoreceptors detect an increase of CO2 in the blood. What will happen next?

A. Rate of breathing increasesB. Rate of breathing decreasesC. No change in rate of breathing

Slide 47The roof of the mouth is also called the

A. PharynxB. UvulaC. FrenulumD. PalateE. Papilla

Slide 48

After material leaves the stomach, it then enters the

A. ColonB. JejunumC. DuodenumD. IleumE. Esophagus

Slide 49

Proteins are digested into ? and then absorbed.

A. MonosaccharidesB. DisaccharidesC. Peptide groupsD. Amino acidsE. Fatty acids

Slide 50

Emulsification is a type of ? digestion.A. Chemical B. Mechanical

Slide 51

Most nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the

A. StomachB. ColonC. Small intestineD. LiverE. Pancreas

AnimationsTo help you study for unit 6 exam•1. Respiratory mucosa•2. Mouth and Initiation of Mechanical

Digestion•3. Pharynx•4. Small Intestine

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Farewell•Thank you for your kind attention and

participation!•Email any time -ahabeck@kaplan.edu•Call if your matter is urgent

▫630 323 3307•Follow me on Twitter

▫@ProfAmyH

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