UNIT 35 - esec.edu.pe

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM 51

ADVANCED

UNIT 35

• ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Participle Forms, Position and Punctuation of Participial Phrases, General Form Participle – Active Voice.

• SPEAK UP

- Discussion

• READING COMPREHENSION: Thirsting for Water

- Listening

- Matching Expressions

• GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT

- Debate


Unit 35Unit 35

Thirsting for WaterThirsting for WaterThirsting for Water

a. An Environmental Engineer only works on water treatment processes, because that´s his career. _____

b. Phosphorus, fine sediments and excess nutrients deposits, are the principal

d. Fine sediments are the only and unique way of polluted waters. _____

2. Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution can cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked. Discuss with your classmates about this topic.

LISTENING

sources of pollution in rivers and other bodies of water. _____

experts use every day. _____

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READING COMPREHENSION:

3. Listen and complete the missing words.

c. There are a lot of new methods and treatments for polluted water that

Discussion:

1. You will now listen an Environmental Engineer that dedicates his life to help and prevent pollution. Write true or false. If false explain why.

SPEAK UPSPEAK UPSPEAK UP

UNIT 35

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM54

The organization suggests that this scarcity, occurring even in areas with abundant rainfall or large amounts of

fresh water, is due to the way in which water is used and distributed. This _______________, but also

agriculture, industry, and the environment.

Even though it is a basic human right, access to water is becoming increasing limited as a result of serious

environmental problems, pollution of water sources, and industrial water use.

We Are Water

The world bank suggest that one person needs five gallons of potable water per day to ______ metabolic,

household, and personal hygiene needs.The World Health Organization (WHO) assumes more

_______________ of thirteen to twenty-six gallons per day.

Access to water is a recognized human right as per Resolution 64/292 of the United Nations General Assembly,

dated July 28, 2010. It is so basic that all the rights essentially flow from the _________ of water. Nonetheless,

four out of every ten people experience water scarcity and, as the WHO _____________, “The situation is

getting worse owing to population growth, urban development, and increased domestic and industrial water

use”.

Despite the already manifest scarcity of water, the United Nations 2014 World Water Development Reports

notes that worldwide demand for water will grow approximately 55% by the year 2050, “mainly due to

increasing demand from production (400%) ___________________ (140%), and domestic consumption

(130%).” By that same date, more than 40% of the world's population will live in areas with serious water

issues.

Most of the world's water goes to agriculture, even though much of this activity produces material for biofuels

rather than food for ____________. Domestic consumption makes up the second largest category of water use.

However, it is industry-particularly the energy industry-that is taking an ever-larger slice of the

___________________.

The United Nations Water and Energy report states that 90% of global electricity production requires water and

any decision made in one sector, for better or worse, influences the other, since water and energy supplies

are_____________. Considering the number of regional conflicts related to the use of water in Latin America,

these decisions seem to be being made without considering the needs of all users.

During the 156th session of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), held in October of

2015, various civil society organizations expressed the fear that “Latin America is heading toward increasing

problems of exploitation of water sources,” given the growing _______________ on natural resources by

extractive activities, “particularly dam construction and mining.

Water-Use Conflicts in the Americas

In Chile, for example, the Mapuches are fighting to conserve the Pichitrankura River in the Curarrehue

community in Araucanía. There are plans to build a control center there for the Central Añihuarraqui

hydroelectric project, but the Mapuches insist that its construction would affect “ spiritually significant areas”

and divide communities.

The southern country follows __________________________ use rights (WUR) that allows for free

exchanges of WUR in the goods and services markets and allocates a certain volume of water to be used

exclusively by the holders of these rights. ______________, water is a private asset for sale.

Similarly, over last six years Panama has built twenty-three water plants to supply the needs of a market that

demands 6% percent more energy every year, the largest percentage of which goes to cooling the shopping

centers and offices of Panama City. _________________ of these dams were built on three rivers in Chiriqui

province. The rivers supply water to communities and peoples who grow potatoes, vegetables, grains, and fruit.

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DEBATE

4. Answer the following questions.

d. What would it happen if we run out of water?

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c. How does it affect the increase of population concerning the responsibility for scarcity of

water?

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5. Express your opinions and discuss about them.

a. What causes water shortage?

Factors that provide to the production of goods and services include entrepreneurship, labor,

capital, and land-including water and other natural resources. As a result of the scarcity of

water, some cities and water suppliers can take advantage of the situation by afflicting

excessive prices for it due to the natural ramification of a shortage in economics. A shortage,

which implies that the market price is below equilibrium, is resolved through higher prices.

The higher price would promote profit-maximizing suppliers to increase quantity supplied.

The higher price would also discourage waste and encourage conservation, thereby reducing

quantity demanded. Ultimately, if market forces were able to resolve water scarcity, an

equilibrium price and quantity would be reached. However, putting a high price on water

could cause it to simply redistribute from conserving poor to the wasteful wealthy. This will

severely limit water away from the places where it is most beneficial to society as a whole.

Since market forces are not able to resolve the problem, the government and private sector

intervention might be required as well.

b. Why is the demand for water increasing?

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7. In your opinion, which of these features represent important benefits of the sharing

economy.

MATCHING EXPRESSIONS

6. In your opinion, which of these reasons are the major ones for water scarcity.

a. Inefficient use of water for agriculture.

3. Wastewater drainage c. Refer to a situation where most people are unable

to find a desired good at an affordable price,

especially where supply problems have increased

the price.

4. Water management d. Exhaust a supply or quantity of.

Match the expressions on the left column with the sentences on the right one.

b. Cheaper goods and services.

2. Scarcity b. The activity of planning, developing, distributing

and managing the optimum use of water resources.

e. Distribution of water between urban consumers, the agriculture sector and industry.

1. Take advantage a. Any water that has been affected by human use. It

is a byproduct of domestic, industrial, commercial

or agricultural activities.

d. Lack of efficient water management.

c. Take advantage of the situation by afflicting excessive prices.

5. Shortage e. Treat someone unfairly for their own benefit.

6. run out of f. There's not enough of it for the people who need it

or want it.

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Here are some participles used as adjectives:

PRESENT PARTICIPLES ( ending in -ing)

PARTICIPLES

A participle is a Word that is formed from a verb and used as an adjective to modify the nouns.

1. PARTICIPLE FORMS

P AST PARTICIPLES (usually ending -ed, -d, -t, or -n)

VERB

Boil

Rise

The custom fascinates me.

The boiled water

I watched the custom with

fascinated curiosity.

The risen sun

PRESENTPARTICIPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE

The rising sun

The boiling water

The fascinating custom

interests me.

• A car, speeding the wrong way down the street, struck a pedestrian.

Participial phrases are groups of words that contain participles and other modifiers*. They are

used to modify nouns and pronouns:

• The man is my father. carrying the bricks

Participial Phrases

(The participial phrase carrying the bricks describes the the man)

• She showed us a plate of scones .crammed with cream

(The participial phrase crammed with cream describes the scones)

• While crossing the street, a pedestrian was struck by a car.

(Participial phrases can be formed by reducing relative clauses and adverbial clauses).

It’s common to see participles in Participle Phrases. They also act like adjectives. In the example

below, the participle phrase is shaded and the participle is in bold:

• Speeding the wrong way down the street, a car struck a pedestrian.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONADDITIONAL INFORMATIONADDITIONAL INFORMATION

• I´m going to the Saturn Café for a vegetarian burger.

The modifier “vegetarian” gives extra information about what kind of burger it is.

A modifier can be an adjective (a word that modifies a noun) , but it can also be an adverb ( a word that modifies a verb)

• The student carefully proofread her draft.

The adverb “carefully” is the modifier in this example. It modifies the verb “proofread,” giving important details about how the proofreading was conducted.

* MODIFIERS: A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that modifies-that is, gives information about-another

word in the same sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the word “burger” is modified by the word

“vegetarian”.

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An ambulance that was summoned

by a bystander came quickly.

The pedestrian, who was bleeding

from several wounds, waited for

someone to help him.

An ambulance summoned by a

bystander came quickly.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASES

The pedestrian, bleeding from several

wounds, waited for someone to help

him.

The position of a participial phrase in a sentence depends on whether it is restrictive or

nonrestrictive.

Restrictive: There are twelve students receiving awards this year.

To form a participial phrase from a relative clause, delete the relative pronoun (who, which,

or that) and change the verb to a participle.

2. POSITION AND PUNCTUATION OF PARTICIPIAL PHRASES.

Participial phrases, like relative clauses, can be restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive

(unnecessary). If the original clause was nonrestrictive, the phrase will be also.

Nonrestrictive phrases are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Restrictive

phrases use no commas.

a. A restrictive participial phrase follows the noun it modifies.

b. A nonrestrictive phrase may precede or follow the noun it modifies.

Nonrestrictive: Teresa, hurrying to catch a bus, stumbled and fell.

Hurrying to catch a bus, Teresa stumbled and fell.

Note: Sometimes the participial phrase modifies an entire independent clause. In this

case, it follows the clause and requires a comma.

The team won the championship, shocking the opponents.

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VERB TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT

FUTURE

CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS

PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

SENTENCE WITH

Students who are taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator.

The team members, who looked happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans.

Many students who study at this university are from foreign countries.

The crowd, which was cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium.

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Everyone who will take the TOEFL next month must preregister.

Everyone taking the TOEFL next month must preregister.

The team members, looking happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans.

Many students studying at this university are from foreign countries.

SENTENCE WITH

Students taking calculus m u s t b u y a g r a p h i n g calculator.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

Cheering wildly as the game ended, the crowd wouldn’t leave the stadium.

3. GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLE – ACTIVE VOICE.

The general form participle in the active voice ends in -ing: crying, living, etc. It may come

from present , past, or future tense verbs.

1. Participles are adjective formed from verbs. Some participles are from active voice verbs:

The baby cried … the crying baby

The speaker bored the audience … the boring speaker

Conclusion:

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Participial Phrases – Active VoiceReinforcement 1

Participial PhrasesReinforcement 2

Rewrite each sentence, changing the relative clause into a participial phrase.

1. Robotics is a complex field that combines electronics, computer science, and mechanical engineering.

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2. The number of students who are studying robotics is growing.

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3. Soon, robots that will work in assembly plants will be able to follow voice commands.

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4. Robots, which have the ability to withstand extreme temperatures and radiation levels, can perform jobs that are too dangerous for humans.

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5. Robots, which do not need to eat, sleep, or take restroom breaks, can work nonstop.

1. Computer programs that are known as expert systems will combine textbook knowledge and rules of experience to make decisions.

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Rewrite each sentence, changing the relative clause to a participial phrase. Use continuous form participles to express actions that are happening right now; otherwise, use general form participles.

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2. Computers that are programmed to diagnose diseases accurately are important tools for doctors.

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3. The uses of artificial intelligence that are now being suggested have created excitement around the world.

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GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENTGRAMMAR DEVELOPMENTGRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT

UNIT 35



1. Women around the world, who have traditionally been without political power, are beginning to gain influence in politics and government.

2. England, which has been ruled by queens several times in its history, elected a woman prime minister in 1979.

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Rewrite each sentence by changing the relative clause to a participial phrase. Since all of the clauses in these sentences are nonrestrictive, use commas. Write three of the sentences with the participial phrase positioned at the beginning of the sentence.


Global Warming

Because they believe that increase in carbon dioxide in the earth´s atmosphere is the

primary cause of global warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2

levels. They have asked the world´s governments to write an agreement that will control

the amount of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. After each government

signs such an agreement, each government will have to enforce it. Brazilians, for

example, will have to stop burning their rain forests, and Americans will have to stop

driving their gas-guzzling SUVs.

Underline adverbial clauses in the following text. Improve the following short essay by

changing some of the adjective and adverbial clauses to participial phrases. There are

ten places where such changes can be made.

One of the biggest problems that faces humankind in the next few decades is the problem

of global warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately

1ºC (1.8ºF). The year 1998 was the warmest year that was ever recorded. If temperatures

continue to rise, the consequences could be catastrophic. As the earth´s temperature rises,

polar ice will melt, which will cause flooding along the coasts. Global warming will also

cause major changes in climate that will affect agriculture. For example, crops that were

previously grown in Guatemala may not do so well because it will become too hot.

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Write a paragraph or two about yourself, and include at least three participial phrases

in your composition. You may write facts about your family background, your

education, and your career goals, or you may write more personal information your

characteristics, your likes and dislikes, your dreams and goals, etc.

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3. On the other hand, voters in the United States, who have not experienced strong female leaders at the national level, may never elect a woman president.

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5. Indira Ghandi, who had been raised in a political family, became one of India´s most powerful leaders.

4. Both India and Pakistan, which have elected women prime ministers in the past, are more progressive in this area than the United States.

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UNIT 35 - esec.edu.pe