Unit 3

The Phoenicians

The Phoenicians

• What were they famous for?

• Invented the alphabet.

Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.

Persian Rule

• Divided into twenty provinces– ruled by a Persian satrap or governor

• Persian control - – building and patrolling the royal roads– use of secret agents

• Why were the Persians successful rulers? • willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn

from those with experience, and to utilize the skills of non-Persians

Map of Greece

Sparta

Athens

Troy

Crete

Greeks

• Small city-states developed • Lack of natural resources

–spurred the growth of maritime commerce.

• Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas and technologies.

Greek Gods

• People emulated the Gods’ behavior

• Anthropomorphic • Influenced peoples’

actions • Gods lived on Mt.

Olympus • Each God controlled a

specific part of the universe.

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon.

Built between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.

New Technique: Phalanx• Each city-state had

citizen-soldiers • A new method of

fighting emerged called “phalanx”

• A massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers that moved in unison

SpartaSparta • Military Society• Gov: led by two kings and

20 counselors • largest and most

sophisticated army in the known world

• Forbade: trade, travel and free speech!

• Needed army to control slave (helot) population • Outnumbered 20 to 1

• Control lasted over 250 years.

Spartan Military LifeArmy governed life What did it mean for a man? Trained in military -Started at age 7 -Marry at 20 but live in barracks -Retire at 60 53 years of service! •Males can vote at 30

Reading: Sparta, The training of Youth

Athens• It is the place

where democracy was born.

Pericles’ Funeral Oration ““Our constitution is called a Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. whole people.

We alone regard a man who takes We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as no interest in public affairs not as harmless, but as a useless harmless, but as a useless character.” character.”

--Pericles’ 431 B.C--Pericles’ 431 B.C.

Athenian Democracy• Only those with both parents

born in Athens could have citizenship

• Athens had a direct democracy: all male citizens had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.• met 40 times a year

• No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots• Member of 500

The Persian Wars: Overview

The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states.

Around 500B.C. Greeks Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the were attacked by the PersiansPersiansGreeks joined together to Greeks joined together to fight Persiansfight Persians

3 Persian Wars3 Persian Wars (499-479 (499-479 BCE)BCE)

The Impact of the Persian WarsThe Impact of the Persian Wars

1. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state.

2. Athens used the Delian League (alliance of 150 city states) to create an Athenian empire.

3. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into its Golden Age!

AlliaAlliaPeloponnesian War: Peloponnesian War: nce nce System Fails!System Fails!

The Peloponnesian War: CAUSESThe Peloponnesian War: CAUSES

Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy…

The Peloponnesian War• 27 year war ensues • Pericles brings all the

people into the city • He depends on the navy,

high walls and food supplies to string out the war

A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!

• Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population

The Peloponnesian War: EffectsThe Peloponnesian War: Effects

1. Persia gained control of many city-states

2. Defeated democracy in Greece

3. Sparta would eventually fall to Persia

4. Athen’s cultural influence continues

The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?Who are they?

Socrates• “…the unexamined life is not

worth living.” • “Socratic Method” • question & answer approach;

helped people recognize they didn’t have all the answers!

• “Know thy self”… • Self-examination leads to

correct behavior and ethical living.

•Seen by many to not believe in the gods

•Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the youth!

•He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat…

Socrates on Trial----WHY?Socrates on Trial----WHY?

Great Philosophers of Greece

“The Death of Socrates” Painted in France in 1787

• How does it depict this famous man?

-Noble, dignified & forceful.

-He is ready to meet his death but not before he speaks his mind!

• Author of Author of The Republic The Republic • No family or personal

property; common good government

• Yet the government should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives!

• Philosopher king should rule

Plato

Started a school Started a school called called

The AcademyThe Academy

Aristotle• Supports family & personal

property • A government that features

three social classes • Favored a single virtuous,

strong ruler • Taught Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.

Accomplishments • Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,

and far as Pakistan • Declared pharaoh in Egypt

• Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.

• Builds capital of Alexandria and many other– Center of the Hellenistic world

The Empire of Alexander the GreatThe Empire of Alexander the Great

The Legacy of Alexander

• 327 B.C.E. attempts to conquer India

• Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13 years as king – Empire broken up into 3

Macedonian dynasties

• Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture

Ancient RomeAncient Rome

From a Republic to an Empire From a Republic to an Empire

509 B.C.E – 476 CE 509 B.C.E – 476 CE

Geography and RomeGeography and Rome1

• Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than the Greeks?

• Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula.

• Rich soil • Mild climate • Center of

Mediterranean Sea

Roman Religion

• Adopted Greek gods • Jupiter is Zeus • Mars is Ares • Venus is Aphrodite

Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE

• What is republic? • All citizens with the right

to vote choose their leaders.

• Is it a democracy?• Male citizens could attend,

but votes of wealthy class counted more

Patricians Vs. Plebeians

• Patricians (senate 300)• Upper class aristocrats

who owned land and controlled the government & the economy

• Plebeians • Farmers, merchants,

artisans and traders• Who has the power?• Senate

The Roman Republic: GovernmentThe Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout…See handout…

300 men300 men

2211

Majority of Majority of PopulationPopulation

TribunesTribunes

PlebeiansPlebeians

SlavesSlavesNo No powerpower

The Rule of Law: Five Basic Principles

• People equal under law • The accused can face accuser

and defend the charge • Decisions based on fairness• Innocent until proven guilty • Guilt must be clearly established

Roman Dress

What was the fashion of the day? What was the fashion of the day? TogasTogas (upper class) (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather , stolas, pallas, tunics, leather

sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!

Roman Clothing citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave

The Republic’s Military• Who could serve in the

military?• First only patricians

served in the army • Senate turned to all

citizens including the plebeians to serve!

• What was the requirement?

• Must possess land

The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE

• Rome vs. Carthage• Fought 3 Punic Wars• Result: The

Mediterranean belongs to Rome

The Rise of Julius Caesar• Elected consul in 60 B.C.• Accomplishments

• Conquered territories • Gaul, Germanic tribes, &

Britain • Seen as a military hero-• Becomes dictator for life

in 45 B.C.E

Provided jobs for poor

Army veterans given land

Aligned with the solar year

Libraries, temples & Forum built

Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to

connect empire

“All roads lead to Rome”

Colonies established for trade

Distributed free grain

Roman EmpireEstablished

• The 500-year republic comes to an end.

• Civil wars were fought over the question of who should hold power

• The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome.

• The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E

Roman Empire• Augustus laid the foundation

for a stable government that would function well for 200 years.

• This period was called the Pax Romana.

• Romans were generally tolerant of all religions including Jews and Christians– As long as they respected

Roman Gods and Emperors

Augustus’ Reforms Augustus’ Reforms 1. Created efficient civil service to enforce the

laws.

2. Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race.

3. Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves.

4. Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair.

5. Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins.

6. Employed the jobless.

The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands

How did the empire maintain control and How did the empire maintain control and communication?communication?

Good Emperors• Marcus Aurelius, last good

emperor of the Pax Romana era.

• Philosopher Emperor • His son Commodus began

the reign of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.

Two Reformers

• Diocletian• Divided the empire into

two parts to make it easier to govern

• Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices

• Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods

Constantine

• Continued Diocletian’s reforms • Converted to Christianity and granted

toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity

• Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power

Divided Roman EmpireDivided Roman Empire

Roman Achievements

• Technology• Developed concrete• Arches• Created aqueducts for piped water • Built an extensive road system over 50,000

miles

Engineering Wonders…Engineering Wonders…

Roman Engineering

Accomplishments

Roman Roads

Colosseum & Circus Maximus• Colosseum 80 C.E.

– Held gladiator & animal fights

• Held 50,000 people – Circus Maximus – Held chariot races – Held 250,000 – Bread and Circus

Policy• Used to control Roman

citizens

The Roman Empire at Its HeightThe Roman Empire at Its Height

Roman power extended from Spain to Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.Egypt.

2

Divided Empire • Weaker co-emperor in Rome • Best generals serve eastern emperor • No western leadership • Capital moved to Constantinople

Foreign InvasionsForeign Invasions

•A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Hun and Germanic invasions.

•476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

Review: The Decline Review: The Decline and Fall of Romeand Fall of Rome

5

Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity