Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Unit 3: THE GEOSPHERE: minerals and rocks
1. The geosphere
2. Minerals
3. Minerals and their properties
4. Rocks
5. Igneous and metamorphic rocks
1. THE GEOSPHERE VOCABULARY: depth (profundidad), crust (corteza), mantle (manto), consist of (formado de),
core (núcleo), huge (enorme), inner core (núcleo interno), outer core (núcleo externo), layer
(capa), thick (grueso), plain (llanura).
TYPES OF CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe
THE OCEANIC CRUST América – Atlantic Ocean – Europe
Activity 1. Activity 5 on page 28. Copy and
complete the table below in your notebook.
Activity 2. Activity 6 on page 28
2. MINERALS
There are amorphous minerals because their components do not have time to form geometrical shapes. Examples: opal.
VOCABULARY: fixed chemical composition (composición química fija), crystalline structure
(estructura cristalina), shape (forma), crystalline network (red cristalina), cool (enfriar),
amorphous (amorfo), quartz (cuarzo), feldspar (feldespato), mica (mica), ore (mena).
3. MINERALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Density Cleavages (exfoliación)
Fracture Hardness (dureza)
Colour Lustre (brillo)
Streak (raya) Magnetism (magnetismo)
Actividad 3. Copia en tu libreta los recuadros que aparecen en las páginas 62 y
63 de tu libro en español relacionados con estas ocho propiedades de los
minerales (densidad, exfoliación, fractura, dureza, color, brillo, raya y magnetismo).
Copia su definición y un ejemplo de cada una.
Actividad 4. Copia en tu libreta los diez minerales que forman la escala de Mohs
en orden creciente de dureza. Página 62 de tu libro en español.
Actividad 5. Haz un resumen del uso de los minerales en español. Solo hay que
escribir el mineral y su uso o usos. Páginas 64 y 65 de tu libro en español.
Density
Relationship between the mass and the volume of a mineral
(Relación que existe entre la masa del mineral y su volumen)
Mercury (Mercurio)
(13,5 g/cm3)
LOW NORMAL HIGH (baja) (alta)
Galena (Galena) (7 g/cm3)
Gold (Oro)
(19 g/cm3)
Sulfur (Azufre)
(2 g/cm3)
Cleavage (exfoliación)
When a mineral breaks into smooth, flat-sided fragments
(Un mineral tiene exfoliación cuando al golpearlo y romperlo presenta caras planas)
IN SHEETS (en láminas)
White mica (Moscovita o mica blanca)
Black mica (Biotita o mica negra)
Gypsum (Yeso)
Cleavage (exfoliación)
IN CUBES (en cubos)
Halite (Halita o sal común)
Galena (Galena)
Sylvite (Silvina)
Cleavage (exfoliación)
IN RHOMBOHEDRON (en romboedros)
Calcite (Calcita)
Fracture When minerals break into irregular pieces
(Los minerales que no se rompen presentan distintos aspectos, que en conjunto se denominan fractura)
Silex (Silex)
CONCHOID FIBRILLAR (Concoide) (Fibrilar o astillosa)
Asbestos (Asbesto)
Lustre (Brillo)
How the surface of the mineral appears when it reflects light
(Aspecto que presenta la superficie de un mineral cuando refleja la luz)
Pyrite (Pirita)
Olivine (Olivino)
METALLIC VITREOUS OR GLASSY GREASY
Gold (Oro)
Talc (Talco)
Colour
Sulfur (Azufre)
Olivine (Olivino)
Malachite (Malaquita)
Azurite (Azurita)
Graphite (Grafito)
Streak (Raya)
The colour of the mineral in powder form (El color del mineral pulverizado; es más característico y constante que el color del
mineral por lo que se utiliza para su identificación)
Gypsum (Yeso)
Pyrite (Pirita)
WHITE BROWN OR BLACK
HARDENESS (Dureza)
Resistance that the material has to being scratched (Resistencia que opone un mineral a ser rayado)
PARA MEDIR LA DUREZA SE UTILIZA LA ESCALA DE MOHS Esta escala está constituida por 10 minerales dispuestos en orden, de
forma que cada uno raya a los anteriores y es rayado por los
posteriores. Ejemplo: el apatito raya a la fluorita, calcita,
yeso y talco, pero es rayado por el feldespato, cuarzo, topacio, corindón y diamante.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv5h9K7eOwI
Actividad 3. Copia en tu libreta los recuadros que aparecen en las páginas 62 y 63 de tu libro en español
relacionados con estas ocho propiedades de los minerales (densidad, exfoliación, fractura, dureza, color,
brillo, raya y magnetismo). Copia su definición y un ejemplo de cada una.
Actividad 4. Copia en tu libreta los diez
minerales que forman la escala de Mohs en
orden creciente de dureza. Página 62 de tu libro
en español.
Actividad 5. Haz un resumen del uso de los minerales en español. Solo hay que escribir el
mineral y su uso o usos. Páginas 64 y 65 de tu libro en español.
4. ROCKS
Rock is a natural material that consists of minerals
Types or groups of rocks
IGNEOUS OR MAGMATIC ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS
VOCABULARY: detrital sedimentary rock (roca sedimentaria detrítica), conglomerate
(conglomerado), sandstone (arenisca), clay (arcilla), saline rock, gypsum (yeso), limestone
rocks (rocas calizas), living beings, coal (carbón), oil (petróleo), remains (restos).
Most of rocks are formed by different minerals. Examples: granite, syenite.
Some rocks are formed by only one mineral. Examples: gypsum.
Sedimentary rocks Are formed from fragments of other rocks or the remains of living things or
dissolved salts that precipitate
Types of sedimentary rocks
Saline Detrital Limestone Consist mainly of calcite
Formed from fragments of other rocks
Are classified according to the size of their grains
Examples: conglomerates, sandstone and clay
Formed when dissolved salts in the water precipitate because
the water evaporates
Examples: halite and gypsum
Can be formed from the remains of living things (skeletons, shell…)
or through chemical processes (stalactites and stalagmites)
Examples: limestone, stalactites and stalagmites
Coal, oil and natural gas were formed millions of years ago from plant and animal remains. Some people think they are a type of sedimentary rocks but other people don’t agree with it.
Detrital sedimentary rocks
Clay (arcilla)
(grains smaller than 1/16 mm)
Are formed from fragments of other rocks. There are three types according to the size of their grains
Sandstone (arenisca)
(grains between 2 mm and 1/16 mm)
Conglomerates (conglomerados)
(grains greater than 2 mm in diameter)
How are detrital sedimentary rocks formed?
Saline sedimentary rocks
Gypsum (yeso)
Are formed when dissolved salts in the water precipitate because the water evaporates.
Halite (halita)
Limestone sedimentary rocks
Stalactites and stalagmites
Are formed from the remains of living things or through chemical processes (when calcite dissolved in water precipitates)
Limestones (calizas)
Fossil fuels
Oil (petróleo)
Are formed from plant (coal) and animal remains (plankton: oil and natural gas)
Coal (carbón)
Natural gas
Activity 6. Answer the following questions:
a) Do most rocks consist of one or more minerals?
b) How many types of rocks are there?
c) How many types of sedimentary rocks are there?
d) How can the sedimentary rocks be formed?
e) How do the grains differ between clays, sandstones and conglomerates?
f) What types of sedimentary rocks are formed by dissolved substances
that precipitate? And from the remains of living things? Write some
examples
g) Which is the main difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite?
5. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS
MAGMA Molten material from the Earth’s interior. It is a mixture of gases and minerals in a liquid state.
COOLS
Igneous or Magmatic rocks
TWO TYPES (depending on where magma or lava cools)
PLUTONIC rocks Are formed when magma cools
deep inside the Earth
VOLCANIC rocks Are formed when lava cools on the
Earth’s surface
VOCABULARY: Molten (fundido), granite (granito), syenite (sienita), gabbro (gabro), basalt
(basalto), pumice (piedra pómez o pumita), andesite (andesita), slate (pizarra), marble (mármol).
Differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks
1. Are formed when magma cools deep inside the Earth
2. Very slow cooling
3. Many crystals with similar sizes
PLUTONIC rocks VOLCANIC rocks
1. Are formed when lava from volcanoes cools on the Earth’s surface
2. Very fast cooling
3. Few crystals
Examples:
- Granite (the most common plutonic rock)
- Syenite
- Gabbro
Examples:
- Pumice
- Andesite
- Basalt (the most common
volcanic rock)
Activity 7. What is the main difference between magma and lava?
PLUTONIC rocks
Granite (granito)
(the most common rock in continental crust)
Syenite (sienita)
Gabbro (gabro)
VOLCANIC rocks
Basalt (basalto)
(the most common rock in oceanic crust)
Pumice (pumita)
Andesite (andesita)
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Igneous and sedimentary rocks from deep inside the Earth
High pressure and high temperature
Clay
Metamorphic rocks In solid state
Examples: slate, marble and gneis
Very high pressure and high temperature
Granite
Limestone
SLATE (pizarra)
GNEIS
MARBLE (mármol)
Very high temperature and high pressure
Very high pressure and high temperature
PROGRESS CHECK
Activities 1 and 2 on page 34.
Activities 1 and 2 on page 35.
Actividad. PROPIEDADES DE LOS MINERALES con
ejemplos. El profesor la escribirá en la pizarra.
Activity. TYPES OF ROCKS and examples of each. The
teacher will write it on the blackboard.
Activity 8. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Activities 12 and 13 on page 32.