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Human Factors
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Ergonomics
AVIA 4000, Special Projects: Human Factors in Aviation
Raymond E. Cain, Jr., Ph.D., Instructor
Learning Objectives
After completing this unit of instruction, students will be able to demonstrate the following:
• Define the term ergonomics
• Explain ergonomics and discuss its application to aviation systems
• Describe the musculoskeletal injuries related to aviation
• Enumerate and explain several workplace design and control issues
2
Ergonomics versus Human Factors
• Ergonomics – How we interact with our work environment
– Matching the job to the worker and product to the user
– Focuses on how work affects workers
• Human Factors – How we interact with our environment
– Emphasizes designs that reduce the potential for human error
3
Ergonomics versus Human Factors
In aviation, a fine line exists between ergonomics and human factors; often they are used interchangeably
4
What is Ergonomics?
• Derived from the Greek
– Ergon Work/Effort
– Nomos Law
• The Law of Work
5
Ergonomics looks at:
• Work stations
• Tools
• Motions
• Physical conditions
• Physical limitations
• Environment(s)
6
1
Reasons for Ergonomics
• WC costs (Medical + wages)
• Medical/health insurance
• Productivity
– Non–value added material handling
– Product spills (slips & falls, environmental, material costs)
7
Reasons for Ergonomics
• Fines
• Litigation
• Regulations (OSHA, EPA, ADA...)
• Employee well–being
8
Injury Categories
• Traumatic (instantaneous)
– Safety programs usually address these injuries
• Cumulative (long term)—Musculoskeletal
– IH and/or ergo programs address these injuries
9
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal Disorders = MSDs
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2a
MSD symptoms
• Dull, aching sensation
• Discomfort with movements
• Tenderness to the touch
• Burning sensation
• Pain
• Tingling
• Cramping
• Stiffness
11
2b
Common MSDs
• Tendinitis
• Tenosynovitis
• Trigger finger
• Raynaud’s syndrome
• De Quervain’s disease
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
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2c
Airline Industry Ergonomic Hazards
13
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/airline_industry/hazards.html
Workplace risk factors
• Repetitive motions
• Fixed/awkward postures
• Vibration
• Force
• Twisting/bending
• Elevation of elbows
• Lifting
14
3a
Workplace risk factors
• Inappropriate tools
• Continuous contact
• Restricted clearance
• Improper seating/support
• Bad body mechanics
• Nonadjustable equipment
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3b
Identify risk factors
• Management/employee involvement
• Audit work stations
• Audit procedures
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4a
Engineering controls
• Preferred method
• Work station design
• Tool design
• Equipment design
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5a
Work station design
Provide adequate…
• Work space
• Work height
• Support
• Storage space
• Machine controls
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6a
Work station design
• Reduce static loading
• Raise/lower working height
• Remove hard/sharp edges
• Provide mechanical advantages
• Insulate heat/cold
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7a
Work station redesign
• Provide seating/support
• Improve material orientation
• Improve layout
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7b
Tool selection should minimize …
• Awkward, bent grip
• Vibration
• Excessive grip strength
• Awkward positions to exert force
• Repetitive motions
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8a
Administrative controls
• Job rotation
• Shift length
• Overtime management
• Rest breaks
• Production rates
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9a
Work practice controls
• Use proper techniques
• Avoid unnecessary steps
• Job training
• Exercise/conditioning
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10a
Medical management
• Early reporting & treatment
• Symptoms survey
• Medical treatment
• Recordkeeping
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11a
Back disorders
• Sprains
• Strains
• Ruptured/slipped disks
• Muscle spasms
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12a
Back pain factors
• Improper posture
• Poor physical condition
• Improper lifting
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12b
Proper lifting
• Size up the load
• Bend your knees
• Do not twist
• Clear path
• Lower slowly
• Push carts/dollies
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12c
The costs of ergonomic injuries
28