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© Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics
Unit 1
Introduction to Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics
Fall Winter 2016/2017
Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. medic. Dipl.-Inform. Alexander Mertens
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christopher M. Schlick
Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics
RWTH Aachen University
Bergdriesch 27
52062 Aachen
phone: 0241 80 99 494
email: [email protected]
1 - 2 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Timings: Monday, 10:15 – 11:45 a.m. (Lecture)*
Tuesday 16:15 – 17:45 p.m. (Exercise) *
Start: Lecture: 17.10.2016
Exercise: 25.10.2016
Venue: Lecture and Exercise: 1820|208 (Fo5), Kármán Auditorium,
Eilfschornsteinstraße 15
Organiser: Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics of
RWTH Aachen
Lecturer: Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. medic. Dipl.-Inform. Alexander Mertens
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Christopher M. Schlick
Contact: M.Sc. Christina Bröhl, Tel.: 0241 / 80 99434
E-Mail: [email protected]
Language of Instruction: English
Further Information: http://www.iaw.rwth-aachen.de
Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics
*) No courses in calender weeks 44, 50, 52 and 1
1 - 3 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
1. Lecture Notes:
Lecture notes and exercises (solutions can be found online after classes) are available in the L2P-Class room: www.elearning.rwth-aachen.de Further information:
http://www.iaw.rwth-aachen.de Studies Courses
2. Textbook Industrial Engineering and
Ergonomics:
German Title: “Lehrbuch Arbeitswissenschaft”:
Schlick, C.; Bruder, R.; Luczak, H.:
Arbeitswissenschaft.
3. Auflage Springer-Verlag, 2010
Lecture Notes
Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics
1 - 4 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Prüfung
Exam March, 4th 2017
Exam registration Campus/ ZPA (central examination office)
Contact person questions
concering exam
M.Sc. Markus Harlacher and
Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Julia Czerniak
(E-Mail: [email protected])
Updated Information L2P
IAW-Homepage – iaw.rwth-aachen.de
1 - 5 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
L2P-Classroom on the lecture
Content: • Slides concerning all lecture items
• Exercises incl. sample solutions subsequent to
the session
Access: www.elearning.rwth-aachen.de
Registration: Registration for the lecture via CampusOffice
Login Data: TIM-code
(Questions will be answered at the RZ-
ServiceDesk inside the SuperC )
1 - 6 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Certification DIN ISO 9001:2000 (process oriented)
Teaching as a “service“ for students
IAW as an open house – consultation hours any time
Topical consultations in the afternoon, subsequent to every lesson or by
arrangement
Teaching material
own set of notes / supplementation of the lecture notes about
professorial commentary; lecture tasks and solutions
textbook for self-study available in the library and on the internet
collection of examination questions of the short past
“complaints/suggestion box“ on the Internet: For either positive or negative
feedback concerning the teachings
Online feedback:
http://www.iaw.rwth-aachen.de/index.php?article_id=49&clang=0
Quality of the teachings
1 - 7 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Overview
Introduction to industrial engineering and ergonomics
Topics of the lecture course
Trends and challenges in the fields of
industrial engineering and ergonomics
1
2
3
1 - 8 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Topics of the lecture course
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL/
EMPLOYEES
Sales
Customer
Service
Distribution
Procurement
Purchase
and
Inventory
Service Maintenance
Logistics
Quality Management Order Control
Recycling
Information
systems
Accounting
Controlling
Product
develop-
ment
Process
develop-
ment
Work
planning
Production
and
Assembly
Marketing
Program strategy
Sales market
Output Products, Services …
Input: primarily intermediate products, components, modules, systems,, raw materials, auxiliary and operating supplies…
Repetive factors
Potential factors
Input: services, personnel …
Procurement market
1 - 9 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Topics of the lecture course
LE 7: Work ecology LE 6: Occupational risk prevention
LE 9, 10: Ergonomic design
LE 8: Production Ergonomics
STRATEGY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL/
EMPLOYEES
Sales
Customer
Service
Distribution
Procurement
Purchase
and
Inventory
Service Maintenance
Logistics
Quality Management Order Control
Recycling
Information
systems
Accounting
Controlling
Product
develop-
ment
Process
develop-
ment
Work
planning
Production
and
Assembly
LE 3: Modeling und optimizing working processes (workflows)
Marketing
Program strategy
LE 4: Analysis of the time structure of work processes
LE 12: Remuneration and motivation
LE 5: Modeling and optimization manual work processes with MTM
Sales market
Output Products, Services …
Input: primarily intermediate products, components, modules, systems,, raw materials, auxiliary and operating supplies…
Repetive factors
Potential factors
Input: services, personnel …
Procurement market
LE 2: Work organization
LE 11: Computer and office work
1 - 10 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
1
Overview
Introduction to industrial engineering and ergonomics
Topics of the lecture course
Trends and challenges in the fields of industrial
engineering and ergonomics
2
3
1 - 11 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Definition of Work
“Work is what a human does to preserve his own existence and/or the society, as far as
it is accepted and rewarded by society.”
(Rohmert, 1993)
“Work is understood as human activities, by which humans interact with each
other or with technical tools, guided by economical goals producing goods and
services which are either traded/marketed or financed by public subventions/demands
(e.g. taxes)”.
(Stirn, 1980)
What is Work?
Raw materials, supplies, technical tools, work schedules, NC and RC programs
Products and
services
Goals
1 - 12 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
What is ergonomics? Assessment hierarchy for job design measures according to
Hacker & Sachse
Core definition of ergonomics according to Luczak & Volpert (1987)
Ergonomics deals with the - respectively systematic - analysis and
design of technical, organisational and social conditions of work
processes with the aim that humans in effective and efficient
processes are facing:
Feasible, healthy, impairment-free and tolerable work conditions
outlined by the work tasks
Fulfilled standards of reasonableness and social acceptability
according to the work contents, work task, working environment as
well as remuneration and cooperation, to develop the scope of
actions, to aquire the skills and in cooperation with others to
conserve and develop their personality.
Subject of ergonomics:
Analysis of existing work conditions, goal-oriented synthesis of
acquired knowledge and derivation of design recommendations
* The right of development of personality is a part of the German constitution
= Criteria for assessment level are met
= Criteria for assessment level are not met
assessment level realisation
1. Feasibility
2. Occupational risks
3. Freedom of impairment
4. Development of personality*
1 - 13 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Aspects of Humanization vs. Rationalization References to Subject vs. Object
Humanization aspect Rationalization aspect
as production process to be designed efficiently and effectively
Work
as use of physiological and psychological resources to be designed humanely
Work as Organization Object of Humanization or
Rationalization
V1-1 Modern Times
1 - 14 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Work system - definition
Definition according to DIN EN ISO 6385:2004
“Ergonomic principles in the design of work systems“
(A work system is a) “System that encompasses the contribution of a single or
several workers/users with work equipment in order to fulfill the function of the
system within a work area and work environment with the prescribed conditions
outlined by the work tasks.”
The fundamental function of a work system is to transform matter (i.e. material),
information or energy from an initial state to the target state.
Examples:
3D laser-welding cells with machine operator
Assembly line including technicians and maintenance staff
Factory planning office with its planners and CAD/CAP systems
1 - 15 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Work system structure
Input Output
Defined goal
Disturbance εt, and t
• Information I2 • Energy E2 • Material M2
• Information I2´ • Energy E2´ •Material M2´
• Information I1
• Energy E1
•Material M1
• Information I1´ • Energy E1´ • Material M1´
Environment
Reached goal
Execution System
Planning and Control System
Work result
Work task
Work equipment
Work object
Planning and Control System
Spatial system boundary
Employee Employee
ut yt
State xt
xt+1
delta operator
xt
Employee Employee
Spatial system boundary
1 - 16 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Basic set
Work system WS = {W, T, E, O, S}
Employees: W = {W1, W2, … }
Control: W (C) W
Execution: W (E) W
Work Task: T = {T1, T2 … }
Work Equipment: E = {E1, E2 … }
Work objects: O = {O1, O2 … }
Work spaces: S = {S1, S2,…, S|W|}}
Work forms
Individual work: |W| = 1
Cooperative work: |W| > 1
Distributed work: S1 S2 …=
Consolidated work: S1 S2 …≠
Internal control
(also self regulation): W (C) = W(E)
External control: W(C) W (E) =
Work system – Basic set, Work forms
Defined goal
Disturbance εt, and t
Reached goal
Execution System
Planning and Control System
Work result
Work task
Work equipment
Work object
Planning and Control System
Employee Employee
State xt
xt+1
delta operator
xt
Employee Employee
1 - 17 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Work system – Performance assessment
Typical goals:
Productivity, throughput and utilization
Lead time, setup time, waiting time
Material, energy and tool costs
Reliability and job safety
Stress and strain
Directly value-adding work system
(e.g. production cell):
Value(Output) > Value(Input)
Indirectly Value-adding work system
(e.g. Transport):
Value(Output) = Value(Input)
Effective work system: ρ ≈ 1, i.e. ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax
Efficient work system:
ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax Value(Input) min
Reliable work system:
P(ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax) ≥ Vmin
ρ: degree of target achievement
Vmin: minimum demanded
reliability of target achievement
Defined goal
Disturbance εt, and t
Reached goal
Execution System
Planning and Control System
Work result
Work task
Work equipment
Work object
Planning and Control System
Employee Employee
State xt
xt+1
delta operator
xt
Employee Employee
1 - 18 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Work systems – Fundamental laws and classification
Fundamental laws
W ≠ , otherwise 100% automation and
no work system!
Work process generates information to
improve predictive accuracy and reduce
entropy, and thereby converts energy:
E1 > 0 E2 > 0
Limited reliability:
P(ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρ max) < 1
Conservation of mass:
mtot = mS + m - m´
Conservation of energy:
Etot = US + Ekin + Epot + E1 + E2 - E1´ - E2´
Work system classification
Material work system (production system): xt+1 = f(xt, ut) + ℰt and yt = g(xt, ut) + t
Immaterial work system (service system): xt+1 = h(xt, ut) + ℰt and yt = k(xt, ut) + t
Mechanized work system: When E2 contains technically generated energy forms
Automated work system: When mechanized and I1 or I2 contains technically generated information
1 - 19 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Work systems – Example: assembly of door module
Reached goal Assembled door module
Input
Information I1
Mechanical
drawing, cycle
time
Material M1
Door-Mock-up
Energy E1
Working energy
Information I2
Assembly plan
Material M2
Window
regulators, locks,
attaching parts,
loudspeakers, etc.
Energy E2
Working energy,
energy to run work
equipment
Output Information I1´
Assembly plan,
orders
Material M1´
Demo-model for
assembler
Energy E1´
Heat
Information I2´ Partial
completion
alerts, QM
system alerts
Material M´ Assembled door
module
Energy E2´ Heat
Defined goal Assemble door module
Planning and Control System
Assembly planning system
Planning of the assembly line
Planning the work flow with MTM
Planning material staging and logistics
Assembly results Assembly tasks
Environment
Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Disturbance εt, and t
Cycle n
Execution System
Employee 1
Work equipment 1 Apparatus,
clamping devices
Work object 1 Functional carrier
plate; attach. parts
Employee 2
Work equipment 2 Screwdriver,
Device
Work object 2 Window regulator,
attaching parts
AP n
AM n
AO n
ut
yt
Work space
Process planner Logistics planner
State xt
V1 door module
Work space
1 - 20 © Lehrstuhl und Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft, RWTH Aachen
Constructor theory:
Constructor theory seeks to express all fundamental scientific theories in terms of a dichotomy between
possible and impossible physical transformations:
those that can be caused to happen and those that cannot
Elements of the transformation:
Composition of tasks:
(1) Serial
(2) Parallel
Work system from the viewpoint of
transformation process (I)
Task Ai
Goal, resp. Subgoal
Information Ii´
Output State Material Mi´
Energy Ei´
Information Ii Input State Material Mi
Energy Ei
Employee ν
Planning and Control System v
Work equipment v
Work object
A1 A2 I1, M1, E1
I2, M2, E2
I3, M3, E3
A1
A2
I1, M1, E1 I2, M2, E2
Source: In consideration of Deutsch 2013modeIling from DEF0
v: Boolean or operator
1 - 21 © Lehrstuhl und Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft, RWTH Aachen
Work system from the viewpoint of
transformation process (II)
Regular network:
A regular network is one in which the legitimate outputs of the task at the beginning of each link are the
legitimate inputs of the task at its end.
Regular network for a work system:
A1 A2 I1, E1
I2, E2
I3, E3
A3 A4 I4, M4, E4
I5, M5, E5 I6, M6, E6
A6 I7, M7, E7
A5
Goal Goal
Employee Λ
Work equipment Λ
Work object
Planning and
Control system
Execution System
Employee Λ
Planning and
Control System
Employee Λ
Planning and
Control System
Subgoal Subgoal Subgoal
goal
Employee Λ
Work equipment Λ
Work object
Employee Λ
Work equipment Λ
Work object
Employee Λ
Work equipment Λ
Work object Source: In consideration of Deutsch 2013modeIling from DEF0
Λ : Boolean and operator
1 - 22 © Lehrstuhl und Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft, RWTH Aachen
human limits of feasibility
static action forces for diverse directions of the force and different body
postures are given by DIN 33411-3, DIN 33411-5 and the Atlas of Forces
acuity of perception for
Eyes: points: 0.5 - 1 arc min
lines: 1-2 arc min
letter: 5 arc min
Ears: absolute hearing threshold: 20 μPa (pure tone at 1000 Hz)
Skin: absolute threshold of deflection of skin for finger: 10 µm absolute threshold of action force for finger: 0.8 mN
sensorimotor reaction time for
optical stimuli: 220 ms
acoustic stimuli: 160 ms
haptic stimuli: < 100 ms
Sources: Schlick et al. 2010; Kern 2009; BGIA 2009
1700
male
over head
over head
plane of symmetry
of the body
physical performance
steady state power: 100 W
temporary peak power: 1500 W
wavelength range 400 to 720 nm
1 - 23 © Lehrstuhl und Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft, RWTH Aachen
Work system from the viewpoint of transformation
process on the example of door installation
Create
assembly plan
Information I1
Mechanical
drawing, cycle
time
Energy E1
Working
energy
Material M1
Door-Mock-up
Information I2
Assembly
plan, orders
Energy E2
Heat
Install window
regulator
Install lock
module
Information I3
Assembly plan
Material M3
Window
regulator,
Screws,
Attaching part
Energy E3
Work energy,
Energy to run
work
equipment
Goal Assembled
door module
Employee 1 Λ
Screwdriver, Apparatus, Functional
carrier plate
Planning and
Control System
Execution System
Employee 2 Λ
Screwdriver, Window lifting
mechanism, Functional carrier plate
Process planner Λ
Assembly planning system
Information I4
Partial completion alert,
assembly plan
Material M4
Installed window
regulator
Lock module, Screws
Energie E4
Heat
Work energy, Energy to
run work equipment
Information I5
Partial completion
alert, assembly plan
Material M5
Assembled door
module with window
regulator and lock
module
Energy E5
Heat
Sub-goal Time-,
quantity-,
quality-
specifi-
cation
complied
Cycle 1 Cycle 2
Material M2
Demo-model
for assembler
Sub-goal Time-,
quantity-,
quality-
specifi-
cation
complied
Λ : Boolean and
operator
1 - 24 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Stress-Strain Concept–
Analogy to engineering mechanics (acc. to Rohmert)
Total of reactions
of the working
person due to
stress (physical,
physiological,
mental, emotional,
by experience)
Str
ain
External
characteristics of
the work situation
such as task,
environment,
execution
Total of external
causes:
Forces exerted to
component Str
es
s
Ergonomics Mechanics
Tensions inside
the component
resulting from
stress level,
geometry and
material
gering hoch
Beanspruchungstrain
low high
Human (individual
characteristics)
Stress (requirements)
1 - 25 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Example of different exposure types
Exposure
types
Examples of
criterias for
evaluation of the
level of exposure
Examples of
Factors of exposure
(qualitative)
Dimension of
exposure
(quantitative)
Modes/types of w
ork
ing
Energetic
exposure Heaviness of a job
Element of motion
e.g. according MTM
Physical quantities,
e.g. weight, force or
kinetic energy
Task-r
ela
ted
Informational
exposure
Difficulty of a job
as well as
accurateness and
speed of
information
processing
Sensory modality
and dynamics of
signal
information content
of displays
Work
ing e
nviron
ment Exposure out of
physical or
chemical
environment
Intensity of an
environmental
effect
Subjective
evaluation, e.g. on
noise or brightness
levels
Physical quantities,
e.g. sound pressure
level or illuminance
Situ
ationa
l
Exposure out of
social environment
Supervisor-
subordinate
relationship
Identification of the
work climate and
job satisfaction
Measures related to
social network
analysis, e.g.
centrality
1 - 26 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Source: on the basis of Arrasch u. Müller 1951,
in Lehmann 1983
Example for energetic exposure –
heaviness of physical workload
Source: on the basis of Lehmann 1983
Working pulse rate
=
Rise of the pulse rate
compared to the
quiescent value
The rise of the pulse rate
depends on:
• gender
• age
• personal physiques
• physical condition
The measurement of the
pulse rate or the oxygen
consumption allows a
conclusion about the
metabolic change and
therefore about the
heaviness of physical
workload
Light work (75 W)
Pulse rate during light, non exhausting
work and heavy, exhausting dynamic work
with constant power
Dependency of pulse rate and oxygen
consumption on generated power in
ergometer work for 20 years old people
Heavy work (150 W)
oxygen uptake (l/min)
Pu
lse r
ate
(m
in -
1)
female
male
power (W)
Rise of exhaustion
Quiescent pulse rate
Quiescent pulse rate
Time (min)
Time (min)
pulse rate (1/min)
pulse rate (1/min)
rest work recovery
rest work recovery
1 - 27 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Example for a load arising from physical working
environment
50
60
70
80
90
100
100 200 300 400 500 600
Reliability expressed by decrease of
mistakes in %
Illuminance in [Lux] as indicator of ambient light intensity
Stanzen
Bohren
Abisolieren
Zuschneiden
Sägen
Die cutting
Drilling
Skinning
Cutting to size
Sawing
Source: Effect of illuminance on human reliableness at industrial work tasks
(from GALL & VÖLKER 1996)
Effect of illuminance on human reliability:
Higher illuminance
Better conditions of visibility
Lower mental workload
Higher human reliability and
improved performance
1 - 28 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
1
Overview
Introduction to industrial engineering and ergonomics
Topics of the lecture course
Trends and challenges in the fields of
industrial engineering and ergonomics
3
2
1 - 29 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Trend II:
Demographic change
(c) Data: Animierte Bevölkerungspyramide zur 10. Koordinierten Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2003
http://www.destatis.de/basis/d/bevoe/bev_svg2.htm
Reasons for increasing population
age:
Too slow population dynamics
influenced by:
Fertility:
Average birth rate and age of the
delivering women
Mortality:
Average life expectancy
Migration:
Relative number of immigrants /
emigrants and their aging structure
Thousand Thousand
Age 50 - 64 Age 35 - 49 Age 20 - 34
Proportion on the population of working age
1) From 2002 estimates of the 10. coordinated population forecast,
Type 5 „average“ population: Average fiction of migration W2
(balance at least 200 000 per year) and average life expectancy L2
(average life expectancy 2050 with 81 and 87 years respectively).
1 - 30 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Performance of older working persons
0
100
personality and social systems
0
100 biological systems
0
100 perceptional systems
0
100
cognitive systems
0
100
wisdom and self-awareness
20 40 60 80
adoles- cence
young adults
midlife seniority death birth
Sources: Munnichs 1989 zitiert nach Luczak 1998, Buck und Reif 1997, Frieling et al. 2004
experience and know-how
advanced skills in communication,
organizational and social fields
quality awareness
discipline, reliability
management abilities
...
specific skills of older persons
Development of human performance
Demographic change
Significant aging of working persons
Increasing amount of those over the age of 50
1 - 31 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Training ability in the seniority
Already 8 weeks of endurance
training (1h for 3-5 times per
week) improves e.g. the
maximum oxygen admission on
the average around 11%.
Likewise the recuperativeness
of the musculature could be
improved (Suominen et al.,
1977).
By appropriate training the age-related
reduction of the perseverance ability at
the higher age can be retarded
substantially (Weineck, 1988).
Source: R. Bruder 2007
1 - 32 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Increase of occuring constraints with advancing age
•45% of the 60 to 65-years-old have health problems
•10% of those problems can be tackled directly through
ergonomic intervention, another 20% of the workers
can be offered an adequate workplace.
•About 15% of the problems are production critical, i.e.,
the employees are no longer able or not fully able to be
employed in assembly due to the inability to lift and
carry haevy weights or to frequently stoop down.
Medical assessment of workforce in
Volkswagen plant Kassel
Estimation of health problems regarding
production work at Audi
• The group „muscles/skeleton“ includes constraints „no
lifting and carrying of heavy weight“,
„no frequent stooping down“, „no frequent standing“
and „seating required“.
• The group „shift“ sums up the constraints „no night
shift“ and „no change shift“.
• 115 activity constraints in the group
55- to 60-years-old imply, that 100 employees of this
group have a total of 115 constraints.
Source: Nöring et al. 2007
health constraints
(without occupational problem)
production relevant
production critical
performance-change by employees according to age
Age
1 - 33 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Sanctions by the HRM
• Analysis of company’s personnel
and age structure
• Initiation of generation-spanning
cooperation / tandems
• Advanced recruiting and human
resource development strategies
(e.g. new target groups: women,
older unemployed)
• Prevent employees from longer
periods of excessive stress
• Age-differentiated design of
workplaces
• Human centered automation
• Enhance lifelong competence
and skill development
• Teams of mixed ages for
knowledge and experience
transfer and development
• Establishment of well-balanced
personnel and age structures in
all functions
• Embedded training
• Individualized ergonomic design
of tools and work equipment
• Adaptive human-machine and
human-robot-systems
short-term
measures
long-term
measures
1 - 34 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
Questions to examine your success in learning
How is work defined?
What is the subject of ergonomics?
What are the objectives of ergonomics?
How can a work system be described systematically?
Which hierarchies for job design measures are
known?
What is the Stress-Strain Concept?
On which levels a work process can take place?
Give examples.
Please give one significant challenge in ergonomics.
Which approaches to problem solving can be
considered?
1 - 35 © Chair and Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen University
References
BGI-Report 3/2009: Der montagespezifische Kraftatlas.
Buck, H.; Reif, A. (1997): Innovative industrielle Produktion bei veränderten Alterstrukturen. In: Forum für Demographie und Politik,
Heft 9, S. 159-181.
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