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Unit 2Western Europe: Its Land and Early HistoryWestern Europe’s peninsulas and waters shape its cultural history as the Greek and Roman civilizations flourish and spread along the Mediterranean Sea.
The Roman aqueduct in Nimes, France
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Western Europe: Its Land and Early History
A Land of Varied RichesSECTION 1
Ancient GreeceSECTION 2
Ancient RomeSECTION 3
Time of Change: The Middle AgesSECTION 4
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Section 1
A Land of Varied Riches Europe is a continent with varied geographic features, abundant natural resources, and a climate that can support agriculture.
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A Land of Varied Riches1SECTION
The Geography of Europe
Waterways• Water surrounds Europe to north, south, west
- southern coast borders warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea
• Rhine, Danube are important; just two of Europe’s many rivers- longest river is Russia’s 2,200-mile Volga
• Boats, barges carry people, goods inland
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1SECTION
continued The Geography of Europe
Landforms• Several peninsulas—land surrounded by water
on three sides• Scandinavian Peninsula contains Norway,
Sweden- shores are lined with fjords—long, narrow, deep inlets of the sea
• Iberian Peninsula in Western Europe includes Spain, Portugal- separated from continent by Pyrenees mountain range
• Mountain ranges: Alps; Ural Mountains—divide Europe from Asia
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1SECTION
continued The Geography of Europe
The Great European Plain• Extends from the French coast to the Urals; rich
farmland• Plain—large, flat area, usually with few trees• Ancient trading centers attracted many people• Today, area has large cities like Paris, Berlin,
Warsaw, Moscow
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1SECTION
ClimateVaried Temperatures• Gulf Stream brings warm air, water to region• In mountains, far north, cold winds blow from
Arctic Circle- average temperatures are below zero in January
• Alps, Pyrenees protect Mediterranean countries from cold winds- in southern Europe, January is mild, summers are hot, dry
• In most of Europe, average July temperature is 50–70 degrees F
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1SECTION
Natural ResourcesCoal, Iron Ore, and Rich Soil• Variety of resources
- coal in Germany’s Ruhr Valley makes it a major industrial center- large iron ore deposits in Russia, Ukraine
• Europe has rich soil, plentiful rainfall• Few parts of continent too cold or hot, dry to
support agriculture• Europe is a world leader in crop production
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Section 2
Ancient Greece The ancient Greeks develop a complex society, with remarkable achievements in the arts, sciences, and government.
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2SECTION
Ancient Greece
The Land and Early History of Greece
Surrounded by Water• Travel is hard for early settlers on mountainous
Greek Peninsula- rocky land has poor soil, but settlers grow olives, grapes
• Ancient Greeks depend on surrounding seas for fishing, trade
The Formation of City-States• As population grows, people create city-states
- include polis—central city—and surrounding villages
• Each has own laws, government, but share language, religion
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continued The Land and Early History of Greece
The Growth of Colonies• In 700s B.C., Greeks sail out, settle Aegean Sea
islands, coastline• Some settle as far away as Spain, North Africa• Settlers trade wheat, timber, iron ore with each
other, city-statesIndividual Forms of Government• Some city-states are oligarchies—a few
powerful, rich people rule• Some ruled by tyrant—controls government
against people’s wishes• Some develop early democracies—citizens
take part in government
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2SECTION
Athens and SpartaRival City-States• Athens is one of largest, most important ancient
city-states• By late 500s B.C., Athens develops democratic
government- free, adult male citizens debate, vote on laws- women, slaves, foreigners cannot participate
• Sparta was oligarchy, ruled by two kings• Both city-states have powerful armies
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2SECTION
Learning and the ArtsPost-Victory Achievements• In 480 B.C., Persia tries to conquer Greek Peninsula
- several city-states—including Athens, Sparta—stop the invasion
• After victory, Greeks make leaps in arts, learning
Literature• Greeks create myths, write plays, poems to honor
gods, goddesses• Aeschylus, Euripides write tragedies—serious
plays, end unhappily• Aristophanes’ plays poke fun at citizens, generals,
politicians
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2SECTION
continued Learning and the Arts
Philosophy• Ancient Greece is birthplace of important
ancient thinkers• Socrates is important fifth-century B.C.
philosopher- a philosopher studies, thinks about why the world is the way it is- Socrates examines friendship, knowledge, justice
• Socrates’ student Plato studies behavior, politics, math, astronomy
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2SECTION
continued Learning and the Arts
The Spread of Greek Culture• Constant war between city-states weakens
them by 300s B.C.- in 338 B.C., King Philip II of Macedonia conquers area- after Philip’s death, his son, Alexander, takes control
• Alexander the Great, taught by Aristotle, is great military leader
• His empire spreads Greek culture through Mediterranean to India- after Alexander’s death, generals divide the empire
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Section 3
Ancient RomeThe ancient Romans make important contributions to government, law, and engineering.
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3SECTION
Ancient Rome
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome
The Formation of the Roman Republic• Tiber River villages in Italy unite to form Rome
around 750 B.C.• Kings rule Rome for 200 years• In 509 B.C., Rome becomes a republic—power
belongs to citizens- citizens govern themselves through elected representatives
The Senate• Powerful Roman Senate is assembly of elected
representatives- each year selects two leaders—consuls—to head government, military
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continued The Beginnings of Ancient Rome
Patricians• Early Senate is made up mainly of patricians—
members of rich, landowning families- as the only citizens allowed to be judges, they control the law
Plebeians• Plebeian—ordinary, working male citizen: farmer,
craftsperson- can vote, but cannot hold public office until 287 B.C.- in 287 B.C., plebeians gain equality with patricians
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3SECTION
The Expansion of the Roman WorldControlling the Mediterranean• By 200s B.C., Rome rules Italian Peninsula,
central Mediterranean• Carthage city-state rules North Africa, southern
Spain- controls western Mediterranean, but defeated by Rome
• As population grows, Rome’s army, territories expand
• Roman culture, language spreads into Spain, Greece
• By 100 B.C., Rome rules most of Mediterranean area
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3SECTION
From Republic to EmpireThe End of the Roman Republic• Julius Caesar—Roman general, governor of Gaul
- Senate fears he is too powerful, orders him to resign• In 45 B.C, Caesar wins the battle to control Republic
- returns to Rome, becomes dictator, ends the Republic
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continued From Republic to Empire
The Beginning of the Roman Empire• Senators kill Caesar in 44 B.C.; civil war erupts• In 27 B.C., Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son)
begins Roman Empire- an empire is ruled by a single, powerful leader
• As emperor, Octavian took the name Augustus
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3SECTION
continued From Republic to Empire
The Augustan Age• Augustus rules Empire for over 40 years,
continues its expansion- borders extend north to Rhine, Danube rivers
• Architects, engineers build new buildings, lighthouses
• Trade of olive oil, wine, pottery, marble, grain increases
• Literature includes Virgil’s long poem the Aeneid• “Pax Romana” (Roman Peace)—200 years of
peace, cultural growth
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3SECTION
The Rise of ChristianityA New Religion• Christianity spreads from Middle East after
Augustus dies, A.D. 14• At first, mostly popular in eastern half of the Empire
- spreads along transportation network through Empire by 200 A.D.
• Most leaders tolerate Empire’s different religions- but Christians are persecuted, punished, killed for their beliefs
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The First Christian EmperorConstantine’s Vision• Constantine becomes emperor in A.D. 306• Before a battle in 312, he has a vision of a cross
in the sky- promises if he wins the battle, he will become a Christian- wins battle, keeps promise
• Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire
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Section 4
Time of Change: The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages are a time of great change in Western Europe.
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4SECTION
Time of Change: The Middle Ages
Western Europe in CollapseThe Beginning of the Medieval Era• Roman Empire collapses in 400s • People flee to countryside to escape invaders
from north, east• No central government to maintain roads,
buildings, water systems• Towns, cities shrink, are abandoned; travel is
unsafe, less common• Medieval era (Middle Ages)—between fall of
Rome, modern world- people turn to military, Roman Catholic Church for leadership
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Charlemagne and the Christian ChurchA New Roman Emperor• Charlemagne (Charles the Great)—Germanic
king, military leader- in late 700s, brings order to former Empire’s northwest
• Pope in Rome allies with Charlemagne to strengthen Catholic Church
• In 800, Pope crowns Charlemagne new Holy Roman Emperor- education improves, government strengthens, Catholicism spreads
• After Charlemagne’s death, Western Europe again lacks strong leader
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The Role of the ChurchThe Center of the Community• Churches are center of Western European
medieval communities- hold services, build orphanages, host feasts and festivals
Monks and Nuns• Some people choose to dedicate their lives to
God, the Church• Monks—men who pray, study, copy holy books
- their communities—monasteries—become centers of learning
• Nuns—women who serve Church, pray, sew, teach girls, care for poor
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Two Medieval SystemsThe Feudal System• Most land belongs to powerful nobles—lords,
kings, church officials• Feudalism—nobles’ system of political ties
through land- powerful noble gives land to less-powerful noble- lesser noble—vassal—vows to serve; provides knights, soldiers, arms
• The land granted is called a fief- at center is manor—castle, farmland, villages, church
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4SECTION
continued Two Medieval Systems
Manorialism• Peasants live, farm manor land, but don’t own
their own land• Manorialism—peasants give labor, some of
their food to lord- in exchange, lord protects them
• Serfs are peasants who belong to the fief they live on- not slaves, but not free to leave without permission
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4SECTION
Medieval Ways of LifeCastle Life• Large manor houses (castles) built for protection
not comfort- cold, damp, dark, with thick stone walls, few windows- Smoky from fires; no indoor plumbing; infested with lice, pests
Peasant Life• Small homes outside castle walls have dirt floors,
straw roofs- peasant families often keep farm animals in the home
• Work for lord two to three days a week; farm own plots rest of week
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The Growth of Medieval TownsShift from Farms to Towns• By mid-1000s, farming methods increase supplies,
shorten harvest• Fewer farmers are needed, so people move back
to towns- towns become trade centers; more people own property, businesses
Guilds• Tradespeople, craftspeople form guilds—business
associations- protect workers’ rights, set wages and prices, settle disputes
• Guild membership often required in order to seek elected office
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4SECTION
The Late Middle AgesGovernments Challenge the Church• As towns grow, citizens start local governments,
elect leaders• Pope claims authority over all Christian lands
- kings, other leaders disagree
The Magna Carta• English nobles rebel against King John
- force him to sign Magna Carta (Great Charter) in 1215- limits king’s power, gives nobles larger role in government
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