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The World in 1500,Beginnings1500

The nation underwent social reform, economic development, and territorial expansion.

A Native American chief from Cuba greets Christopher Columbus in 1492. Engraving (19th century).

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The World in 1500,Beginnings1500

Crossing to the Americas

Societies of North America

Societies of West Africa

Societies of Europe

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

SECTION 5 Early European Explorers

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Section 1

Crossing to the AmericasAncient peoples came from Asia to the Americas and over time developed complex civilizations.

The First People in America

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Crossing to the Americas

First people migrate, or move, to Americasfrom Asia

1SECTION

Others believe they come by many routes, starting 30,000 years ago

Some believe they cross land bridgeBeringiaabout 12,000 years ago

Agriculture Leads to Civilization

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Some cultures grow complex and become civilizations

About 5,000 years ago, begin domesticationgrow plants, tame animals

Cultureway of life shared by people, similar arts, beliefs, customs

Also have organized government and religion, record keeping

Civilizations have cities, specialized jobs for people, advanced tools

First Americans culture is huntingand gathering

Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

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1SECTION

Olmec set up trade routes; build pyramid mounds, cities

About 1,200 B.C. Olmec civilization thrivesin mesoamerica

Around 400 B.C., abandon cities forunknown reasons

Build cities, pyramid mounds; developyearly calendar

By A.D. 250, Maya develop civilization in southern Mexico, Guatemala

By 900, Maya abandon cities forunknown reasons

The Hohokam and the Anasazi

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1SECTION

Farmers who use irrigationbring waterto crops

From about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1400, Hohokam live in American Southwest

By about A.D. 100, Anasazi live in American Southwest; mainly farmers

Around 1300, drought or warfare cause Anasazi to leave homes

Build pueblos, or many-storied houses, against canyon walls

Cliff Palace (built about 1200) was once inhabited by about 100 Anasazi. Mesa Verde National Park.

The Mound Builders

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1SECTION

Build large earthen structures

Mound Buildersearly Native Americans in eastern U.S.

Two oldest are Hopewell (400 B.C.A.D. 400) and Adena

Last Mound BuildersMississippiansbuild first cities in North America

Hopewell are farmers; large trade network; mounds are burial sites

By 1700s, most Mississippians die of diseases brought by Europeans

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Section 2

Societies of NorthAmericaBy 1500, a variety of Native American groupseach with a distinct culturelived in North America.

Native American Diversity

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Societies of North America2SECTION

Environment shapes each groups economy, technology, religion

By 1500, hundreds of Native Americancultural groups

Technologyuse of tools, knowledge to meet human needs

Environment affects religion; groups believe certain places sacred

Environment causes groups economies and technologies to vary

Trade links Native Americans

Peoples of the North and Northwest Coast

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2SECTION

Inuit live on tundratreeless, frozen plain They use kayaks, or small boats, to hunt

sea mammals

They make wooden houses, boats, carved objects

Northwest Coast people, such as Kwakiutl and Haida, fish salmon

Kwakiutl and Haida potlatch ceremonies; give away objects to mark status

Aleut live on islands off Alaska

Peoples of the West

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2SECTION

Men hunt game; women gather wild foods, some are expert weavers

Native Americans in West are huntersand gatherers

Western groups have spiritual beliefs linkedto nature

Peoples of Mexico

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Begin building capital city, Tenochtitln,in 1325

Irrigation helps them grow many crops

Complex society with upper, middle,lower classes

Conquer peoples who give food, resourcesto them

Aztecs have great civilization in central Mexico

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Maya pyramid of Kukulkan at Chichn Itz, Mexico, built around A.D. 987

Peoples of the Southwest

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2SECTION

Build many-storied, adobe houses

In American Southwest, Pueblo people use irrigation to farm

Men hunt, farm, weave, build; women cook, repair houses, craft pottery

Later, Navajo become farmers

Navajo, Apache arrive later; hunters and gatherers; trade with Pueblo

Peoples of the Great Plains

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2SECTION

Some Plains tribes are nomads; others live in villages by rivers

Great Plains extend from Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains

Hunt bison; use its hide for clothes, bones for tools

Spiritual beliefs vary; some honor sacred places

Mandans and Pawnee live in large circular lodges

Peoples of the Southeast

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2SECTION

Women farm; men hunt, fish, clear land Society is matrilinealtrace ancestry through

the mother In villages, people gather at central square for

meetings, ceremonies

Choctaw and Chickasaw are farmers

Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands

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2SECTION

Use slash-and-burn agriculturechop, burn trees; use ash to enrich soil

Most Eastern Woodland peoples speak Iroquoian or Algonquian language

Iroquois live in longhouses; Algonquin live in wigwams

Form 5-tribe allianceIroquois League, brings period of peace to Iroquois

Warlike Iroquois take advice from Deganawida, make peace

A traditional Iroquois longhouse. Iroquois County, New York.

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Section 3

Societies of West AfricaThe peoples of West Africa developed sophisticated kingdoms, trade networks, and artistic achievements.

African Geography and World Trade

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Societies of West Africa3SECTION

By A.D. 1500, trade routes link African coastal ports with rest of world

Africa is second largest continent; variety of land forms and climate

West Africa has rain forest and savanna; the Sahara borders the north

Ghana Grows Wealthy

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3SECTION

First West African kingdom, Ghana, grows rich from gold and salt trade

Camel caravans cross Sahara; connect West Africa with rest of world

Controls this trade from 700s to mid-1000s Kings impose taxes, use wealth for army, build

empire

Islam Enters Ghana

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3SECTION

Islamfounded by prophet Muhammad; teaches that there is one God, Allah

Muslimsfollowers of the religion Islam

Muslim traders bring Islam from North Africa to West Africa

In 1076, Muslim army conquers Ghana city and weakens Ghanas power

Mali Replaces Ghana

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3SECTION

Its wealth also comes from gold-salt trade

By 1200s, kingdom of Mali conquers most of Ghana

Malis ruler, Sundiata, increases Malis power, prosperity

Shows off wealth to rest of world; spreads Islamic culture in Mali

Other great leader, Mansa Musa (13121337), is Muslim

After Mansa Musas death, Mali slowly weakens

The Empire of Songhai

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3SECTION

Led by Sunni Ali, they capture Timbuktu, set up governmental system

Songhai people break away from Mali, begin own empire

Sunni Ali dies (1492); led by AskiaMuhammad, Muslims take over

After his death, Songhai weakens; Moroccan army defeats Songhai (1591)

Askia Muhammad expands trade, sets up tax system, builds Mosques

Other West African Kingdoms

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3SECTION

Yoruba live southwest of Niger River, mostly farmers, have gifted artists

Hausa states emerge after A.D. 1000 in northern Nigeria; trade thrives

Kingdom of Benin in delta of Niger River prospers through trade

Europeans also trade for enslaved Africans

In late 1400s, Portuguese and other Europeans trade goods with Benin

Use enslaved laborers to work on large farms, called plantations

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Section 4

Societies of EuropeBy 1500, Europe was going through a period of social change that sparked interest in learning and exploration.

Feudalism in Europe

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Societies of Europe4SECTION

Feudalisma king allows lords to use land; lords owe loyalty to king

Feudalism, manor system in European Middle Ages (late 400s1300s)

Manor system:- Lords divide land into manors, or large

estates, farmed by serfs - In return for serfs work, lords protect the

serfs Roman Catholic Church gains power during

the Middle Ages

Revival of Trade and Towns

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4SECTION

New farming methods create food surplus, increase population

By 1000s, feudalism brings more stability to European society

More people demand more goods; spurs trade; new towns arise

Serfs go to towns; become craftspeople, merchants; form middle class

Trade with the East

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4SECTION

Italian cities trade with port cities, including Constantinople

Trade increases within and outside Europe

Crusadeswars in which European Christians try to recapture Holy Land

Italian Marco Polo travels in Asia, increases European interest in Asia

Crusades spur trade with the Middle East

The Decline of Feudalism

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In 1347, bubonic plague kills many, reduces workers, weakens feudalism

Trade and towns grow; serfs leave manors for towns; feudalism weakens

As feudal lords lose power, kings gain power

In return, townspeople support kings by paying taxes

Kings help townspeople by enforcing order with large armies

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The Renaissance and Reformation

4SECTION

European Renaissance (13001600) questions old ideas

Renaissancetime of increased interest in art, learning

Stresses human achievement, classical education, art, the sciences

Reformationmovement to correct problems in Church, splits Church

Printing press produces more books; more people read; ideas spread

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Changes in Trade

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4SECTION

Make huge profits trading with Asia, control Mediterranean trade

Italian merchants determine profit by subtracting cost from income

Other European countries want profits by trading with Asia

Look for other trade routes besides the ones controlled by Italians

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Section 5

Early European ExplorersAs Europeans searched for sea routes to Asia, Christopher Columbus reached the Americas.

A Water Route to Asia

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Early European Explorers5SECTION

Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias reaches south tip of Africa (1488)

CaravelPortuguese ship that improves sailing

Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama finds all-water route to Asia (1498)

Portugal grows rich from spice trade

Portugal can now trade with Asia without Italian-Muslim interference

European rivals want part of this trade, search for water routes to Asia

Columbuss Plan

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5SECTION

Columbus overestimates size of Asia; underestimates size of globe

Italian sailor Christopher Columbus claims sailing west is faster to Asia

Portugal turns down Columbuss request to finance voyage

Help from Spains Rulers

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5SECTION

After Muslim wars, Spain agrees to support Columbus

Columbus assembles his ships: Nia, Pinta, Santa Mara

Spains rulers, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella:- want lucrative Asian trade and to spread

Christianity- doubt Columbuss calculations

- are low on money because of Muslim wars- are hesitant to pay the high expense for

Columbuss services

Setting Sail

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5SECTION

He keeps two logs: one for sailors, other tells truth about voyage

Columbus sets sail with 90 crew members on August 3, 1492

After 10 weeks, crew wants to turn back; agree to sail 3 more days

Two days later, on October 12, 1492, they see land

Reaching the Americas

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5SECTION

Islanders, the Taino people, greet him; he calls them Indians

Columbus believes he has landed in Indies, islands in Southeast Asia

He calls island San Salvador, takes possession of it for Spain

For 3 months, tours other Caribbean islands; finds some gold, pearls

Convinced he found Asia, he returns to Spain and informs Spanish rulers

Leaves 39 men on Hispaniola; they steal from Taino, who kill them

Christopher Columbus lands in the Americas in 1492. Painting, William James Aylward

An Expanding Horizon

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5SECTION

Disappoints Ferdinand, Isabella; mistreatment of islanders angers queen

Columbus makes 3 more voyages to Americas, never brings back treasures

Rulers refuse to finance another voyage; Columbus dies a bitter man

In time, Europeans realize Columbus found continents unknown to them

Atlantic Ocean now seen as bridge connecting Europeans to America

Advanced US History Mr. Sarver

For review purposes only

Chapter 1 Interactive Quiz/Game