In 1665, the English scientist ROBERT HOOKE, used a microscope
to examine a thin slice of cork. He described it as consisting of
great many little boxes. It reminded him of the small rooms in
which monks lived CELLS!
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All living things are composed of one or more cells Cells are
the basic units of structure and function in all living things. ALL
cells come from preexisting cells.
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1. SHAPE - Diversity of form reflects a diversity of
function
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2. SIZE visible with unaided eye, microscopic, etc.
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MOST CELLS ARE SMALL FOR 2 REASONS 1. A SMALL CELL HAS MORE
SURFACE AREA THAN A LARGE CELL FOR A GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM 2.
THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN) CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF
LIVING, ACTIVE CYTOPLASM
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3. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION: Organelles, Eukaryotes and
prokaryotes
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EQ= What are membranes and what purpose do they serve? Give an
example of one.
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1. THE PLASMA MEMBRANE (Present in ALL cell types) Functions:
Regulates what enters/leaves the cell Separates internal
environment from the external environment Composed of a lipid
bilayer (Fat) Selectively-permeable membrane
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2. THE CELL WALL (Plant cells ONLY) Surrounds the cell membrane
Helps to protect and support the cell
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The fluid-filled area BETWEEN the NUCLEUS & the CELL
MEMBRANEfluid & organelles cyto = cell plasm = fluid Cytosol =
cell fluid only 3. THE CYTOPLASM
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4. THE NUCLEUS (Eukaryotic cells) Control center of the cell
Contains DNA Double Layer Membrane called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
covered with many small pores The NUCLEOLUS synthesizes (makes)
ribosomes, which are important in making proteins for the cell
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Chromatin: nuclear DNA (long fibers known as chromosomes)
Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane Nuclear Pore: Regulate flow of
materials in and out of cell Nucleolus: Ribosome synthesis
Nucleoplasm: Fluid of the nucleus
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Extension of the nuclear membrane regions with ribosomes =
ROUGH ER (transport ribosomes) regions w/o ribosomes = SMOOTH ER
(lipid synthesis)
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Sites of protein synthesis 2 sub-unit
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The function of the Golgi Apparatus is to sort, chemically
alter, and package important molecules. (UPS guy!)
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Powerhouse of the cell (generates fuel for cells activities)
Sites of cellular respiration
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Responsible for intracellular digestion. Lysosomes are
membranous sacs of acidic enzymes. (Rare in plant cells)
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Detoxify harmful substances that enter the body.
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Stores extra material for the cell. Nutrients, water, etc. The
garage
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All CELLS HAVE DIFFERENT SHAPES AND ARE CAPABLE OF SOME TYPE OF
MOVEMENT. HELPS SUPPORT CELL STRUCTURE AND DRIVE CELL
MOVEMENT.
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a.Cilia short hair- like extensions on the cell that aid in
cell movement b.Flagella long hair-like extension on a cell that
helps the cell propel