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• Cell Theory:
• The cell is the fundamental structure of all living things.
• All living things are made of cells.
• Cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.
Prokaryotic Features
• No _______________ ___________, such as a nucleus.
• DNA in one large ring-shaped chromosome
• An enormous variety of metabolic pathways.
• Highly successful and adaptable.
Internal Structure____________(nucleoid region)
______________cytosol
___________________
______________
________orslime layer
prokaryoticflagellum
food granule
ribosomes
pili
Viruses• A virus is usually
not considered living.
• A virus consists only of a protein coat (sometimes with a lipid outer layer) and a piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
Bacteria vs. Virus
FeaturesBacteri
aVirus
Reproduces independently?
Has genetic material?
Has cell membrane?
Has metabolism?
Living?
Eukaryotic Features
• Cells contain ________________ ________________.
• _________ holds multiple strands of _____, which condense into _______________ during cell division.
• May be single-celled or multi-cellular organisms.
Figure 4-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
___________________
_________________
cytosol
lysosome
ribosomes onrough ER
centriole
___________________
________________
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolus
______________________________
___________________
free ribosome
_________
Animal cell
Plant Cell - same organelles as an animal cell, plus a few more
ribosomes free ribosome
nuclear pore
nuclear envelope
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolus______
smoothendoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
roughendoplasmicreticulum
Golgi apparatus
_______________________________________plastid
__________________________
plasmodesma
_________________
central vacuole
cytosol
Things we will see in cells
• First let’s focus on things we can see using a light microscope and ordinary stains:
• Cell nucleus
• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Plastids (Chloroplast, amyloplast, chromoplast)
• Plant cell vacuole
Figure 4-9a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
nuclearpores
nuclearenvelope
chromatin
____________
Nucleus
Chloroplast
_______
________membrane
________membrane
channelinterconnecting
thylakoids
1 micrometer
______
granum(stack of thylakoids)
Protein-making Machinery
• Information for making proteins is in _____, stored in the ___________.
• An ______ copy is made in the nucleus and sent out to the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
• Proteins leave the ER and are finished and packaged in the _____ ___________.
Figure 4-13 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Protein-carryingvesicles from ERmerge with Golgiapparatus
Golgiapparatus
Vesicles carryingmodified proteinleave Golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Figure 4-14 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
1 A protein issynthesized in the rough ER.
5 Vesicles merge with theplasma membrane andrelease protein byexocytosis.
4 Completed proteinis packaged intovesicles.
3 Vesicles fuse with Golgi. The protein may be altered and finished.
2 Protein is packagedinto vesicles and travelsto Golgi apparatus.
ER and Golgi function
Organelles in Cell Energy
• Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun and use that energy to manufacture sugars (chemical energy storage).
• Mitochondria break the bonds in sugars and release the energy that was stored there.
Mitochondrion
_________
___________membrane
__________membrane
intermembranecompartment
0.2 micrometer
_______
Single-Celled Organisms
• Single-celled organisms carry out the same functions that our multicellular bodies do, but all within a single cell. How do they do it?
One-celled Eukaryotic organisms have unique challenges.
A Paramecium must:
ingest food
excrete waste
sense and respond to the environment
(a) Cilium
(b) Flagellum
propulsion of fluid
return strokepower strokeplasma membrane
direction of locomotion propulsion of fluid
continuous propulsion
ciliumParamecium0.1 micrometer
protein"arms"
central pair ofmicrotubules
section of cilium(transmission EM)
basal body
plasma membrane
pore
collectingducts
centralreservoir
Reservoir contracts, expellingwater through pore.
Water enters collecting ducts,fills central reservoir.