Unit 2: Cell Biology2.1 Cell Theory:

1. Every living thing is made of one or more cells.2. Cells carry out the functions to support life.3. Cells are produced by other cells.

2.2 Unicellular: organisms made of a single cell.

2.3 Multicellular: organisms made up of many cells.

2.4 There are two types of cells: Plant & Animal

Animal Cell Plant Cell

Animal Cell Anatomy2.5 Cell Membrane:

Surrounds the cell and regulates what goes in and out of the cell.

2.6 Cytoplasm: A jellylike substance that fills up the cell.

2.7 Nucleus: Contains the DNA of the cell which controls all the cell’s activities.

2.8 Nuclear Membrane: Controls what flows in and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear Membrane

Nucleus

2.9 Mitochondria: Transforms sugar into energy packets (ATP’s) for the cell’s energy uses.

Mitochondria

2.10 Endoplasmic Reticulum: Channels that transport materials through the cell.

2.11 Ribosomes: “Factories” that produce new proteins for cell growth and repair.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Plant Cell Anatomy 2.12 Cell Wall: (Plants

Only) Makes the cell rigid for protection and support (plants don’t need a skeleton for support).

2.13 Vacuole: A sac used to store food, water, wastes.

Plant Cell Anatomy 2.14 Chloroplast: Contains

chlorophyll that enables the cell to make food by sunlight.

2.15 Prokaryotic Cell: A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other organelles.

2.16 Eukaryotic Cell: A cell in which the genetic material is enclosed within a nucleus, surrounded by its own membrane.

2.17 Microscope: is an instrument that makes an object appear bigger than it is.

Thinking Question: Why would a microscope be important to a scientist? What type of scientist do think use microscopes and why?

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

2.18 Diffusion: The movement of molecules from where they are crowded to where they are less crowded. (“Get Away Force”) Example: Dye diffuses through water.

2.19 Osmosis: The diffusion of water through a membrane. (Potato Lab)

Example: 2 beakers with water and semipermeable membranes that allow water to pass through but no salt.

2.20 Active Transport: The movement of molecules from a less crowded area to a more crowded area using cellular energy (ATP).

2.21 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The energy molecule that all cells run on.

2.22 Glucose (C6H12O6): A sugar molecule that is a major source for most cells.

2.23 Fermentation: Making ATP’s without oxygen.

2 ATPs

GlucoseCarbon Dioxide (C02)

Alcohol

FermentationRaw Materials

1. Glucose (Sugar)Products

1. CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

2. Alcohol

3. 2 ATP

2.24 Respiration: Making ATPs with oxygen.

Glucose

Oxygen

38 ATPs

Water

Carbon Dioxide (C02)

RespirationRaw Materials

1. Glucose (Sugar)

2. O2 (oxygen)

Products1. CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

2. H20 (water)

3. 38 ATP

Respiration Fermentation

Respiration / Fermentation Paper• 1st Paragraph

– What is ATP?– What cell structure makes ATP?– Why do our cells need ATP?

• 2nd Paragraph– What is Cell Respiration?– What are the raw materials? – What are the products?

• 3rd Paragraph– What is Fermentation?– What are the raw materials?– What are the products?

2.25 Photosynthesis: The process that plant cells use to change the energy from

sunlight into sugar.

Water

(C02)

Sunlight

Oxygen

⏎Sugar

2.26 Chlorophyll: A light absorbing pigment that traps the energy in sunlight.

↵

Chlorophyll

2.27 There are 4 main types of large molecules that make up living things: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

2.28 These molecules work together in a cell to perform all cell functions.

2.29 Carbohydrates: A type of molecule made up of subunits of sugars and used for energy

and structure.

2.30 Lipids: A type of molecule made up of subunits of fatty acids. Lipids are found in fats, oils, and waxes use for structure and to store energy.

2.31 Proteins: A type of molecule made up of chains of amino acid subunits. Proteins

control the chemical activity of a cell and support growth and repair.

2.32 Nucleic Acids: A type of molecule made up of subunits of nucleotides that is part of the genetic material of a cell and is needed to

make proteins. Examples: DNA and RNA