Biological / Physical Anthropology

Unit 2

Biological Anthropology

Biological Anthropology seeks to understand the role of biology in understanding human culture

Biologic Anthropology

Biological anthropologists seek to answer two sets of questions:

The first deal with where humans (Homo sapiens) come from (human paleontology).

Biological Anthropology

The second set of questions deals with how and why contemporary human populations differ biologically ( human variation)

The Evolution of EvolutionCarlos Linnaeus

KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus

Species

The Evolution of EvolutionLinnaeus placed humans, apes, and monkeys in the same order (primates).

The Evolution of Evolution

Natural Selection

Charles Darwin developed the theory of Natural Selection. Natural selection is a process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits thought time.

Darwin rejected the theory that species were created in one fixed form. He believed natural selection influenced evolution.

Natural Selection

Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859.

Natural Selection

Natural selection increases adaptive traits relative to the environment

Adaptive traits are those that increase an organisms chances of survival.

What is adaptive in one environment is maladaptive in another (i.e. gills).

Evolution

Evolution and natural selection act on populations not individual animals.

Natural Selection

Three things are needed for natural selection to take place:

1.Variation2.Heritability3.Differential reproductive success

Heredity

Gregor Mendel

Heredity

Mendel identified that some traits are dominant and others are recessive.

Heredity

Genotype- an organism’s genetic make up

Phenotype – an organism's physical appearance

Genotype or Phenotype?

Genotype or Phenotype?

Genotype or Phenotype?

Genotype or Phenotype?

Genotype or Phenotype?

Do Now- What are your thoughts about the following museum in Kentucky? (4 Lines)

Remember

The allele of a gene pair that is always expressed is Dominant

Adaptation can occur culturally or biologically

One issue that was never in doubt at the Scopes Trial was the theory of Evolution

Genes

Genes are the chemical unit of heredity.

Genes are contained inside Chromosomes.

Chromosomes are paired rod-shaped structures within a cell’s nucleus.

Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Do NowWhat do you think would happen if your DNA randomly changed?

Genes

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule in the genes that directs an organism’s make up.

The bases that compose DNA always occur in the same pairs:Adenine with ThymineGuanine and CytosineAdenine and Uracil (in RNA)

Genes

Genes

Mitosis – cell reproduction

Meiosis – sex cell reproduction

Sources of Variability

Sources of Variability

Mutation – a change in the DNA sequence that produces an altered gene.

Sources of Variability

Sources of Variability

Sources of Variability

Genetic Recombination- the varied distribution of traits from parent to child

Sources of Variability

Genetic drift – the various random process that affect gene frequencies in small isolated populations.

Sources of Variability

Gene flow – the process by which genes pass from one population to another

Origin of Species

A species can reproduce viable offspring.

Speciation is the development of new species

Natural selection and behaiviorSociobiology – interested in social behavior.

Behavioral ecology – interested in how behavior is related to the environment.

Evolutionary psychology – interested in how evolution influenced human behavior.

Homework- Due Monday

Type 3- State the cases for and against evolution using your notes in class. (10 Sentences)