4 SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICAL ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY LINGUISTIC LINGUISTIC SOCIO-CULTURAL SOCIO-CULTURAL CHIEF MEANS OF ADAPTATION FOR HUMANS IS CULTURE SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY IS HOLISTICall the sub-systems of a culture are related as a single system HOLISTICall the sub-systems of a culture are related as a single system COMPARATIVE-understand each example in terms of all the others COMPARATIVE-understand each example in terms of all the others ETHNOGRAPHIC-know by doing fieldwork ETHNOGRAPHIC-know by doing fieldwork PRINCIPLE METHOD IS ETHNOGRAPHYFIELDWORKPARTICIPANT-OBSERVATION CULTURAL RELATIVITY ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND IDEAS, PRACTICES, AND VALUES OF OTHER PEOPLES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR OWN CULTURES RATHER THAN OUR OWN 1)Descriptive relativity suspending judgement to impartially report 2) Ethical relativity viewing a culture through their perspective 3) Epistemological relativity all ways of knowing are equal ---OR ARE THEY? ETHNOCENTRISM Thinking your own culture is the best Figure 1.1 U.S. Fast Food System Important Terms Agency Agency Variable Variable Independent variable Independent variable Interdependent variables Interdependent variables Self-intensifying loops Self-intensifying loops LISU SHAN Iceland Anthropology of Iceland Images of Contemporary Iceland Icelandic Essays Dynamics of Medieval Iceland PROCESS OF FIELDWORK (utilizing the scientific method) 1. THINK OF A HYPOTHESIS IN TERMS OF A THEORY E.G. SHAN PEASANTS PRODUCE ENOUGH FOR THEIR HOUSEHOLDS BUT NOT MUCH MORE-- THEORY OF HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION E.G. STUDIES OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SHOW THAT THE LESS CENTRALIZED THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IS, THE MORE PEOPLE PARTICIPATE AND THE MORE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IS. HYPOTHESIS: IN LESS CENTRALIZED UNIONS, PEOPLE PARTICIPATE MORE AND THE UNION IS MORE EFFECTIVE 2. WRITE A PROPOSAL IN WHICH YOU EXPLAIN THE THEORY, THE HYPOTHESIS, AND WHY EACH ONE IS IMPORTANT AND EXACTLY WHAT YOU PROPOSE TO DO [EVEN THOUGH YOU KNOW AND THEY KNOW IT NEVER HAPPENS THAT WAY] 3. DEVELOP A BUDGET AND TIME-LINE 4. SEND THE PROPOSAL TO GRANTING AGENCIES SUCH AS NSF 5. GET APPROVAL FROM IRB 6. WAIT 7. IF THE GRANTING AGENCY LIKES THE IDEA, THEY GIVE YOU SOME MONEY 8. DO WHAT YOU SAID YOUD DOAS CLOSELY AS YOU CANE.G. YOU MAY NOT BE ABLE TO GET RANDOM SAMPLESIMPROVISELISTEN TO PEOPLE; UNDERSTAND WHAT THEYRE SAYING IN THEIR TERMS 9. REVISE THE THEORY AND HYPOTHESES TO FIT WHAT YOU OBSERVE EMPIRICISM MEANS YOU MAKE YOUR IDEAS CONFORM TO THE FACTS; YOU DONT MAKE THE FACTS CONFORM TO YOUR IDEAS --DEVELOP NEW METHODS TO FIT THE SITUATIONS YOU FACE 10. WRITE ABOUT METHODS AND FINDINGS AND TALK ABOUT THEM AT MEETINGS OF ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND OTHER INTERESTED PEOPLE FOR INSTANCE, FISHERIES MANAGERS, FISHERS, UNION MEMBERS, UNION LEADERS 11. LISTEN TO WHAT OTHER ANTHROPOLOGISTS ARE SAYING ABOUT THEIR WORK 12. PUT YOUR FINDINGS IN WIDER COMPARATIVE CONTEXTS OF OTHER FINDINGS FROM OTHER CULTURES 13. INCORPORATE NEW THEORIES AND METHODS 13. REPEAT FROM BEGINNING SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IS SELF-CORRECTIVEIF OBSERVATIONS DONT MATCH OUR IDEAS, WE CHANGE OUR IDEAS UNTIL OBSERVATIONS DO MATCH OUR IDEAS. IS SELF-CORRECTIVEIF OBSERVATIONS DONT MATCH OUR IDEAS, WE CHANGE OUR IDEAS UNTIL OBSERVATIONS DO MATCH OUR IDEAS.