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Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction to Anatomy
Sports Medicine 1 Mr. Smith
Lesson Objectives
Describe the functions of skin, bone, muscle, ligament, tendon, and cartilage
Describe the types of bones and identify examples
Describe the classification of joints and explain the types of motion produced
Label general muscular and bony anatomy
Body Tissues
Skin: Most superficial layer First line defense against
external forces Keeps bodily fluids in Picks up sensations Secrets an oily substance
Body Tissues cont…
Skin Made up of several
layers Superficial –
epidermis Middle- dermis Deep- hypodermis or
subcutaneous layer Stores about 50% of
body’s fat
Body Tissues cont…
Skin Has ability to expand
Accommodate increases in muscle girth or fatty tissue Stretch marks are where
the dermis was stretched excessively until elastic fibers ruptured
Body Tissues cont… Bones
Protect vital organs and structures from trauma
Are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement
Are metabolically active; that is, produced blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
Protect nerves and blood vessels that travel alongside them
Body Tissues cont…
Bones Approximately 206
bones in bodyAxial Skeleton
Spine, thorax, skull
Appendicular Skeleton Extremities
Body Tissues cont.
Epiphysis (growth plate) Spongy during adolescence and
can be problematic because of vulnerability to injury
Diaphysis Shaft of the bone
Body Tissues cont…
Articular Cartilage Cushions bone ends, provides stability with
movementPeriosteum
Supportive sheath that provides nutrient blood for the bones
Spongy Bone Filled with either red or yellow bone marrow,
capable of making changes according to weight, postural change and muscle tension
Body Tissues cont… Compact Bone
Dense bone Medullary Cavity
Cavity of diaphysis, contains marrow Red Marrow
Composed of red and white blood cells. In adults it is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, and cranial bones
Yellow Marrow Fatty connective tissue, replaces red marrow in
the epiphysis, medullary cavity of long bone, and cancellous bone of other bones
Body Tissues cont…
Bones Long Bones Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Body Tissues cont.
Long Bones
Having a body which is longer than it is wide with growth plates (epiphysis)
Body Tissues cont…
Bones Long Bones
Femur Tibia Fibula Humerus Radius Ulna
Body Tissues cont.
Mini Long Bones Metacarpals Metatarsals Phalanges
Body Tissues cont.
Short Bones Carpals
Wrist Bones Tarsals
Foot Bones
A bone that is as wide as they are long
Body Tissues cont.
Flat They are as they sound, flat plates of
bone Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Sternum (Breast Bone) Cranium (Skull) Pelvis Ribs
Body Tissues cont.
Irregular Bones that do not fall into any other
category, due to their non-uniform shape
Vertebrae (Bones of the Spine)Sacrum (Tail Bone)Mandible (Lower Jaw)
Body Tissues cont.
Sesamoid Usually short or irregular bones,
imbedded in a tendon Often a so called “Floating Bone”
Patella (Knee Cap) Most Known 2 Small Bones at base of 1st Metatarsal Sometimes 1 at base of Thumb
Body Tissues cont…
CartilageFunctions to join structuresAbsorb shockAnd permit smooth bone
movement
Body Tissues cont…
Muscle Allows the body to accelerate, decelerate,
stop movement, and help to maintain normal postural alignment
Tendon Attach muscle to bone and transmit the
force that a muscle exerts
Ligament Connect bone to bone and helps to form
joints
Body Tissues cont…
Connective tissue Made up of spindle-
shaped cells that support and bind together other tissues Ligaments and
Tendons
Classification of Joints
Diarthrodial (synovial) Really good mobility Consist of a joint capsule, synovial
membrane, hyaline cartilage Hinge Joint
Elbow and Knee
Multiaxial or Ball and Socket Joint Hip and Shoulder
Most mobility of all joints
Classification of Joints
Amphiarthrodial Joints Cartilage attaching two bones together
Ribs join the Sternum
Synarthrodial Held together by tough connective
tissue, and are basically immoveable Bones of the Skull