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Unit 19: The Early Cold War 1945-1950s
OHS HISTORY STAFF
Learning Objectives
• Describe the competition between the U.S.A and the Soviet Union
• Describe the Cold War arms race and economic competition
• Understand the Cold War alliances of NATO, SEATO and Warsaw Pact
• Analyze the causes and effects of the Second Red Scare
• Describe the causes, course, and consequences of the Korean War
• Explain the Cold War polices during President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s administration
• Explain the fears of Americans surrounding nuclear holocaust, weapons stockpiling, and the use of nuclear weapons
Big Concepts
• Following World War 2 the United States and the Soviet Union became enemies.
• These two new super powers competed over global influence and expansion of political and economic ideology
• Both super powers forged new alliances to deter one another from gaining a military advantage
• President Truman developed a Cold War policy known as containment.
• The goals of containment were to “contain” communism where it was and to prevent its spread.
• The United States and the Soviet Union’s first Cold War battlefield was over influence in postwar Germany.
• Germany and its capital of Berlin had been split into four economic zones
• Stalin sought to push the western democracies out of Berlin.
Key Vocabulary
• Yellow = Must Copy
• Green = Copy if time permits
Cold War
• Political and military struggle between the United States and its democratic allies and the Soviet Union and its communist allies.
NATO
• American led European military alliance
• Collective security against communist aggression
Warsaw Pact
• Soviet led Eastern European military alliance
• Created in response to NATO
Containment
• American foreign policy stance towards the Soviet Union
• The belief in containing communism where it is and preventing its spread
Truman Doctrine
• President Truman’s containment policy of providing military and financial aid to countries battling communism.
• Used to prevent the spread of communism to Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan
• an American initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe to prevent the expansion of communist ideology
• The United States transferred over $12 billion in economic recovery programs to Western European economies
• Happy people in a democracy = no communist overthrow
• Boosted the American economy
• Led to many American allies
Berlin Airlift• Following World War 2 Germany was divided into two zones
between the United States and the Soviet Union.
• Berlin, the capital, was divided in two and was in the Soviet zone.
• Stalin was upset by the western democracies working together to rebuild West Germany and decided to blockade Berlin and force America to withdraw from the city.
• America and its allies flew supplies into its half of the city
• Stalin couldn’t shoot the planes down because it would start a war and he didn’t have atomic bombs yet.
• Stalin gives up the blockade leading to an American Cold War victory
Second Red Scare• The tension between the United States and
communist Soviet Union led to a wave of fear and anxiety at home.
• The Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, shocking American experts.
• Communist spies and agents were feared to be operating in the United States government.
McCarthyism
• Politicians used the fear of communism to gain power and influence.
• Senator Joseph McCarthy is best known for this.
• With little to no evidence he accused hundreds of government and military personnel of working for the communists.
Blacklisting
• Congress created the House Un-American Activities Committee to search for communists in American society.
• Hollywood was targeted because of its influence on American culture.
• Many writers, directors, and actors lost their jobs and were blacklisted from working in the film business.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
• Accused of overseeing a spy network that stole American atomic secrets and handing those over to the Soviet Union
• the couple were the only spies executed during the Cold War.
Korean War• After WW2 – Korea was split in half at the 38th Parallel. North =
Communist , South = Non-Communist
• North Korea’s neighbor, China had recently been taken over by communists and supports North Korea’s invasion of South Korea.
• The United States lobbies the United Nations to intervene.
• Fearful of the spread of communism, known as the domino theory, the United States intervenes and saves South Korea at the Battle of Inchon.
• The North is almost defeated but the Chinese army attacks the United States and pushes American forces back to the 38th parallel.
• The war starts in 1950 an ends in 1953
• 54,000 American soldiers were killed in this “forgotten war”
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
• President following Harry Truman.
• President from 1953-1961
• Cold War Policies• Brinkmanship – willingness to go to the brink of war to stop communism
• “Peaceful coexistence” – Belief that USA and USSR could exist together without fighting.
• Feared military industrial complex – felt military industry had too much power
Nuclear Fears
• Atomic Testing – Large number of bigger and more destructive atomic bombs were tested above ground. Banned in 1959.
• Civil Defense – organized non-military effort to prepare Americans for military attack
• Fallout Shelters – underground bunker for protection from atomic explosions
• Impact of Sputnik – Soviets launch first satellite into orbit sparks fears USA is behind in the Cold War. Leads to the Space Race.
• Mutual Assured destruction – Concept that if WW3 occurred both sides would be destroyed