Unit 14 Cultural Encounters. Contents Pre-reading questions Pre-reading questions Pre-reading questions Background information Background information

Unit 14Unit 14 Cultural Encounters Cultural Encounters

ContentsContents

Pre-reading questionsPre-reading questions Background informationBackground information Structural analysisStructural analysis Comprehension questions Comprehension questions Language points of Text ILanguage points of Text I Grammatical itemsGrammatical items ExercisesExercises Comprehension questions of Text IIComprehension questions of Text II Oral activitiesOral activities Writing practiceWriting practice

Text IText I Cultural EncountersCultural Encounters

Pre-reading questionsPre-reading questions

1.21st Century is a new age. What kind of age is it?

2.Do you often surf on the Internet? Why?3. What language is considered as a global

language? Why? 4. What makes people feel difficult in

communication with non-native speakers?5. Do you know these terms?monolingual bilingual multilingual

Background information (1)Background information (1) 21st Century is a new age. What kind of age is it? 21st Century is a new age. What kind of age is it?

Information age. What is needed to pass on Information age. What is needed to pass on information? Language. Communication is information? Language. Communication is impossible when different peoples speak different impossible when different peoples speak different languages. Communication can take place when languages. Communication can take place when people from different cultural backgrounds share a people from different cultural backgrounds share a same language. In this sense, we can say that the same language. In this sense, we can say that the new age is a new age is a cross-cultural communication agecross-cultural communication age which demands people to have cross-cultural which demands people to have cross-cultural communication awareness and knowledge. communication awareness and knowledge.

What knowledge? Why awareness? What knowledge? Why awareness?

Background information (2)Background information (2)

Stimulating and Enlightening Quotations:Stimulating and Enlightening Quotations: ““People begin to understand their own cultures People begin to understand their own cultures

only after they have begun interacting with only after they have begun interacting with people from another culture.”people from another culture.”

* What is “right” in one culture may be “ * What is “right” in one culture may be “ wrong” in another. *wrong” in another. *

* Communication is a risky business. ** Communication is a risky business. *


* In order to avoid “communication break-down” * In order to avoid “communication break-down” caused by “cultural bumps” on the “business caused by “cultural bumps” on the “business highway”, we must develop cultural awareness of the highway”, we must develop cultural awareness of the influential factors behind the speech acts and gain influential factors behind the speech acts and gain the knowledge of each other’s behavior patterns, the knowledge of each other’s behavior patterns, polite strategies and cultural associations, etc. * polite strategies and cultural associations, etc. *

* To learn a foreign language without learning its * To learn a foreign language without learning its culture is a very good way to make oneself a culture is a very good way to make oneself a language fluent fool. *language fluent fool. *


Special termsSpecial terms Culture/culture Culture/culture 大写文化大写文化 // 小写文化小写文化 culture shock culture shock 文化震惊文化震惊 // 休克休克 cultural biases cultural biases 文化成见文化成见 cultural adjustment/reentry cultural adjustment/reentry 文化调适文化调适 cultural labels cultural labels 文化标记文化标记 overgeneralizationovergeneralization 以偏概全以偏概全 face threatening acts(FTAS)face threatening acts(FTAS) 面子威胁行为面子威胁行为 etc.etc.


Every language is part of a culture. As Brown explains, “It Every language is part of a culture. As Brown explains, “It is apparent that culture, as an ingrained set of behaviors anis apparent that culture, as an ingrained set of behaviors and modes of perception, becomes highly important in the led modes of perception, becomes highly important in the learning of a second language. A language is a part of a cultarning of a second language. A language is a part of a culture, and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricure, and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two withoately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. Thut losing the significance of either language or culture. The acquisition of a second language, except for specialized, e acquisition of a second language, except for specialized, instrumental acquisition, is also the acquisition of a seconinstrumental acquisition, is also the acquisition of a second culture (Brown, 1993: 165)”. Quotations of Denis Wailed culture (Brown, 1993: 165)”. Quotations of Denis Waileyy


Therefore, in order to successfully communicate Therefore, in order to successfully communicate with English native speakers, it is not enough for with English native speakers, it is not enough for EFL learners merely have a good mastery of EFL learners merely have a good mastery of vocabulary and a thorough command of vocabulary and a thorough command of grammar of English; they should also become grammar of English; they should also become familiar with the familiar with the cultural differencescultural differences that may that may affect proper understanding of that language.affect proper understanding of that language.

Susan BassnettSusan Bassnett

Susan BassnettSusan Bassnett is Professor in the Centre for Trans is Professor in the Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies which she lation and Comparative Cultural Studies which she founded in the 1980s. She was educated in several founded in the 1980s. She was educated in several European countries, which gave her a grounding in European countries, which gave her a grounding in diverse languages and cultures. She has lectured in diverse languages and cultures. She has lectured in universities around the world, and began her acadeuniversities around the world, and began her academic career in Italy, moving via the United States to mic career in Italy, moving via the United States to the University of Warwick, where she set up a posthe University of Warwick, where she set up a post-graduate Centre in intercultural studies that now ht-graduate Centre in intercultural studies that now has a thriving international population of some 100 sas a thriving international population of some 100 students.tudents.

She is author of over She is author of over 2020 books, and her books, and her TranslatiTranslation Studieson Studies, (3rd ed. 2002) which first appeared i, (3rd ed. 2002) which first appeared in 1980, has remained consistently in print and han 1980, has remained consistently in print and has become the most important textbook around ths become the most important textbook around the world in the expanding field of Translation Stue world in the expanding field of Translation Studies. Her dies. Her Comparative Literature: A Critical IntComparative Literature: A Critical Introduction roduction (1993) has also become an internation(1993) has also become an internationally renowned work and has been translated into ally renowned work and has been translated into several languages. Recent books include several languages. Recent books include Sylvia Sylvia PlathPlath: An Introduction to the Poetry : An Introduction to the Poetry (2004)(2004), Con, Constructing Culturesstructing Cultures (1998) written with André Lef (1998) written with André Lefevere .evere .

Besides her academic research, Susan Bassnett Besides her academic research, Susan Bassnett writes poetry. Her latest collection is writes poetry. Her latest collection is ExchangiExchanging Livesng Lives (2002). She also writes for several nati (2002). She also writes for several nati

onal newspapers. She is a member of the West onal newspapers. She is a member of the West Midlands Arts Committee and of the Literature, Midlands Arts Committee and of the Literature, Language and Culture Committee of the British Language and Culture Committee of the British

Counsel.Counsel.

Recent PublicationsRecent Publications

The Translator as WriterThe Translator as Writer ed. Susan Bassnett and Peter Bus ed. Susan Bassnett and Peter Bush (London and New York; Continuum, 2006) h (London and New York; Continuum, 2006)

Sylvia Plath: An Introduction to the Poetry Sylvia Plath: An Introduction to the Poetry (2nd edition) Su(2nd edition) Susan Bassnett (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004) san Bassnett (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004)

Studying British Cultures: An Introduction Studying British Cultures: An Introduction (2nd edition) ed. (2nd edition) ed. Susan Bassnett (London and New York: Routledge, 2003)Susan Bassnett (London and New York: Routledge, 2003)

Translation Studies, Translation Studies, (3rd edition) (London & New York, R(3rd edition) (London & New York, Routledge, 2002) outledge, 2002)

Exchanging Lives Exchanging Lives (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press: 2002) (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press: 2002)

Structural analysis of the text (1)Structural analysis of the text (1)

Every language is part of a culture. A language is Every language is part of a culture. A language is a part of a culture, and a culture is a part of a a part of a culture, and a culture is a part of a language; the two are intricately interwoven so language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. the significance of either language or culture. Therefore, Therefore, The The thesis statementthesis statement the author puts the author puts forth is “Most fundamental is the profound forth is “Most fundamental is the profound relationship between language and culture that relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society and one that we lies at the heart of society and one that we overlook at our peril.”overlook at our peril.”

Structural analysis of the text (2)Structural analysis of the text (2) The text can be divided into The text can be divided into threethree parts. parts. Paragraphs 1-3 the first part Paragraphs 1-3 the first part Paragraphs 4-6 constitute the second part, Paragraphs 4-6 constitute the second part,

which is the body of the text. which is the body of the text. Paragraphs 7-8 The last partParagraphs 7-8 The last part

Structural Analysis of the Text(3)Structural Analysis of the Text(3)

Main idea in each partMain idea in each part Paragraphs 1-3Paragraphs 1-3 Susan Bassnett argues that we live in an age of eSusan Bassnett argues that we live in an age of e

asy access to the rest of the world and this global asy access to the rest of the world and this global communications revolution is linked to the expacommunications revolution is linked to the expansion of English. Hence the question concerning nsion of English. Hence the question concerning language and culture is raised and brought into dlanguage and culture is raised and brought into discussion.iscussion.

Paragraphs 4-6Paragraphs 4-6 By making good use of exemplification, the By making good use of exemplification, the

author elaborates her view that language goes author elaborates her view that language goes further than communication but also transports a further than communication but also transports a cultural subtext. She further points out that cultural subtext. She further points out that translators negotiated the boundaries between translators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a compromise. languages and came up with a compromise.

Paragraph 7-8Paragraph 7-8 She warns that by not having the need to learn She warns that by not having the need to learn

other languages these days, native speakers of other languages these days, native speakers of English may lose the skill to understand other English may lose the skill to understand other cultures. ( World peace in the future depends on cultures. ( World peace in the future depends on intercultural understanding.)intercultural understanding.)

Structural analysis of the text (4)Structural analysis of the text (4)

This text is an This text is an argumentativeargumentative essay. The author essay. The author presents her argument logically and naturally. presents her argument logically and naturally. She uses vivid She uses vivid examplesexamples to produce an to produce an impressive effect.impressive effect.

The author’s The author’s purposepurpose of writing: of writing:

To elucidate the need for international and To elucidate the need for international and intercultural understanding due to the global intercultural understanding due to the global expression of English. expression of English.

Comprehension questionsComprehension questions (1) (1)

1.1. What does the Internet enable us to do ?What does the Internet enable us to do ? --Refer to paragraph 1. The Internet enable us to --Refer to paragraph 1. The Internet enable us to

communicate with even the remotest places communicate with even the remotest places instantly.instantly.

2. How does the author satirize the traditional 2. How does the author satirize the traditional postal services?postal services?

--The traditional postal services are now referred --The traditional postal services are now referred to as “snail mail”.to as “snail mail”.

Comprehension questions (2)Comprehension questions (2)

3. What is one of the purposes mentioned in the 3. What is one of the purposes mentioned in the passage for people to learn English?passage for people to learn English?

-- Refer to Paragraph 2. Learning English is an -- Refer to Paragraph 2. Learning English is an essential stepping stone on the road to success.essential stepping stone on the road to success.

4.What is the most fundamental problem with 4.What is the most fundamental problem with the communications revolution?the communications revolution?

--Refer to Paragraph 3. It is the profound --Refer to Paragraph 3. It is the profound relationship between language and culture that relationship between language and culture that lies at the heart of society.lies at the heart of society.

Comprehension questions (3)Comprehension questions (3)

5.What does the author think languages give us?5.What does the author think languages give us? -- Refer to Paragraph 4. Languages give us the -- Refer to Paragraph 4. Languages give us the

means to shape our views of the world.means to shape our views of the world. 6.What is suggested about the citation of the 6.What is suggested about the citation of the

early Bible translation?early Bible translation? --Refer to Paragraph 5. It signifies the needs to --Refer to Paragraph 5. It signifies the needs to

negotiate the boundaries between languages and negotiate the boundaries between languages and come up with a compromise.come up with a compromise.

Comprehension questions (4)Comprehension questions (4) 7.7. In what way does English spread in this world?In what way does English spread in this world? --Refer to Paragraph 7. In this world millions of --Refer to Paragraph 7. In this world millions of

people are adding another language to their own people are adding another language to their own and are learning how to negotiate cultural and and are learning how to negotiate cultural and linguistic differences.linguistic differences.

8.8. To what extent does communicating in another To what extent does communicating in another language involve?language involve?

-- Refer to Paragraph 7. It involves not only -- Refer to Paragraph 7. It involves not only linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently linguistic skills, but the ability to think differently as well, to enter into another culture’s mentality as well, to enter into another culture’s mentality and shape language accordingly.and shape language accordingly.

Language points of Text ILanguage points of Text I

Summary of para.1----We live in a historic period Summary of para.1----We live in a historic period in which we can readily contact the rest of the in which we can readily contact the rest of the world. Inexpensive flights imply that millions of world. Inexpensive flights imply that millions of people are able to visit places which their parent people are able to visit places which their parent could only tour in their dreamscould only tour in their dreams,, while the Internet while the Internet makes it possible for us to share or ex change makes it possible for us to share or ex change feelings, opinions, or information, etc. with people feelings, opinions, or information, etc. with people in the most quiet and lonelyin the most quiet and lonely places, and theplaces, and the

traditional postal services are now spoken about traditional postal services are now spoken about nearly unreasonably as "snail mail." When nearly unreasonably as "snail mail." When students go away from a certain place with a students go away from a certain place with a rucksack on their back, they are able to send rucksack on their back, they are able to send messages to their parents by email from Internet messages to their parents by email from Internet cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. cafes in the Himalayas or from a desert oasis. And mobile phones have become a universally And mobile phones have become a universally known and extremely common means of daily known and extremely common means of daily communication. communication.

Language points in Para 1 (1)Language points in Para 1 (1) We are all familiar with the clicking of text messaging We are all familiar with the clicking of text messaging

24 hours a day. It seems that nobody will lose touch 24 hours a day. It seems that nobody will lose touch with the rest of the world, if, of course, they are with the rest of the world, if, of course, they are ffiinancially able to be equipped with mobile phones. nancially able to be equipped with mobile phones.

1. 1. accessaccess [n] entrance [n] entrance;; way in way in;; means of entering means of entering Eg. The only means of Eg. The only means of accessaccess to the building is along a to the building is along a

muddy track.muddy track. The avalanche cut off the The avalanche cut off the accessaccess to the mountain to the mountain

village. village. 2.2. communicate [v] communicate [v] (1) make opinions, feelings, information, etc.(1) make opinions, feelings, information, etc. known or known or

understood by others, e.g. by speechunderstood by others, e.g. by speech,, writing writing,, or bodily or bodily movementsmovements

Language points in Para 1(2)Language points in Para 1(2) Eg: Our teacher Eg: Our teacher communicatescommunicates his ideas very clearly. his ideas very clearly.

Her husband has Her husband has communicatedcommunicated his displeasure to her. his displeasure to her. (2) share or exchange feelings, opinions, or (2) share or exchange feelings, opinions, or

information, etc. information, etc. Eg: He is a shy boy who can't Eg: He is a shy boy who can't communicatecommunicate very well. very well.

Bats Bats communicatecommunicate with each other by making ultrasonic with each other by making ultrasonic messages.messages.

3.3. remote remote (1) distant in space or time(1) distant in space or time Eg: We can see Eg: We can see remoteremote stars through a telescope. stars through a telescope. In the In the remoteremote future future,, many new changes will be taking many new changes will be taking

place.place.

Language points in Para 1(3)Language points in Para 1(3)

(2) quiet and lonely; far from the city(2) quiet and lonely; far from the city Eg: One of my Eg: One of my remoteremote relatives lives in a remote village relatives lives in a remote village

in the hills. in the hills. These friends of ours have come from the These friends of ours have come from the remotestremotest

comers of the earth.comers of the earth. (3) not close(3) not close;; widely separated from widely separated from Eg: Much new knowledge is Eg: Much new knowledge is remoteremote from the from the

immediate interests of the ordinary.immediate interests of the ordinary. His stories are too His stories are too remoteremote from everyday life. from everyday life.


4. 4. postalpostal [a] connected with the public letter service [a] connected with the public letter service;; sent by postsent by post

Eg: PostalEg: Postal charges have gone up again. charges have gone up again. This large city is divided into 10 This large city is divided into 10 postalpostal districts. districts. Don't forget the Don't forget the postalpostal code when writing your code when writing your

envelope.envelope. 5. 5. refer torefer to : mention : mention;; speak about speak about Eg: The scientist Eg: The scientist referredreferred to the discovery as the most to the discovery as the most

exciting new development in this field.exciting new development in this field.


Which companies was she Which companies was she referring toreferring to when she spoke when she spoke of competing firms? of competing firms?

6. 6. mockinglymockingly [ad] in a way in which sb. or sth. is made f [ad] in a way in which sb. or sth. is made fun ofun of

Eg: That boy is referred to Eg: That boy is referred to mockinglymockingly as a country boy. as a country boy. When I studied at college, I was referred to When I studied at college, I was referred to mockinglymockingly as as

a fat boy. a fat boy. 7.7. cafe cafe :a small restaurant where light meals and drinks :a small restaurant where light meals and drinks

are servedare served Eg: CafesEg: Cafes are found everywhere in the city. are found everywhere in the city. CafesCafes in Britain do not serve alcoholic drinks. in Britain do not serve alcoholic drinks.


8. 8. snail mailsnail mail : the system of sending letters by post, as : the system of sending letters by post, as opposed to using email-used humorouslyopposed to using email-used humorously

9. back-packing: If you go backpacking, you go traveling 9. back-packing: If you go backpacking, you go traveling with a backpack.with a backpack.

10. 10. oasisoasis : a place with water and trees in a desert : a place with water and trees in a desert;; a a place which is different from its surroundingsplace which is different from its surroundings,, usu usu.. in a in a pleasant or comforting waypleasant or comforting way

Eg: The caravan stopped for the night at an Eg: The caravan stopped for the night at an oasis.oasis. Her bedroom is an Her bedroom is an oasis ofoasis of calm in the noisy house. calm in the noisy house.

11. 11. messagemessage :spoken or written information passed from :spoken or written information passed from one person to another ,an important or main ideaone person to another ,an important or main idea

Language points in Para 1(7)Language points in Para 1(7) There is an important There is an important messagemessage for you from your brot for you from your brot

her.her. DidDid you get the you get the messagemessage that your boss has cancelled t that your boss has cancelled t

he meeting?he meeting? It is not just mindless entertainment — it is a fIt is not just mindless entertainment — it is a fiilm witlm wit

h a h a message. message. text messaging: it is the sending of written messages utext messaging: it is the sending of written messages u

sing a mobile phone.sing a mobile phone. texttext 　　 messagemessage （短信）（短信） : a written message that is : a written message that is

sent or received on a mobile phone or pager sent or received on a mobile phone or pager multimediamultimedia 　　 messagemessage （彩信）（彩信）


12: 12: afford: afford: be able to buy or pay for; be able to spend, be able to buy or pay for; be able to spend, give, do, etc. without serious damagegive, do, etc. without serious damage

Eg: Thanks to the success of the businessEg: Thanks to the success of the business,, we can we can affordafford a holiday overseas this year.a holiday overseas this year.

We can't We can't affordafford to lose such an important member of to lose such an important member of the staff.the staff.

I can't I can't affordafford three weeks away from my project. three weeks away from my project. 13. 13. out ofout of touch (+with): not in contact, lose touch with touch (+with): not in contact, lose touch with Eg: I'd like to go back to teaching, but I am Eg: I'd like to go back to teaching, but I am out of touchout of touch

with my subject now.with my subject now.


Eg: I'd like to go back to teaching, but I am Eg: I'd like to go back to teaching, but I am out of touchout of touch with my subject now.with my subject now.

I am I am out of touchout of touch with my high school classmates now. with my high school classmates now. get / keep / stay in touch (+with)get / keep / stay in touch (+with)

Language points in Para 2 (1)Language points in Para 2 (1)

14.14.significantlysignificantly[ad] that which is of noticeable [ad] that which is of noticeable importance, effectimportance, effect,, or influence; that which has a or influence; that which has a special meaning, indirectly expressedspecial meaning, indirectly expressed

Eg. The police released him, but, Eg. The police released him, but, significantly,significantly, they they didn'tdidn't give him back his passport.give him back his passport.

Significantly,Significantly, the world has become a global village. the world has become a global village. 15. 15. globalglobal [a] of or concerning the whole world [a] of or concerning the whole world

Eg. GlobalEg. Global climatic ch climatic chaangengess may have been may have been responsible for responsible for the extinctionthe extinction of the dinosaurs. of the dinosaurs.

Some TV stations have a Some TV stations have a globalglobal audience. audience.


16. conference16. conference [n] a formal meeting, e.g. between people [n] a formal meeting, e.g. between people who share the same business interests or belong to the sawho share the same business interests or belong to the same political partyme political party,, which is held so that ideas and opinion which is held so that ideas and opinions can changeds can changed

My boss attended a My boss attended a conferenceconference on plastics last weekend. on plastics last weekend. The manager cannot see you now; she is in The manager cannot see you now; she is in conference.conference. 17. regardless of17. regardless of : without taking account of or worrying : without taking account of or worrying

aboutabout eg. All our proposals were rejectedeg. All our proposals were rejected,, regardless ofregardless of their mtheir m

erits.erits. Regardless ofRegardless of danger danger,, he climbed the tower. he climbed the tower.


18. 18. facilitate facilitate [v] help; make easy or easier [v] help; make easy or easier

Eg.The new underground railway will Eg.The new underground railway will facilitatefacilitate the journe the journey to the airport. y to the airport.

Such a port will Such a port will facilitatefacilitate the passage of oil from the Midd the passage of oil from the Middle East to Japan. le East to Japan.

19. 19. essential [ essential [ a]a] ( ~to / for) completely necessary for the ( ~to / for) completely necessary for the existence, success, etc. of sth.existence, success, etc. of sth.

Eg.We can live without clothes, but food and drink are Eg.We can live without clothes, but food and drink are essessential. ential.

EssentialEssential services will be maintained despite the industri services will be maintained despite the industrial dispute.al dispute.


It isIt is essential essential that every child that every child hashas the same educational the same educational opportunities. (wrong)opportunities. (wrong)

It is It is essentialessential that every child that every child havehave the same the same educational opportunities.educational opportunities.

InIn it is important/ vital / essential/ necessary/ desirable it is important/ vital / essential/ necessary/ desirable that…that…structure, it doesn’t matter whether the structure structure, it doesn’t matter whether the structure is in the present or past tense or whether the subject in is in the present or past tense or whether the subject in the that-clause is in the singular or plural form, we the that-clause is in the singular or plural form, we should always use the should always use the basic form of the verb, especially basic form of the verb, especially in formal writing. In British English, should is used in formal writing. In British English, should is used before the verb. before the verb.

Language points in Para 2(5)Language points in Para 2(5) 20. 20. stepping-stonestepping-stone : any of a row of large stones with a : any of a row of large stones with a

level toplevel top,, which one walks on to cross a river or stream which one walks on to cross a river or stream;; figurativelyfiguratively,, a way of improvement or gaining success a way of improvement or gaining success

Eg. For some people, gaining power is an essential Eg. For some people, gaining power is an essential stepping-stonestepping-stone to a successful life. to a successful life.

21. 21. wonderwonder ((11)) express a wish to know express a wish to know,, in words or in words or silentlysilently

Eg. "Does she know we are here?" "I'm just Eg. "Does she know we are here?" "I'm just wondering.“wondering.“What are they going to do now, I What are they going to do now, I wonder?wonder?

(2) be surprised and want to know why(2) be surprised and want to know why The fact that she left home isThe fact that she left home is not to be not to be wonderedwondered at. I at. I

don't don't wonderwonder at her refusing to marry him. at her refusing to marry him.


22.22. misgiving misgiving n.[uncountable and countable] a feeling of n.[uncountable and countable] a feeling of doubt or fear about what might happen or about whether doubt or fear about what might happen or about whether something is right. something is right.

= doubt = doubt misgiving aboutmisgiving about e.g. Despite her misgivings about leaving the baby, she e.g. Despite her misgivings about leaving the baby, she

decided to accompany her husband.decided to accompany her husband. 23.23. profound profound [a] intense [a] intense;; deep deep;; very strongly felt very strongly felt Eg. There was a Eg. There was a profoundprofound silence in the empty church. silence in the empty church. The incident made a The incident made a profoundprofound impression on me. impression on me.


24. 24. at one's perilat one's peril :(used when advising sb. not to do sth. :(used when advising sb. not to do sth. ) with the near certainty of meeting great danger ) with the near certainty of meeting great danger

Eg. You ignore this warning Eg. You ignore this warning at your peril.at your peril. You take traffYou take traffiic signals lightly c signals lightly at your peril.at your peril. Politicians ignore this issue at their peril. Politicians ignore this issue at their peril.


25.25.labellabel: a piece of paper or other material, fixed to sth., : a piece of paper or other material, fixed to sth., which gives information about what it is, where it is to go, which gives information about what it is, where it is to go, who owns it, etc.who owns it, etc.

Eg.The Eg.The labellabel on the bottle says, "Poison." on the bottle says, "Poison." The The labelslabels were attached to the luggage. were attached to the luggage. 26.26. involve involve [v] cause sb. [v] cause sb. or or oneself to be connected or co oneself to be connected or co

ncerned ncerned Eg. Don't Eg. Don't involveinvolve other people in your mad schemes. Sh other people in your mad schemes. Sh

e was informed that her husband had been e was informed that her husband had been involvedinvolved in a m in a murder.urder.

27.27.longinglonging [n] strong wish [n] strong wish;; a strong feeling of wanting so a strong feeling of wanting somethingmething


He hasHe has cherished a cherished a longing forlonging for fame fame,, position an position and wealth.d wealth.

28. 28. despairdespair [n] complete loss of hope or confide [n] complete loss of hope or confidence; sth. that causes this feeling nce; sth. that causes this feeling

Eg. Defeat after defeat filled us with Eg. Defeat after defeat filled us with despair. despair. 29.29. regret regret [v] a feeling of sorrow or unhappiness, [v] a feeling of sorrow or unhappiness,

often mixed with disappointment (at the loss of often mixed with disappointment (at the loss of sth., at a sad event, etc. )sth., at a sad event, etc. )

Eg.We decided with great Eg.We decided with great regretregret that we could n that we could not offer him the job. ot offer him the job.


The Prime Minister expressed her The Prime Minister expressed her regretregret at the failure at the failure of the talks.of the talks.

30.30.hoverhover [v] be in an uncertain state; stay around one [v] be in an uncertain state; stay around one place, esp. in a way that annoys other peopleplace, esp. in a way that annoys other people

Eg. He is Eg. He is hoveringhovering between life and death. between life and death. I wish you'd stop I wish you'd stop hoveringhovering round and let me get on with round and let me get on with

some work.some work.

Language points in Para 5(1)Language points in Para 5(1) 31. 31. untranslatabilityuntranslatability [n] the state in which sth. cannot b [n] the state in which sth. cannot b

e translated from one language into anothere translated from one language into another eg.The professor delivered a lecture on eg.The professor delivered a lecture on untranslatability.untranslatability. 32. 32. head-onhead-on [ [ adj. & advadj. & adv.] with the heads or front parts .] with the heads or front parts

meetingmeeting,, usu usu.. violently violently Eg. The two cars collided Eg. The two cars collided head-on.head-on. The government and the unions are set for a The government and the unions are set for a head-onhead-on co co

nfrontation. nfrontation. 33. 33. imageimage [n] a picture formed in the mind; a picture for [n] a picture formed in the mind; a picture for

med of an object in front of a mirror or lens, such as the med of an object in front of a mirror or lens, such as the picture formed on the film inside a camera or one's reflepicture formed on the film inside a camera or one's reflection in a mirror. ction in a mirror.


34. Lamb: In Christian art, the emblem of the Redeemer 34. Lamb: In Christian art, the emblem of the Redeemer (Jesus Christ). "Behold the Lamb of God, which takes (Jesus Christ). "Behold the Lamb of God, which takes away the sins of the world." It is also the attribute of St. away the sins of the world." It is also the attribute of St. Agnes, St. Catherine, St. Genevieve, and St. ReginaAgnes, St. Catherine, St. Genevieve, and St. Regina.. John the Baptist either carries a lamb or is accompanied John the Baptist either carries a lamb or is accompanied by one. by one.

35. Eve : The first woman35. Eve : The first woman,, formed from one of the ribs formed from one of the ribs of Adam. Adam called his wife Eve, because she was of Adam. Adam called his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all living.the mother of all living.


36. The Garden of Eden: PARADISE, the country and 36. The Garden of Eden: PARADISE, the country and garden in which Adam was placed by God. Eden means garden in which Adam was placed by God. Eden means delightdelight,, pleasure. The Garden of Eden is traditionally pleasure. The Garden of Eden is traditionally supposed to be sited in Mesopotamia.supposed to be sited in Mesopotamia.

37.37.unsurmountableunsurmountable : also spelt : also spelt insurmountableinsurmountable,, too too large or too difficult to be dealt withlarge or too difficult to be dealt with

Eg. I don't think there are any Eg. I don't think there are any insurmountableinsurmountable problems problems in this project. in this project.

38. 38. linguisticlinguistic [a] of languages, words, or linguistics [a] of languages, words, or linguistics Eg. LinguisticEg. Linguistic study is absolutely necessary to language study is absolutely necessary to language

students. students.


39. 39. comecome up with : produce; think of a plan, reply, etc. up with : produce; think of a plan, reply, etc. Eg. The airline has Eg. The airline has come up withcome up with a novel solution to the a novel solution to the

problem of jet lag.problem of jet lag. At the meeting he At the meeting he came up withcame up with a new solution to the a new solution to the

issue under discussion. issue under discussion.

40.40.compromisecompromise [n] (an act of) settling an argument or [n] (an act of) settling an argument or difference of opinion by each side agreeing to some of difference of opinion by each side agreeing to some of the demands of the other; an agreement reached in this the demands of the other; an agreement reached in this way that is acceptableway that is acceptable to both sidesto both sides


Eg. Progress has been made towards a political Eg. Progress has been made towards a political compromisecompromise between the two nations. between the two nations.

Both sides are determined to get what they want and Both sides are determined to get what they want and there seems to be no possibility of there seems to be no possibility of compromise.compromise.


41. 41. adjustmentadjustment [n] changing slightly in order to make r [n] changing slightly in order to make right or suitable for a particular purpose or situationight or suitable for a particular purpose or situation

eg. We made a few minor eg. We made a few minor adjustments toadjustments to the plan. the plan. We have to make some major We have to make some major adjustmentsadjustments to our s to our s

cheme.cheme. 42.42. approximate approximate [v] come near (to) in amount, nature, [v] come near (to) in amount, nature,

etc. etc. Eg. Your story only Eg. Your story only approximatesapproximates to the real facts. Wha to the real facts. Wha

t he spent on food and clothing last year t he spent on food and clothing last year approximatedapproximated t to $4 000.o $4 000.


43. regarding [prep] as regards; concerning; on the 43. regarding [prep] as regards; concerning; on the subject of; in connection with subject of; in connection with

Eg. I must consult an authority Eg. I must consult an authority regardingregarding this matter. this matter. These are very important questions These are very important questions regardingregarding education. education. Have you ever consulted a lawyer Have you ever consulted a lawyer regardingregarding this this

important matter?important matter? violet.violet. 44. spectrum [n] a set of bands of colored light in the 44. spectrum [n] a set of bands of colored light in the

order of their wavelengths, into which a beam of light order of their wavelengths, into which a beam of light may be separated, e.g. by a prismmay be separated, e.g. by a prism


Eg. Red and violet are at opposite ends of the Eg. Red and violet are at opposite ends of the spectrum. spectrum. A A spectrumspectrum consists of seven colors: red, orange, consists of seven colors: red, orange,

yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. 45. range [n] (1) the measurable limits within which 45. range [n] (1) the measurable limits within which

variable amounts or qualities are included variable amounts or qualities are included Eg. It is a large country with a wide Eg. It is a large country with a wide rangerange of of

temperature.temperature. I am afraid that high note is beyond my I am afraid that high note is beyond my range. range. There is a wide There is a wide rangerange of different opinions. of different opinions.


(2) scope; the limits within which sth. operates, exists, o(2) scope; the limits within which sth. operates, exists, or is effectiver is effective

Such matters lie outside the Such matters lie outside the rangerange of this inquiry. of this inquiry. Here is a medium-range weather forecast.Here is a medium-range weather forecast. 46. staple [a] basic, forming the main part; usual, used a46. staple [a] basic, forming the main part; usual, used a

ll the time ll the time Eg.These people live on a Eg.These people live on a staplestaple diet of rice and vegeta diet of rice and vegeta

bles. bles. He came out with his He came out with his staplestaple excuse, which was that he excuse, which was that he

was too busy.was too busy.


47. slice [v] cut into slices or thin flat pieces; cut off as 47. slice [v] cut into slices or thin flat pieces; cut off as a slice a slice

Eg. Eg. SliceSlice the cucumber, please. the cucumber, please. She She slicedsliced up the cake. up the cake. She She sliced offsliced off a thick piece from the loaf. a thick piece from the loaf.


48. 48. inevitablyinevitably [ad] unavoidably; that which is certain to [ad] unavoidably; that which is certain to happen; that which cannot be preventedhappen; that which cannot be prevented from happeningfrom happening A confrontation happened A confrontation happened inevitablyinevitably because they because they

disliked each other so much.disliked each other so much. 49. 49. hybridhybrid (1) [n] the offspring of two plants or animals of different (1) [n] the offspring of two plants or animals of different

species or varietiesspecies or varieties;; a person of a person of mixed racial or cultural mixed racial or cultural originorigin;; a thing composed of incongruous elements a thing composed of incongruous elements

(2) [(2) [adj.adj.] bred as a hybrid from different species or ] bred as a hybrid from different species or varieties; heterogeneousvarieties; heterogeneous


50. rarely [ad] seldom; not at all often50. rarely [ad] seldom; not at all often Eg. I have Eg. I have rarelyrarely seen such a beautiful sunset. seen such a beautiful sunset. He He rarelyrarely,, if if ever ever,, goes out. goes out. 51. multilingual [a] containing or expressed51. multilingual [a] containing or expressed in many in many

different languages; able to speak many different different languages; able to speak many different languageslanguages

This is a This is a multilingualmultilingual dictionary. dictionary. SheShe is a is a multilingualmultilingual secretary. secretary.


52. hence [ad] therefore; for this reason52. hence [ad] therefore; for this reason Eg. The town was built near a bridge on the RiveEg. The town was built near a bridge on the Rive

r Camr Cam,, hencehence the name Cambridge. the name Cambridge. She has been studying very hardShe has been studying very hard,, hencehence her full her full

marks in the test.marks in the test. 53. unaware [a] not having knowledge or consci53. unaware [a] not having knowledge or consci

ousness of sth.ousness of sth.. .

Language points in Para 7(4)Language points in Para 7(4) Eg.He seemed to be Eg.He seemed to be unawareunaware of the trouble he was caus of the trouble he was caus

ing. ing. He was completely He was completely unawareunaware that he was being watched. that he was being watched. 54. reveal [v] show or allow sth. previously hidden to 54. reveal [v] show or allow sth. previously hidden to

be seen; make known sth. previouslybe seen; make known sth. previously secret or unknownsecret or unknown Eg. The curtains went up to Eg. The curtains went up to revealreveal a darkened stage. a darkened stage. Do you promise not to Do you promise not to revealreveal my secret? my secret? I can now I can now revealreveal that the new director is to be James Jo that the new director is to be James Jo

hnsonhnson. . 55.mentality:55.mentality: the ability and powers of the mind; a persthe ability and powers of the mind; a pers

on’s habit of thinking; mental character or disposition; on’s habit of thinking; mental character or disposition; what is in or of the mindwhat is in or of the mind


Eg. He is a person of weak Eg. He is a person of weak mentalitymentality.. I can’t understand the I can’t understand the mentalitymentality of anyone who says of anyone who says

such callous things.such callous things. 56. enter into: begin to take part in formally; allow 56. enter into: begin to take part in formally; allow

oneself to share in or become part of; have an important oneself to share in or become part of; have an important part in or influence on part in or influence on

Eg. before you Eg. before you enter intoenter into an agreement of this nature, an agreement of this nature, you should read the contract carefully.you should read the contract carefully.

He He entered intoentered into the spirit of the game with great the spirit of the game with great excitement.excitement.

Language points in Para 7(6)Language points in Para 7(6) 57. accordingly [ad] in a way suitable to what has been 57. accordingly [ad] in a way suitable to what has been

said or what has happened; therefore, for this reason, sosaid or what has happened; therefore, for this reason, so Eg. Please inform us of your decision and we will act Eg. Please inform us of your decision and we will act

accordinglyaccordingly.. They asked him to leave the meeting, and They asked him to leave the meeting, and accordinglyaccordingly

he went.he went. 58. complacent [a] pleased or satisfied with oneself or 58. complacent [a] pleased or satisfied with oneself or

with a situation, often unreasonably; not worrying, even with a situation, often unreasonably; not worrying, even though one perhaps should be.though one perhaps should be.

Eg. After so many wins,we grew Eg. After so many wins,we grew complacentcomplacent and and thought we’d never lose; however, of course we lost the thought we’d never lose; however, of course we lost the very next match.very next match.

He gave us a very He gave us a very complacentcomplacent smile. smile.


59. cut down on: reduce an amount done, 59. cut down on: reduce an amount done, eaten,etc.eaten,etc.

Eg.The doctor told me to Eg.The doctor told me to cut down oncut down on drinking drinking and smoking.and smoking.

You smoke too many cigarettes a day; you You smoke too many cigarettes a day; you should should cut down oncut down on smoking. smoking.

Grammar exercises (1)Grammar exercises (1) Choose the correct formChoose the correct form.. 1. Which political party 1. Which political party do you belong todo you belong to / / are you are you

belonging to?belonging to? (key: do you belong to ) (key: do you belong to ) 2.2. I thinkI think / / I'm thinkingI'm thinking he'll beat his rival. ( key:I think ) he'll beat his rival. ( key:I think ) 3. We 3. We can seecan see / / are seeingare seeing a plane passing by. (can see ) a plane passing by. (can see ) 4. 4. I'm going overI'm going over / I / I go overgo over the examination papers this the examination papers this

week. (I'm going over )week. (I'm going over ) 5. 5. Do you believeDo you believe / / Are you believingAre you believing what he says? what he says? (Do you believe )(Do you believe ) 6. He doesn't like publicity, and 6. He doesn't like publicity, and prefersprefers / / is preferringis preferring to to

stay firmly in the background. (prefers)stay firmly in the background. (prefers)

Grammar exercise (2)Grammar exercise (2)

7. 7. I missI miss / / I'm missingI'm missing you and I'll never forget you. you and I'll never forget you. ( key: I miss)( key: I miss) 8. John 8. John always readsalways reads / / is always readingis always reading before he goes before he goes

to bed. (key: always reads )to bed. (key: always reads ) 9. Do’t rush me. 9. Do’t rush me. I am workingI am working / / I workI work as fast as I can. as fast as I can. (key: I am working )(key: I am working ) 10. --Mike doesn’t change his job often, does he?10. --Mike doesn’t change his job often, does he? ---Oh yes, he does. He ---Oh yes, he does. He always changesalways changes / / is always is always

changingchanging his job! ( key : is always changing ) his job! ( key : is always changing )

Grammar exercises (3)Grammar exercises (3)

• Complete the following sentences with the correct verb Complete the following sentences with the correct verb forms.forms.

• 1. She's a dietician-- she ____(help) people to choose 1. She's a dietician-- she ____(help) people to choose the right food.the right food.

• 2. We _____(hope) you ___________(enjoy) this 2. We _____(hope) you ___________(enjoy) this marvelous weather as much as we are. We__________marvelous weather as much as we are. We__________ ( sunbathe) and ____( go) swimming everyday. Next ( sunbathe) and ____( go) swimming everyday. Next week we ____________ (go) snorkeling.week we ____________ (go) snorkeling.

• 3. I can't understand why he ____________(be)3. I can't understand why he ____________(be) so so selfish. He isn't usually like that.selfish. He isn't usually like that.

• 4. The professor ___________(type) his own letters 4. The professor ___________(type) his own letters while his secretary is ill.while his secretary is ill.

helps

hopehope are enjoyingsunbathe

goare going

is being

is typing

Grammar exercises (4)Grammar exercises (4)

• 5. I want to lose weight, so this week I 5. I want to lose weight, so this week I ________________(not eat) lunch.________________(not eat) lunch.

• 6. I _____________(read) an interesting book at the 6. I _____________(read) an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you whenmoment. I'll lend it to you when I've I've finished it.finished it.

• 7. — Oh, I've left the lights on again.7. — Oh, I've left the lights on again.• — — Typical' You ___always________ (leave)Typical' You ___always________ (leave) them on. them on.• 8. Mary: You usually ___ (go) to work by car, don't you?8. Mary: You usually ___ (go) to work by car, don't you?• Peter: Yes, but the car ________(belong) to my mother Peter: Yes, but the car ________(belong) to my mother

and she sometimes and she sometimes ________________ (want) it. She (want) it. She __________________ (use) it today to take Tom to the dentist.(use) it today to take Tom to the dentist.

am not eatingam not eating

am readingam reading

am leaving

gobelongs

is usingwants

Text comprehension (1)Text comprehension (1)

IV.IV. Explain in your own words the follExplain in your own words the folloowing sentences taken wing sentences taken from the text.from the text.

1. We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world.1. We live in an age of easy access to the rest of the world. The age we are living in provides us with convenient ways to The age we are living in provides us with convenient ways to

reach any part of the world.reach any part of the world. 2. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do 2. Everyone, it seems, provided, of course, they can afford to do

so, need never be out of touch.so, need never be out of touch. It seems that everyone is able to get in touch with anyone else if It seems that everyone is able to get in touch with anyone else if

he or she can afford to send text messages on mobile phone.he or she can afford to send text messages on mobile phone. 3.Culture lies at the heart of society.3.Culture lies at the heart of society. Culture is deeply rooted in society.Culture is deeply rooted in society.


4. We overlook the relationship at our peril.4. We overlook the relationship at our peril. We are running a risk in neglecting the importance of thWe are running a risk in neglecting the importance of th

e relationship.e relationship. 5. The early Bible translators hit the problem of untrans5. The early Bible translators hit the problem of untrans

latability head-on.latability head-on. The problem that some parts of Bible could not be transThe problem that some parts of Bible could not be trans

lated emerged right in front of the early translatorslated emerged right in front of the early translators.. 6. Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, trans6. Faced with unsurmountable linguistic problems, trans

lators negotiated the boundaries between languages and lators negotiated the boundaries between languages and came up with a comprise.came up with a comprise.


Encountering insolvable language problems, translators Encountering insolvable language problems, translators tried to find balance between languages and finally tried to find balance between languages and finally arrived at a compromise.arrived at a compromise.

7. This is an essential skill in today’s hybrid world.7. This is an essential skill in today’s hybrid world. To negotiate cultural and linguistic differences is a To negotiate cultural and linguistic differences is a

fundamental skill in today's world, where different fundamental skill in today's world, where different cultures interact.cultures interact.

8. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge 8. Millions of people are discovering how to bridge cultures.cultures.

Numerous people are looking for a way to interrelate Numerous people are looking for a way to interrelate different cultures.different cultures.

Vocabulary exercises (1)Vocabulary exercises (1)

II.II. Fill in each blank with one of the two words from each Fill in each blank with one of the two words from each pair and note the difference of meaning between them.pair and note the difference of meaning between them.

1.1... Remote Remote & & DistantDistant RemoteRemote has the overtones implying isolation that results has the overtones implying isolation that results

from being out of the way or off the beaten track and it also from being out of the way or off the beaten track and it also suggests diffsuggests diffiiculties that make for an unlikely prospect.culties that make for an unlikely prospect.

DistantDistant suggests that space makes contact difficult or that suggests that space makes contact difficult or that sheer time becomes a barrier. In reference to attitudes, the sheer time becomes a barrier. In reference to attitudes, the word suggests a wandering mind. word suggests a wandering mind.

a. remote b. distant c. remote d. distanta. remote b. distant c. remote d. distant


2. 2. MisgivingMisgiving & & UUneasinessneasiness MisgivingMisgiving is doubt about the outcome of an action is doubt about the outcome of an action,, of a of a

feeling of apprehension caused by such doubtfeeling of apprehension caused by such doubt,, while while uneasinessuneasiness does not necessarily apply to fear about the does not necessarily apply to fear about the futurefuture,, but suggests that actual physical discomfort or but suggests that actual physical discomfort or restlessness accompanies the apprehensive or fearful restlessness accompanies the apprehensive or fearful state.state.

a. uneasiness b. misgivings a. uneasiness b. misgivings c. misgiving (s) d. uneasinessc. misgiving (s) d. uneasiness


3. B3. Basic & Fundamentalasic & Fundamental FundamentalFundamental is the more formal of the two and is more is the more formal of the two and is more

natural in a philosophical con text. When applied in an natural in a philosophical con text. When applied in an educational context, it strongly suggests something that educational context, it strongly suggests something that is indispensable or a prerequisite to more advanced is indispensable or a prerequisite to more advanced development. While development. While fundamentalfundamental often points to what is often points to what is ideally necessary, ideally necessary, basicbasic points to what is actually the points to what is actually the case or what is necessary but what is accepted or case or what is necessary but what is accepted or standard. standard.

a. fundamental b. fundamental a. fundamental b. fundamental c. basic d. basicc. basic d. basic


4. 4. Wrong & MistakenWrong & Mistaken WrongWrong and and mistakenmistaken can be used interchangeably in can be used interchangeably in

sentences like "I was sentences like "I was wrong/mistaken wrong/mistaken about it as a about it as a chance remark.” But chance remark.” But wrongwrong may suggest that there is may suggest that there is something unsatisfactory about the situation, person, or something unsatisfactory about the situation, person, or thing you are talking about. The word is also used to thing you are talking about. The word is also used to refer to activities or actions that are considered to be refer to activities or actions that are considered to be morally bad and unacceptable. morally bad and unacceptable. Mistaken Mistaken specifically specifically refers to incorrect understanding and the harmful refers to incorrect understanding and the harmful consequences brought about. consequences brought about.

a. mistaken b. wrong a. mistaken b. wrong c. wrong d. mistakenc. wrong d. mistaken

Vocabulary Exercises (5)Vocabulary Exercises (5)

Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word or Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word or phrase taken from the box in its appropriate phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.form.messaging afford facilitate overlook label (v) involve regarding mentality unsurmountable staple hybrid serve state of the art


1.It can be said that the Internet is a ________system of 1.It can be said that the Internet is a ________system of art and technology. art and technology.

2. The newly released software is believed to be able to 2. The newly released software is believed to be able to make electronic mail and video ___________more make electronic mail and video ___________more powerful on the Internet.powerful on the Internet.

3.The new course book has been written with an 3.The new course book has been written with an intention of _________the teaching of safe sex among intention of _________the teaching of safe sex among the youth.the youth.

4. You have to marvel at the4. You have to marvel at the ________ ________of people who of people who believe such a man could cure any known disease.believe such a man could cure any known disease.

hybrid

messaging

facilitating

mentality


5.Potatoes, broccoli, cabbages are the 5.Potatoes, broccoli, cabbages are the _______ _______ winter winter vegetables in the northern part of the country.vegetables in the northern part of the country.

6. Latest bomb attacks raise great concern 6. Latest bomb attacks raise great concern _________increased risks of deaths of soldiers._________increased risks of deaths of soldiers.

7. Just because she isn’t thin, she ______herself as 7. Just because she isn’t thin, she ______herself as “much too fat”.“much too fat”.

8. The Internet service provider is developing a 8. The Internet service provider is developing a _____________service that will enable people to access _____________service that will enable people to access the World Wide Web anytime anywhere at a very low the World Wide Web anytime anywhere at a very low cost.cost.

9. Another function of our welfare system is to 9. Another function of our welfare system is to ________the needs of the poor and the disabled. ________the needs of the poor and the disabled.

staple

regardinglabels

state of the art

serve


10. I was shown a small room ___________a 10. I was shown a small room ___________a dumping yard, and I didn’t take the room and dumping yard, and I didn’t take the room and went to another agent.went to another agent.

overlooking

Translation Exercises (1)Translation Exercises (1)1. 1. 今天人们利用电话、互联网、无线电、电视和人造今天人们利用电话、互联网、无线电、电视和人造

卫星相互进行远距离联系。（卫星相互进行远距离联系。（ communicate)communicate) Today people communicate with one anotherToday people communicate with one another over long over long

distances by means of telephone,the Internet, radio, teledistances by means of telephone,the Internet, radio, television and satellitevision and satellite..

2. 2. 近几个月来，我忙于搞项目，对当前形势不甚了近几个月来，我忙于搞项目，对当前形势不甚了解。解。 ( out of touch)( out of touch)

I have been quite busy working on a project for the last fI have been quite busy working on a project for the last few months; therefore, I am out of touch with the present ew months; therefore, I am out of touch with the present situation.situation.

3. 3. 为了进行科学考察，徐霞客长途跋涉，翻山越岭，为了进行科学考察，徐霞客长途跋涉，翻山越岭，不顾艰难困苦。不顾艰难困苦。 (regardless of)(regardless of)

Translation Exercises (2)Translation Exercises (2) In order to make scientific investigations, Xu Xiake trudgIn order to make scientific investigations, Xu Xiake trudg

ed a long distance and tramped over one mountain after aed a long distance and tramped over one mountain after another, regardless of difficulties and hardships.nother, regardless of difficulties and hardships.

4.4. 各国人民之间的友好接触促进文化交流和相互理解。各国人民之间的友好接触促进文化交流和相互理解。 (facilitate)(facilitate)

Friendly contacts between different peoples facilitate cultFriendly contacts between different peoples facilitate cultural interchange and mutual understanding.ural interchange and mutual understanding.

5.5. 他在外面徘徊了大约一个小时，怎么也不敢走进去。他在外面徘徊了大约一个小时，怎么也不敢走进去。 (hover)(hover)

He has been hovering outside for about an hour, too afraiHe has been hovering outside for about an hour, too afraid to go in.d to go in.

Translation Exercises (3)Translation Exercises (3)

6.6. 外贸部长与几个非洲国家就技术和贸易协定进行外贸部长与几个非洲国家就技术和贸易协定进行了谈判。了谈判。 (negotiate)(negotiate)

The Minister of Foreign Trade negotiated a technology aThe Minister of Foreign Trade negotiated a technology and trade agreement with several African countries.nd trade agreement with several African countries.

7.7. 设法调解一下你们的分歧，以便你们能够一道工设法调解一下你们的分歧，以便你们能够一道工作，不发生争吵。作，不发生争吵。 (make adjustment)(make adjustment)

Try to make some adjustment to your differences so thaTry to make some adjustment to your differences so that you can work together without quarreling.t you can work together without quarreling.

8. 8. 印度尼西亚有许多种族，使用多种语言，这在全印度尼西亚有许多种族，使用多种语言，这在全世界颇为罕见。世界颇为罕见。 (be multilingual)(be multilingual)

Indonesia is multiracial and multilingual, which is quite Indonesia is multiracial and multilingual, which is quite rare in the world.rare in the world.

Translation Exercises (4)Translation Exercises (4)

9.9. 童年的经历决定一个人的性格发展，这是一个毋庸置疑的事童年的经历决定一个人的性格发展，这是一个毋庸置疑的事实。实。 (shape)(shape)

It is an unquestionable fact that childhood experiences shape a persIt is an unquestionable fact that childhood experiences shape a person's character.on's character.

10.10. 为了你的健康，你必须少抽烟少喝酒；否则你的身体会每为了你的健康，你必须少抽烟少喝酒；否则你的身体会每况愈下的。况愈下的。 (cut down on)(cut down on)

You must cut down on drinking and smoking for the sake of your oYou must cut down on drinking and smoking for the sake of your own health; otherwise, you will be getting worse day after day. wn health; otherwise, you will be getting worse day after day.

Comprehension questions of Text II (1)Comprehension questions of Text II (1)

1. What does the title of the text mean?1. What does the title of the text mean? --Changes in your body position and movements show --Changes in your body position and movements show

what you are feeling or thinking.what you are feeling or thinking. 2. What does the author mean when he says “three-2. What does the author mean when he says “three-

quarters of our knowledge about them comes via our quarters of our knowledge about them comes via our eyes rather than our ears”?eyes rather than our ears”?

--Three-quarters of the social meaning of a typical --Three-quarters of the social meaning of a typical two-person exchange is carried by nonverbal cues.two-person exchange is carried by nonverbal cues.

3. How can one’s gestures and expressions give 3. How can one’s gestures and expressions give him/her away?him/her away?

--Body language provides evidence about how the --Body language provides evidence about how the human mind processes information.human mind processes information.

Comprehension questions of Text II (2)Comprehension questions of Text II (2)

4. What conclusion can we draw from such instinctive 4. What conclusion can we draw from such instinctive behaviors as fiddling and arm folding?behaviors as fiddling and arm folding?

--People feel safer behind some kind of physical barrier. --People feel safer behind some kind of physical barrier. If a social situation is in any way threatening, then there If a social situation is in any way threatening, then there is an immediate urge to set up such a barricade.is an immediate urge to set up such a barricade.

5. What is the main idea of LOVE SIGNS?5. What is the main idea of LOVE SIGNS? --When two people look searchingly into each other’s --When two people look searchingly into each other’s

eyes, emotions are heightened and the relationship eyes, emotions are heightened and the relationship becomes more intimate. Therefore, we carefully avoid becomes more intimate. Therefore, we carefully avoid this, except in an appropriate circumstances.this, except in an appropriate circumstances.

6. Why doesn’t the author spell out a precise 6. Why doesn’t the author spell out a precise vocabulary of gesturesvocabulary of gestures ？？

Comprehension questions of Text II (3)Comprehension questions of Text II (3) --The author looks for patterns in the context, not for an --The author looks for patterns in the context, not for an

isolated meaningful gesture. Besides, there are several isolated meaningful gesture. Besides, there are several possible interpretations for a single gesture. For example, possible interpretations for a single gesture. For example, when a student in conversation with a professor holds the when a student in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection rather than a sign of love.of respect and affection rather than a sign of love.

7. 7. What implications does the study of body language have What implications does the study of body language have for learning a foreign language?for learning a foreign language?

--Nonverbal signals differ from culture to culture at least as --Nonverbal signals differ from culture to culture at least as much as one language differs from another, and so we need much as one language differs from another, and so we need to realize that knowledge of a foreign language is incomplete to realize that knowledge of a foreign language is incomplete unless it extends to the nonverbal signals. unless it extends to the nonverbal signals.

8. Observe people near you for several days, looking for uses 8. Observe people near you for several days, looking for uses of body language. of body language. Try also to be conscious of your own use of Try also to be conscious of your own use of body languagebody language. What conclusion can you draw?. What conclusion can you draw?

Oral activitiesOral activities Discuss the influence of language and culture by compDiscuss the influence of language and culture by comp

aring the aring the kinshipkinship vocabulary in Chinese and English. vocabulary in Chinese and English.----- The Chinese and English-speaking peoples’ cultures ----- The Chinese and English-speaking peoples’ cultures

differ from one another. Accordingly they have differendiffer from one another. Accordingly they have different expressions, even for the same things. For example, sit expressions, even for the same things. For example, since traditional Chinese families have a large number of nce traditional Chinese families have a large number of people, including uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, nephepeople, including uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, nephews, nieces, etc., linguistic differentiation is of essential iws, nieces, etc., linguistic differentiation is of essential importance. That’s why we Chinese use different terms fmportance. That’s why we Chinese use different terms for “brother”, “uncle” etc. The English people don’t tell or “brother”, “uncle” etc. The English people don’t tell ““ 哥哥” 哥哥” from “from “ 弟弟”弟弟” , not because they can’t do so, , not because they can’t do so, but because on most occasions they don’t have to. but because on most occasions they don’t have to.

We greet our uncles by “We greet our uncles by “ 叔叔” 叔叔” or “or “ 伯伯”伯伯” , but we ha, but we have the same term “ve the same term “ 舅舅” 舅舅” for maternal uncles (uncles for maternal uncles (uncles on mother’s side) because we seldom live with them. on mother’s side) because we seldom live with them.

Compile a list of commonly used Compile a list of commonly used animal metaphoranimal metaphorss in Chinese and English, and then discuss their cultural in Chinese and English, and then discuss their cultural implications.implications.

--- The two languages have a lot of animal metaphors, s--- The two languages have a lot of animal metaphors, some of which are similar and some quite different.ome of which are similar and some quite different.

The Chinese like to talk about dogs, tigers, etc., while The Chinese like to talk about dogs, tigers, etc., while the English use the name of “fly”, “bird”, “cat”, “fish”, the English use the name of “fly”, “bird”, “cat”, “fish”, etc. etc. 龙凤、玉兔、凤毛麟角龙凤、玉兔、凤毛麟角 , etc., imply that the Chin, etc., imply that the Chinese use some metaphors of animals that do not exist.ese use some metaphors of animals that do not exist.

The English like to use a lot more of metaphors of comThe English like to use a lot more of metaphors of common animals. In some cases when the two languages usmon animals. In some cases when the two languages use the same animals’ names, their sense may differ. While the same animals’ names, their sense may differ. While the English say “love me, love my doge the English say “love me, love my dog 爱屋及乌”爱屋及乌” , , “a top dog “a top dog 胜利者”胜利者” , “work like a dog, “work like a dog 拼命地工作”拼命地工作” ,, etc., the Chinese have derogative or pejorative uses: etc., the Chinese have derogative or pejorative uses: 狗狗仗人势，狗咬狗，狗嘴里吐不出象牙仗人势，狗咬狗，狗嘴里吐不出象牙 , , 狗拿耗子，狗拿耗子，狗腿子狗腿子 , , 狗眼看人低狗眼看人低 , etc. Chinese and English dogs d, etc. Chinese and English dogs do not differ as much as their masters, who are culturally o not differ as much as their masters, who are culturally

disposed and linguistically prepareddisposed and linguistically prepared..

Writing practice (1)Writing practice (1)

Some people think that visitors to other countries Some people think that visitors to other countries should adopt the local custom. Others think that the host should adopt the local custom. Others think that the host country should welcome different cultures. Discuss both country should welcome different cultures. Discuss both views and what’s your opinion?views and what’s your opinion?

The sample compositionThe sample composition:: Rituals, rites, religions, and custom vary considerably Rituals, rites, religions, and custom vary considerably

from culture to culture and from country to country. They from culture to culture and from country to country. They are rich in contents and brilliant and colorful in forms. are rich in contents and brilliant and colorful in forms. But, should one adopt the local custom when subject to an But, should one adopt the local custom when subject to an alien culture and custom? The seemingly simple question alien culture and custom? The seemingly simple question is virtually rather vexing in that the answer to which is virtually rather vexing in that the answer to which depends to a large extent on a variety of contributing depends to a large extent on a variety of contributing factors. Among these factors, the pattern and nature of the factors. Among these factors, the pattern and nature of the culture plays a dominant role. culture plays a dominant role.


Cultures are generally classified into two categories: folCultures are generally classified into two categories: folk culture and public culture. The former refers to a culture k culture and public culture. The former refers to a culture that emphasizes the personal relationships in settling affaithat emphasizes the personal relationships in settling affaires. In such a culture laws are eclipsed by custom and morres. In such a culture laws are eclipsed by custom and moral in the maintenance of social order. People pay even metal in the maintenance of social order. People pay even meticulous attention to the custom. Any break of the custom iiculous attention to the custom. Any break of the custom is considered as unacceptable as regicidal behavior or coms considered as unacceptable as regicidal behavior or commitment of some felony. Thus when one visitor is in such mitment of some felony. Thus when one visitor is in such a culture, it would be better for him or her to “Do As Roma culture, it would be better for him or her to “Do As Romans Do When in Rome.” In a certain sense, to adopt the loans Do When in Rome.” In a certain sense, to adopt the local custom is a way for an alien to survive or at least the pcal custom is a way for an alien to survive or at least the prerequisite of living.rerequisite of living.

Writing practice (3)Writing practice (3) “ “Public culture” is coined to refer an ethnic group whPublic culture” is coined to refer an ethnic group wh

ose social order is maintained by legal instruments, althoose social order is maintained by legal instruments, although custom is emphasized. But custom in such a culture ugh custom is emphasized. But custom in such a culture seldom remains unchanged for a relatively long time. Wseldom remains unchanged for a relatively long time. Within decades, some custom may even have “gone with tithin decades, some custom may even have “gone with the wind”. People generally are like to accept different whe wind”. People generally are like to accept different ways of doing things or thinking. Each individual is highlays of doing things or thinking. Each individual is highly respected. Under such circumstance, it is usually unney respected. Under such circumstance, it is usually unnecessary for a visitor to calculatedly follow the natives’ ccessary for a visitor to calculatedly follow the natives’ custom. Even the new comer preserves all his or her own ustom. Even the new comer preserves all his or her own custom or culture when exposed to an entirely different custom or culture when exposed to an entirely different custom, it is safe for the visitor to do whatever he or she custom, it is safe for the visitor to do whatever he or she wants to do provided it is legal. wants to do provided it is legal.


To put it simply, in a public culture it is unnecessary To put it simply, in a public culture it is unnecessary to adopt the local new custom. But in a folk culture, to adopt the local new custom. But in a folk culture, things are totally different. To follow the local custom things are totally different. To follow the local custom is a must. is a must.

After-class reading sourcesAfter-class reading sources

1.1.Kramsch, C. 1998. Kramsch, C. 1998. Language and Culture Language and Culture [M]. Oxfo[M]. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.rd, UK: Oxford University Press.

杜学增，杜学增， 19991999 ，《中英（英语国家）文化习俗比，《中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较》较》 [M][M] 。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。

Good bye!Good bye!

Documents

Unit 14 Cultural Encounters. Contents Pre-reading questions Pre-reading questions Pre-reading questions Background information Background information