Unit 10:

Gunpowder Empires

Name: _____________________________________ Teacher: ___________________________

IB/AP World History 9 Commack High School

Please Note:

You are responsible for all information in this packet, supplemental handouts provided in class as well as

your homework, class webpage and class discussions.

Introduction to Gunpowder Empires

The Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries destroyed the Muslim unity of the Abbasids and the power of many regional dynasties.

Three new Muslim dynasties arose to bring a new flowering to Islamic civilization. The greatest, the Ottoman Empire, reached its peak in the

17th century; to the east the Safavids ruled in Persia and Afghanistan, and the Mughals ruled much of India. Together the three empires

possessed great military and political power; they also produced an artistic and cultural renaissance within Islam. All three dynasties

originated from Turkic nomadic cultures; each possessed religious fervor and zeal for conversion. They built empires through military conquest

based upon the effective use of firearms. Each was ruled by an absolute monarch and drew revenues from taxation of agrarian populations.

There were differences. The Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslim peoples, the Safavids mostly Muslims, and the Ottomans a mixture of Muslims

and Christians. The Safavids were Shi'a Muslims; the others were Sunni.

The Ottomans:

The Turkic peoples entered Anatolia after the Mongols defeated the Seljuks of eastern Anatolia in the mid- 13th century. After a period of

turmoil a tribe led by Osman secured dominance establishing the Ottomans. Under Mehmed II they captured Constantinople in 1453 and

ended the Byzantine Empire. They spread into Syria, Egypt, North Africa, and even temporarily laid siege to the city of Vienna in Austria.

Their navy dominated the eastern Mediterranean. Military leaders had a dominant role in the Ottoman state, a society geared to war and

expansion. The Turkic horsemen became a warrior aristocracy supported by control of conquered land and peasants. When their power shrank

before that of an expanding central bureaucracy, they built up regional power bases. From mid- 15th century imperial armies were dominated

by Janissary infantry divisions composed of conscripted youths from conquered lands. Their control of artillery and firearms gave them great

power. Ottoman rulers survived challenges to their authority by playing off the competing factions within their state. Muslim, Christian, and

Jewish merchants were important. The latter two were "peoples of the book" who often were satisfied with the sound administration of their

Muslim rulers. A large bureaucracy headed by a vizier had great power in the state. Early rulers and their sons participated in the

administration. Unfortunately, there were no rules for dynastic secession, which led to heated struggles for the position of the Sultan and often

the execution of rivals. The imperial capital at Constantinople combined the disparate cultures under Ottoman rule. The new rulers restored the

city after 1453; the church of Hagia Sophia became one of Islam's grandest mosques. Adding to the city's splendor, Suleyman the

Magnificent built the great Suleymaniye mosque in the 16th century. Constantinople became the commercial center dealing in products from

Asia, Africa, and Europe. Many urban inhabitants belonged to merchant and artisan classes. The government closely regulated both activities.

Handicrafts were encouraged. Imperial workshops produced numerous products, and public works employed many artisans. By the 17th

century the Turkish language became the preferred vehicle for literature and the government. The Ottomans left a significant artistic legacy in

poetry, ceramics, carpet manufacturing, and architecture. Women were subordinate to fathers and husbands and had few outlets, especially

among the elite, for expression outside of the household.

Objective:

What was the geographic and historical context for the founding of the Ottoman Empire?

Describe the geographic context for founding of the Ottoman Empire.

➡ Directions: Examine the images below, then complete the questions that follow.

Think Like a Geographer

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece#/media/File:Territorial_changes_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_1566.jpg

See List three things you see in the maps

above.

Think Based on your observations, what do you think caused the changes in the maps

above.

Wonder Write two questions you have about the maps

above.

At the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman (1520-1566) controlled large territory in three continents: _________________________________, _______________________________, and _______________________________.

Based on your knowledge of previous empires, how do you predict the Ottoman empire was able to gain control of large territories across

three continents?

Contextualize

The Rise of the Ottoman Empire

➡ Directions: Examine the timeline and images below, then respond to the questions.

The Ottomans were a Muslim Turkish-speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia in northwestern Asia

Minor. They quickly conquered other societies and expanded their empire.

The Battle of Ager Sanguinis, medieval miniature

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Sanguinis#/media/File:Battle-of-Ager-

Sanguinis.jpg

1096-1290s: The Crusades were fought between Muslims and Christians.

1. Using your prior knowledge, what sparked the Crusades?

2. How did the Crusades affect the relationship between Christians and Muslims?

An imagined portrait of Osman I.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_I#/media/File:Osman_Gazi2.jpg

1326: A leader named Osman and his Turkish warriors (Ottomans) took over areas of Asia

Minor and the Balkan Peninsula in Eastern Europe near the Byzantine Empire.

3. How might Christian leaders of the Byzantine Empire feel about the Muslim

Ottomans taking over territory so close to the Byzantine Empire? Explain.

The entry of Sultan Mehmed II into Constantinople

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror#/media/File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg

1453: Under the leader, Mehmet II, the Ottomans continue to expand and capture the capital of

the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. Constantinople was renamed Istanbul and became the

new capital of the Ottoman Empire. Hagia Sophia, a church, was turned into a mosque. After a

54 day siege and using a 27-foot cannon hauled by oxen and an advanced army with muskets

[guns], Constantinople fell to the Ottomans.

4. What message do you think the conquest of the Byzantine Empire sent to the

rest of Europe?

5. Why did the Ottomans convert the Hagia Sophia into a mosque?

6. Why was this conquest a turning point in global history?

7. Based on this map to your right,

why was Constantinople so important to

the Ottomans?

Source: Farah and Karls, World History, The Human Experience, Glencoe/McGraw-Hill (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents

Examination, August 2007.

Suleiman I

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent#/media/File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg

1520-1566: The Ottoman Empire had a golden age under the sultan named Suleiman. The

Ottomans called Suleiman “The Lawgiver” and Europeans called him “The Magnificent.”

Suleiman also developed laws and enforced the Islamic law of sharia. Suleiman had several

accomplishments:

Took on bold military campaigns that increased the amount of territory controlled by the

Ottomans

Increased naval strength which allowed them to conquer parts of North Africa

Oversaw achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and

architecture

Built strong fortresses to defend his territories

Adorned and modernized the cities of the Islamic world (including Mecca, Damascus,

and Baghdad) with mosques, bridges, aqueducts, and other public works

8. What are common characteristics of golden ages?

9. What were some of Suleiman’s achievements?

10. Based on the information provided, could Suleiman’s rule of the Ottoman

Empire be considered a Golden Age? Why or why not?

11. How might the siege of Vienna

affect how Europe viewed the Ottoman

Empire?

1529: Suleiman’s army attacked the city of Vienna, which at the time was located in the Holy

Roman Empire and today is located in modern-day Austria . This sent fear throughout Europe

because it demonstrated how strong the Ottoman Empire had become and showed that they were

a threat to European states. The Ottomans were unsuccessful in conquering Vienna, but they

continued to be seen as a threatening empire seeking to conquer Europe.

Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/OttomanEmpire1683.png

As the Ottoman Empire grew, new people, particularly non-Muslims, became part

of the empire. The Ottoman Empire was diverse and composed of three major

religious and ethnic groups:

Flashback: What is one similarity between Muslims, Christians and

Jews?_________________________________________________.

Although conversion to Islam was not demanded of the conquered, many Christians

and a few Jews voluntarily converted to have full rights in the empire. Those who

did not convert continued to practice their old religions without restriction.

For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the Jewish people of Europe,

who did not have the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the

Ottoman Empire did. Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 found refuge in the Balkans

and elsewhere in Ottoman territory, where the sultan decreed they should be

welcomed.

Source: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ottoman_Empire

How were non-Muslims treated in the Ottoman

Empire?

For centuries, why did Jewish people migrate to the

Ottoman Empire?

FA

What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire?

➡ Directions: Using evidence from the documents above, respond to the task below in the space

provided.

How did the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the

Magnificent, gain, consolidate, and maintain power?

Describe how the Ottoman Empire, as led by Suleiman the Magnificent,

gained, consolidated, and maintained power.

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece#/media/File:Territorial_changes_of_the_

Ottoman_Empire_1566.jpg

At the height of its power, the Ottoman

Empire under Suleiman (1520-1566)

controlled large territory in Europe,

Africa, and Asia.

Make a Prediction: How do you think

Suleiman was able to gain control of

large territories across three continents?

Objective

What do primary sources reveal about how outsiders

viewed the Ottomans?

Explain how outsiders viewed the Ottomans.

Sourcing

The Turkish Letters (1589)

➡ Directions: Respond to the questions below using the text and images provided.

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

Source:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Busbec

q.jpg

Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq was a writer and diplomat. Ferdinand I of

Austria named Busbecq an ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during their

golden age under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent from 1555 until

1562. His task was to negotiate a border treaty between with the Sultan Suleiman

over a disputed territory. During his time in the Ottoman Empire, he wrote The Turkish Letters, a

collection of personal correspondence to his friend about his observations

of life in the Ottoman Empire. When he returned from the Ottoman Empire, he readied his letters for

publication and they were published together in 1589. Note: Ottoman Empire is also referred to as the Turkish state. People within the Ottoman

Empire are referred to as Turkish. Source for The Turkish Letter excerpt: C. T. Forster and F. H. B. Daniel, eds., The Life

and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, vol. I (London: Kegan Paul, 1881), pp, 86-88,

153-155, 219-222, 287-290, 293.

(http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1555busbecq.asp)

1. Who wrote The Turkish

Letters?

2. Who was the audience for The

Turkish Letters?

3. When were The Turkish

Letters published?

4. What type of source are The

Turkish Letters?

5. Why did the author write The Turkish Letters?

What do primary sources reveal about how outsiders

viewed the Ottomans?

Section 1: Description of the Janissaries

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[...] I made my first acquaintance with the Janissaries;

this is the name by which the Turks call the infantry

[foot soldiers] of the royal guard. The Turkish state

has 12,000 of these troops [...] They are scattered

through every part of the empire [...] to protect the

Christians and Jews from the violence of the mob. [...]

1. Who are the “Janissaries”?

2. Lines 2-6 read, "They are scattered through every part of the empire, either to garrison the

forts against the enemy, or to protect the Christians and Jews from the violence of the mob".

What does this excerpt reveal about the treatment of non-Muslims in the Muslim Ottoman

empire?

Section 2: The Difference Between Janissaries and Christian Soldiers

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The Turkish monarch going to war takes with him over 400

camels and nearly as many baggage mules, of which a great

part are loaded with rice and other kinds of grain. [...] On

such occasions they take out a few spoonfuls of flour and

put them into water, adding some butter, and seasoning the

mess with salt and spices; these ingredients are boiled, and

a large bowl of gruel is thus obtained. Of this they eat once

or twice a day [...]

From this you will see that it is the patience, self-denial and

thrift of the Turkish soldier that enable him to face the most

trying circumstances and come safely out of the dangers

that surround him. What a contrast to our men!

Christian soldiers on a [military] campaign refuse to put up

with their ordinary food [...] On the [Turkish] side is the

vast wealth of their empire [...],an uninterrupted series of

victories, readiness to endure hardships, union, order,

discipline, thrift and watchfulness. On ours [European

Christian] are found [...] luxurious habits, exhausted

resources, broken spirits, a raw and insubordinate soldiery,

and greedy quarrels [...] [T]here is no regard for discipline

[and] the men indulge in drunkenness….

3. How does Busbecq describe janissaries in lines 7-19?

4. According to this excerpt above, what does Busbecq admire about the janissaries? In contrast, what does he

dislike about his “Christian soldiers” back home?

5. The Turkish Letters were published for a European audience in 1589. Why would Busbecq’s write extensively

about the Ottoman Empire’s military in comparison to the European Christians?

6. How might European Christian leaders feel toward the Ottoman Empire upon reading Busbecq’s account?

Section 3: The Difference Between Social Hierarchy in the Ottoman Empire and in Europe

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No distinction is attached to birth among the Turks;

the deference to be paid to a man is measured by the

position he holds in the public service. [...] In making

his appointments the Sultan [does not take] into

consideration recommendations or popularity. [H]e

considers each case on its own merits, and examines

carefully into the character [and] ability of the man [...]

Among the Turks, therefore, honours, high posts, and

judgeships are the rewards of great ability and good

service. If a man be dishonest, or lazy, or careless, he

remains at the bottom of the ladder, an object of

contempt; for such qualities there are no honours in

Turkey!

This is the reason that they are successful in their

undertakings, that they lord it over others, and are

daily extending the bounds of their empire. These are

not our [European] ideas, with us there is no opening

left for merit; birth is the standard for everything.

7. On line 29, Busbecq writes, “No distinction is attached to birth among the Turks.” What does this phrase

mean?

8. According to lines 30-41, how do people in the Ottoman Empire attain high positions? What does this reveal

about social mobility in the Ottoman Empire?

9. According to the excerpt above, does Busbecq favor the Ottoman social structure or the European social

structure? Explain.

10. The Turkish Letters were published for a European audience in 1589. Why would Busbecq’s write extensively

about the Ottoman Empire’s social structure in comparison to the European Christians?

11. How might European Christian leaders feel toward the Ottoman Empire upon reading Busbecq’s account?

THE MUGHALS

Turkic invaders, led by Babur, invaded India in 1526 after being driven from Afghanistan by the

Uzbeks. Babur's forces, using military tactics, technology and a strong cavalry, crushed the Muslim

Lodi dynasty and defeated a Hindu confederation by 1527. The first Mughal ruler, Babur, was a

talented warrior who also possessed a taste for art and music. Since he was a poor administrator,

his sudden death in 1530 brought invasion from surrounding enemies. After a period of chaos,

Babur’s grandson Akbar was able to succeed to the throne and became a ruler with outstanding

military and administrative talent. His armies consolidated Mughal conquests in north and central

India. Akbar advanced a policy of reconciliation with his Hindu subjects; he encouraged

intermarriage, abolished onerous taxes, and respected Hindu religious customs. Hindus rose to

high ranks in the administration. Akbar invented a new faith, Din-I llahi or Divine Faith, which

incorporated components of various religions to unify his subjects and ultimately made himself

God’s representative on Earth. The Hindu and Muslim warrior aristocracy were granted land and

labor for their loyalty. Socially, he regulated the consumption of alcohol, strove to improve the

position of women and encouraged widow remarriage and discouraged child marriages. The 17th

century rulers Jahangir and Shah Jahan continued the policy of tolerance toward Hindus along

with most other elements of Akbar's administration. Both preferred the good life over military

adventures. They were important patrons of the arts; they expanded painting workshops for

miniatures and built great architectural works, including Shah Jahan’s Taj Mahal, often blending

the best in Persian and Hindu traditions. Jahangir and Shah Jehan left the details of daily

administration to subordinates, thus allowing their wives to win influence. Nur Jahan, Jahangir's

wife, dominated the empire for a time through her faction. Mumtaz Mahal, wife of Shah Jahan

also amassed power. While the life of court women improved, the position of women elsewhere

in society declined. Child marriage grew more popular, widow remarriage died out, and

seclusion for both Muslim and Hindus increased. Sati, the former Hindu practice of a widow

throwing herself on a funeral pyre, spread among the upper classes.

Graphic Organizer Worksheet - Babur and the Beginnings of the Mughal Empire

Directions: Use the website http://www.mughalindia.co.uk/room.html to complete the Graphic

Organizer.

ERA: 1450 – 1750

Ottoman Empire

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

POLITICAL

Leaders/groups

Forms of government

Empires

State building/expansion

Political structures

Courts/laws

Nationalism/nations

Revolts/revolutions

Turkic group called the

Ottomans dominated other

nomadic groups

Led by Osman

Built empire through Asia

Minor and parts of Europe

Mehmed II conquered the

Byzantine Empire

Extended the empire into Syria,

Egypt, and North Africa

(Arabs)

Janissaries helped choose

sultans using military and

political power.

Extensive bureaucracy

Grand vizier

Problems with corruption &

bribery in decline

Monarchs not as prepared

Called “sick man of Europe”

but lasted for 600 years

Force in European politics until

the late 1800s

Challenged the Ottomans for

leadership of the Islamic world

Sail al-Din began a militant

campaign to purify and reform

Islam and spread Muslim

teachings among the Turkic

tribes and the region.

Isma’il led Turkic followers to

victory; proclaimed shah

Later shahs fought to bring

Turkic chiefs under their

control; became warrior

nobility

Abbas the Great – made use of

the youths who were captured

in Russia (educated and

converted them to Islam);

became backbone of military

forces

Extensive bureaucracy

padishah

Fear of succession of rulers led

to violence & oppression

Confinement of rulers led to

unprepared princes

Isfahan fell to the Afghanis;

bloody struggle for power

ensued; battle-ground for

neighbors and nomadic raiders

Founders were displaced

princes in search of a new

kingdom

Babur struggled for control (he

lost his original kingdom)

Akbar – one of the greatest

leaders of all of history – had a

vision of empire and mission to

unite India under his rule.

Built a military and

administrative system

Problems with corruption &

ineffectiveness in the

bureaucracy and military (and

lack of funding for both)

factored into the decline

Reversal of Akbar’s policies

towards Hindus led to conflicts

between Muslims and Hindus.

Civil conflict and internal

dissent = factor of decline

Centralized political power

broke down; left openings in

many parts of India for foreign

intervention

ECONOMIC

Agricultural, pastoral

Economic systems

Labor systems/

organizations

Economy geared for warfare

and expansion

Peasants - food source for

empire

European spice trade cut into

Ottoman profits.

Network of roads and

guarantees of safety for foreign

merchants and travelers

Encouraged trade with India,

China, and Portuguese (later

Dutch & English)

Cotton textiles = great demand

by Europeans (started by the

British)

Major overseas destination for

Asian products in return for

Indian cotton textiles

Industrialization

Technology/industry

Capital/money

Business organizations

Merchants and tax collectors

lost critical profits.

Encouraged the growth of

handicraft production and trade

Economy – constricted (less

market oriented and more

backward even to the

Ottomans)

Did not keep up with European

technology (trade & crafts)

Head taxes on non-believers

fell on poor Hindus, who could

not afford them & caused

resistance.

Breakdown of the central

government led to economic

exploitation of Indian artisans

and peasants by local lords and

foreign and local merchants

(namely the British)

RELIGIOUS

Belief systems/ teachings

Philosophy

Holy books

Conversion

Key figures

Deities

Protectors of the Islamic

heartland; scourge of Christian

Europe

Subjects largely Christian

initially, then became a minority

later

Empire founded and extended to

spread Islam through jihads

Religious leaders and legal

scholars part of bureaucracy

Had to deal with the Sunni-Shiite

split (Ottomans supported the

Sunnis)

One of the most enduring

centers of Shiites within the

Islamic world

Origins with Sufi mystics and

religious preachers

Highly militant strain of Islam

Red Heads

Mullahs

All religious leaders were

required to curse the first three

caliphs and mention the Safavid

ruler in the Friday sermon.

Teaching in the mosque schools

– planned & directed by state

religious officials

Policy of reconciliation and

cooperation with Hindu princes

and population pursued by

Akbar (policies below)

Abolished the jizyab (head tax)

Promoted Hindus to the highest

ranks of government

Ended ban on the building of

new Hindu temples

Ordered Muslims to respect the

cow (viewed as sacred by the

Hindus)

Attempted to promote his new

faith, Din-i-Ilahi, but it

ultimately failed.

Rise of Sikhism; followers

initially tried to bridge gaps

between Muslims and Hindus

but were persecuted

SOCIAL

Family/ kinship

Gender roles/relations

Social and economic classes

Racial/ ethnic factors

Entertainment

Extensive bureaucracy

Religious leaders and legal

scholars

Janissaries grew in political

power, displaced the aristocrats

Peasants and laborers used and

abused for additional taxes and

crops.

Warrior nobles were assigned

villages, whose peasants were

required to supply them and

their troops with food and

labor.

Most powerful warrior leaders

part of the imperial (empire)

administration

Ruled mostly non-Muslim

population

Muslim and Hindu aristocrats

were granted peasant villages

for their support in return for

cavalry and responding to

emperor demands.

Lifestyles

“Haves” & “have nots”

Merchant and artisan class

Ottoman sultans grew distant

from needs of subjects as the

empire increased in size and

wealth.

Patriarchal society

Restrictive practices for women

(seclusion and veiling)

Wives of rulers had more

power and influence.

Ordinary women could trade,

lend money, and invoke

protections in Islamic law.

Army slave boys captured in

Russia (similar to the Ottoman

janissaries)

Elaborate court rituals

Etiquette and decorum

governed social interactions

Civil strife and breakdown of

services hurt the peasantry.

Artisan or skilled class of

workers (engineers,

stonemasons, & carpenters)

Patriarchal society

Restrictive practices for women

(seclusion and veiling)

Wives of rulers had more

power and influence.

Ordinary women could trade,

lend money, and invoke

protections in Islamic law.

Local leaders left alone in

return for loyalty and taxes

Established living quarters for

the homeless

Tried to regulate he

consumption of alcohol

Encouraged widows to remarry

Ended child marriage

Prohibited sati

Eased purdah restrictions

Wives of rulers had more

power and influence.

Power of women at court

increased; ordinary women

decreased.

Reversals of Akbar’s policies

on women (4 above)

Restrictive practices for women

(seclusion and veiling)

Female babies not wanted

(dowry costs)

Civil strife and breakdown of

services hurt the peasantry.

Polo matches

Ox and tiger matches

Games of pachisi (life-sized

boars with palace dancers as

chips)

INTERACTIONS

War/conflict

Diplomacy/treaties

Alliances

Exchanges between

individuals, groups, &

empires/nations

Trade/commerce

Defeated the Byzantines and

captured Constantinople using

gunpowder & siege warfare

Naval power grew

Golden Horn

Coffeehouses

Defeated at the Battle of

Lepanto, rebuilds fleet quick

Battle of Chaldiran between

Shiite and Sunnis (Ottoman

Sunnis won with the use of

gunpowder)

Used European advisors and

weaponry (cannons, training, &

muskets)

Abbas I established the empire

as a major center of

Babur crushed the last ruler of

the Muslim Lodi dynasty of

Northern India while severely

outnumbered (12,000 to their

100,000).

Used gun carts, moveable

artillery, and cavalry tactics

Babur defeated Hindu warrior-

kings at Khanua and eventually

Globalization

Blocked Western style ideas and

innovations as empire declined

international trade; built a

network of roads and rest

houses; provided safety for

merchants & travelers.

Encouraged trade with India,

China, and Portuguese (later

Dutch & English too)

Foreign threats from nomadic

raiders and Ottoman and

Mughal armies led to decline of

territory

large portions of the Indus and

Ganges plains.

Major overseas destination for

Asian products in return for

Indian cotton textiles

India fell behind the West in the

areas of science & inventions.

ARTS

Art

Music

Writing/literature

Philosophy

Math

Science

Education

Architecture

Technology

Innovations

Transportation

Converted Saint Sophia

cathedral into a grand mosque

Applied knowledge of

Byzantines into architecture

Aqueducts

Suleymaniye mosque built by

Suleyman the Magnificent

Minarets

Built mansions rest houses,

religious schools, hospitals, &

gardens

Guild standards

Persian & Arabic languages,

but later Turkish language used

Poetry

Ceramics

Carpets

Avoided Western knowledge

Persian language

Isfahan (square-like with

shops, mosques, government

offices, arches, and gardens);

styled with vivid ceramic tiles,

geometric designs, floral

patterns, and versus from the

Quran, gardens, and reflecting

pools

Babur wrote one of the greatest

histories of India, was a fine

musician, and designed gardens

for his new capital at Delhi.

Cotton textiles

Expanded painting workshops

Taj Mahal

Fed Fort at Delhi

Mughal architecture – blend of

Persian, Hindu, and Islamic

traditions (Islamic domes,

arches, and minarets and their

balance with Hindu love or

ornament of white marble,

semi-precious stones, and floral

and geometric patterns)

ENVIRONMENTAL

Location

Physical

Human/environment

Migration/movement

Region

Demography

Anatolia (Turkey)

Origins with the Turkic

nomadic cultures of the central

Asia steppe

Constantinople (Byzantine

Empire)

Built empire through Asia

Minor and parts of Europe

Iran & Afghanistan

Origins with the Turkic

nomadic cultures of the central

Asia steppe

Tabriz (city captured by

Isma’il)

Conquered most of Persia

Isfahan (capital city)

India

Delhi region of the Ganges

plains

Origins with the Turkic

nomadic cultures of the central

Asia steppe

Expanded into northern and

central India

Neighborhood

Urbanization

Settlement patterns

Disease

Cities (2 major ones)

Extended the empire into Syria,

Egypt, and North Africa (bulk

of Arab territory)

Delhi (new capital city for

Babur)

Delhi, Agra and Lahore (chief

Mughal cities)

Calicut (city known for cotton)

https://slaviccenter.osu.edu/sites/slaviccenter.osu.edu/files/Outreach-teacher-training-neh-ca-safavid-empire-brian-desmond.pdf