Unit 1: The Vanishing Frontier

Chapter 1 The Golden Spike

Indian Removal: Indians were forced to move to Indian Removal: Indians were forced to move to reservations by the federal government so white reservations by the federal government so white settlers could have their land.settlers could have their land.

Land Hungry Settlers: wanted fertile land they Land Hungry Settlers: wanted fertile land they could afford and adventurecould afford and adventure

Reservations: The places where the government Reservations: The places where the government moved the Indians after white settlers moved on moved the Indians after white settlers moved on their land.their land.

Great Plains: States west of the Mississippi River; Great Plains: States west of the Mississippi River; such as Kansas, Nebraska and Wyomingsuch as Kansas, Nebraska and Wyoming

Completing the Railroad

Golden Spike: the last spike that joined the Central Golden Spike: the last spike that joined the Central and Union Pacific Railroads in Promontory Utah on and Union Pacific Railroads in Promontory Utah on May 10, 1869.May 10, 1869.

Immigrants: People who come into a country from Immigrants: People who come into a country from another country. For the Railroad the immigrant another country. For the Railroad the immigrant workers were: Irish and Chineseworkers were: Irish and Chinese

Union Pacific: The railroad that started in Nebraska Union Pacific: The railroad that started in Nebraska and went west.and went west.

Central Pacific: The railroad that started in California Central Pacific: The railroad that started in California and went east.and went east.

Prairie: Large area of flat or slightly rolling grasslandsPrairie: Large area of flat or slightly rolling grasslands Transcontinental: Railroad that goes across the Transcontinental: Railroad that goes across the

countrycountry Iron Horse: nickname for trainsIron Horse: nickname for trains

Buffalo: The Indians called these animals Buffalo: The Indians called these animals KINDRED. They provided food, shelter and KINDRED. They provided food, shelter and clothing for them. The number of buffalo’s in the clothing for them. The number of buffalo’s in the U.S. went from millions to only a few hundred U.S. went from millions to only a few hundred left. left.

European Americans: White people who settled European Americans: White people who settled the west.the west.

Settlers: People who moved to the West to claim Settlers: People who moved to the West to claim cheap land.cheap land.

Populist: A political party who was also known as Populist: A political party who was also known as the People’s Party. It was made up of farmers. the People’s Party. It was made up of farmers. They fought for the common man or little guys.They fought for the common man or little guys.

Chapter 2 Women on the Plains: The Vanishing Frontier

Shanty: A roughly built cabinShanty: A roughly built cabin Weather: Severe: blizzards, hail storms, draught, hot.Weather: Severe: blizzards, hail storms, draught, hot. Dugout: Houses that were dug out of the side of hills Dugout: Houses that were dug out of the side of hills

and finished with sod bricks. Did not keep the and finished with sod bricks. Did not keep the weather out.weather out.

Soddies: A 4 wall house built from bricks made of Soddies: A 4 wall house built from bricks made of mud and grass because there were no trees to make mud and grass because there were no trees to make lumber from. Did not keep the weather out.lumber from. Did not keep the weather out.

Dangers on the Plains: Hailstorms, blizzards, pests-Dangers on the Plains: Hailstorms, blizzards, pests-such as grasshoppers. Weather a big factor.such as grasshoppers. Weather a big factor.

Churned: a method used to make butterChurned: a method used to make butter Forested: Has a lot of treesForested: Has a lot of trees Homestead Act of 1862: This act gave land Homestead Act of 1862: This act gave land

to anyone who would farm it for 5 years to anyone who would farm it for 5 years You get : 1) 160 acres of land, 2) you must You get : 1) 160 acres of land, 2) you must stay on it and farm it for 5 years, 3) you stay on it and farm it for 5 years, 3) you must pay 18 dollar fee.must pay 18 dollar fee.

Prosperity: Means you are doing well.Prosperity: Means you are doing well.

Chapter 3: “I Will Fight No More Forever”

Chief Joseph: Chief of the Indian tribe NEZ PERCE. Chief Joseph: Chief of the Indian tribe NEZ PERCE. He called for peace. His way with words made him a He called for peace. His way with words made him a national hero.national hero.

Nez Perce: Indian tribe that lived in Oregon’s Wallowa Nez Perce: Indian tribe that lived in Oregon’s Wallowa valley. This tribe successfully fought and won many valley. This tribe successfully fought and won many battles with the U.S. Army.battles with the U.S. Army.

Broken Promise: The U.S. Government broke many Broken Promise: The U.S. Government broke many treaties with the Nez Perce over Wallowa Valley.treaties with the Nez Perce over Wallowa Valley.

Stock piled: gathered together supplies.Stock piled: gathered together supplies. White Bird Canyon: The Nez Perce fought the U.S. White Bird Canyon: The Nez Perce fought the U.S.

Army in White Bird Canyon.Army in White Bird Canyon.

The long retreat: The Nez Perce traveled 1,000 miles The long retreat: The Nez Perce traveled 1,000 miles on foot to Canada to escape the U.S. Government.on foot to Canada to escape the U.S. Government.

Wounded Knee: The last major Indian massacre by Wounded Knee: The last major Indian massacre by white soldiers.white soldiers.

Reservations: Public land that was set aside for the Reservations: Public land that was set aside for the Indians. The Indians had to go whether they wanted Indians. The Indians had to go whether they wanted to or not. The land was not nice.to or not. The land was not nice.

Defied: to dare to do something no matter whatDefied: to dare to do something no matter what General Howard: General in charge of the war General Howard: General in charge of the war

against the Nez Perce friends with Chief Joseph, the against the Nez Perce friends with Chief Joseph, the guy who Joseph surrenders to.guy who Joseph surrenders to.

Starvation: means no food, or famineStarvation: means no food, or famine Inevitable: means is going to happen no matter whatInevitable: means is going to happen no matter what

Chapter 4: A Voice for the People

Farmers in trouble: New government policies on money Farmers in trouble: New government policies on money caused the prices of crops to drop and costs of farming caused the prices of crops to drop and costs of farming to go up. Farmers tried to use new machinery but had to to go up. Farmers tried to use new machinery but had to go in debt. The prices go down and because of this they go in debt. The prices go down and because of this they can’t pay their loans.can’t pay their loans.

Peoples Party: Also known as : Populist- they wanted Peoples Party: Also known as : Populist- they wanted some control over big companies, was made up of some control over big companies, was made up of farmersfarmers

Orator: means a forceful, charismatic speaker.Orator: means a forceful, charismatic speaker. Inflation: The process where the prices of things and Inflation: The process where the prices of things and

services go upservices go up

William Jennings Bryan: Ran for President William Jennings Bryan: Ran for President against McKinley. Bryan was a famous against McKinley. Bryan was a famous orator for the common manorator for the common man

This political cartoon shows Bryan blowing This political cartoon shows Bryan blowing up McKinley.up McKinley.

““Cross of Gold”: a famous speech by Bryan that Cross of Gold”: a famous speech by Bryan that said “Shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of said “Shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold” Bryan supported silver instead of gold, or gold” Bryan supported silver instead of gold, or small business vs. big businesssmall business vs. big business

Front Porch Campaign: McKinley had a “Front Front Porch Campaign: McKinley had a “Front Porch Campaign” McKinley wanted the people to Porch Campaign” McKinley wanted the people to come to him instead of him going to the people. come to him instead of him going to the people. He was from Ohio, he beat Bryan.He was from Ohio, he beat Bryan.

““Little Guys” people who supported Bryan- the Little Guys” people who supported Bryan- the common man.common man.

Big Business:McKinley is supported and supports Big Business:McKinley is supported and supports big business. Bryan is against it.big business. Bryan is against it.

Make an argument: The Leader of your Indian Make an argument: The Leader of your Indian tribe passes around a treaty. The U.S. tribe passes around a treaty. The U.S. Government is making a deal. The Treaty Government is making a deal. The Treaty States: “The government will buy your tribe’s States: “The government will buy your tribe’s land and give you another place to live. The land and give you another place to live. The Chief of your tribe asks you what you think. Chief of your tribe asks you what you think. Knowing what you know about how Indians felt Knowing what you know about how Indians felt about life on the reservations and how they felt about life on the reservations and how they felt about leaving their homeland, answer your chief about leaving their homeland, answer your chief in a short essay in which you explain your in a short essay in which you explain your feelings about being removed from your land, feelings about being removed from your land, life on the reservation and treaties with the life on the reservation and treaties with the government in general. Yes, I would go government in general. Yes, I would go because, No I would not go because. Must have because, No I would not go because. Must have at least 7 sentences.at least 7 sentences.