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Electromagnetic Radiation
We gain our knowledge by the study of light emitted from stars and other bodies.
Ex. X-Rays, Cosmic Rays, Visible Light, Microwaves, Radio Waves (Classified by wavelength on the Electromagnetic Spectrum)
Fusion vs. Fission Nuclear Fusion
The way in which the Sun produces energy ---- nuclei combine
Nuclear Fission
When the nuclei split
Earth’s Insides
In three main parts: The Crust The Mantle The Core
Based on the composition of each part.
The Crust
Thin rocky outer layer
Two parts: Oceanic Crust – younger rocks
Continental Crust – older rocks
The “Extra” Layers
Lithosphere: A strong layer under the upper mantle.
Asthenosphere: A soft layer, weak under the lithosphere.
Earth’s “Extra” Layers
Lower Mantle: A rigid layer, top of this layer rocks are solid bottom of the layer rocks are liquid.
The Cores
Inner Core: The materials are pressed into a solid because of the pressure
Outer Core: Liquid due to the extreme heat.
Discovering the layers
A scientist discovered that seismic waves happen under the surface in different layers.
Earthquake waves can travel around the world in different layers of the Earth
2 parts
Focus: Point within the Earth where the Earthquake starts.
Epicenter: On the surface above the epicenter.
http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Continental_drift&video_id=98547&vpkey=
http://www1.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?title=Plate_Tectonics_Rap&video_id=82280
2 types of shocks
Aftershock: Follows a major earthquake (could be smaller)
Foreshock: Before an earthquake.
Can happen years/days before an earthquake
2 types of waves
Surface Wave: Travel along the Earth’s surface
Body Waves: P wave: push/pull wave through rocks (1st)
S Wave: shake particles at right angles (2nd)
Finding the Center of the Earthquake
Use three seismic stations to find the center
Use a distance – time graph
The scale
Richter Scale: Based on the amplitude of the largest wave.
The old way
Moment of Magnitude: Amount of displacement from the fault
The new way
Types of Destruction
1.) Seismic Vibrations – damage to buildings/amount intensity
2.) Tsunamis
3.) Landslides
4.) Fires
Predicating Earthquakes
Short Range: Measures strain, not very successful
Long Range: Helps with building codes, can’t really understand
Seismic Graphs: Not a lot of activity along a fault line.
Continental Drift
Wegner – proposed the theory of continental drift.
Continental Drift – The continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent.
Pangaea!!!!
Earth’s Major Plates The lithosphere is divided into plates
Earth’s Plates – move and continually change shape and size.
Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent Boundaries – Two plates move apart.
Convergent Boundaries – Two plates move together.
Transform Fault – two plates grind together.
Divergent Boundaries Oceanic Ridge –
Create an oceanic ridge – wide not narrow
Rift Valleys – deep faulted structures
Seafloor Spreading: Plate tectonics produce new oceanic lithosphere.
5 cm per year.
Continental Rifts: East African rift valley
Convergent Boundaries
Subduction Zone – Oceanic crust is being pushed down into the mantle.
Oceanic – Continental = Continental plate remains floating.
Oceanic – Oceanic Continental – Continental
Factors Affecting Eruptions
Primary Factors: Magma composition Magma Temperature Amount of dissolved gases.
Viscosity – the substances resistance to flow
Other Volcanic Landforms Claderas – a large depression in a volcano
Necks & Pipes – How magma gets through the volcano
Lava Plateaus
Mechanical vs. Chemical Weathering
Occurs when physical forces break down rocks.
Three process:1.) Frost Wedging
2.) Unloading3.) Biological Activity
Transformation of a rock from one form to another
Water: A major factor!
Each type of material has a different rate of weathering.
Rate of Weathering
Three factors are:
1.) Rock Characteristics: the physical way a rock looks
2.) Climate: Temperature and moisture
3.) Differential Weathering: Different parts of rock mass weather at different rates.
Just a little soil information
An important product of weathering
Supports growth of plants
Four major components: 1.) Mineral Matter: about 45% of the matter in soil
2.) Organic Matter: 5% (decayed things) 3.) Water: 25% water 4.) Air: 25% air
The Soil Profile
Soil varies in texture, composition, structure, and color at different levels.A Horizon – TopsoilB Horizon – SubsoilC Horizon – Bottom true to the parent material.
Soil Erosion
Water helps to remove the topsoil that we need to grow plants and trees.
Rates of Erosion: More plants, grass, and trees helps to hold the soil in place.
Human activity that removes these things help to speed up erosion.
What is it?
The transfer of rock and soil down slope due to gravity.
Caused by weathering and erosion.
Triggers of Mass Movement
Water Saturating Surfaces creating mudflows
Oversteepened Slopes Water cuts under the bank of a river.
Removal of Vegetation Taking away plants and roots
Earthquakes Shake lose soil creating a landslide
Types of Mass Movement
Based on the kind of material, how it moves, the speed of the movement.
Rockfall – When rocks fall from a steep slope.
Slides – When land sides down suddenly. High mountain areas.
More types
Slumps – downward movement of a block of material in a curved surface.
Creep – the slowest form of movement.
Flows – mass amounts of movement 2 types:
1.) Mudflow – Moves quickly 2.) Earthflow – Moves slowly
Random Rock Facts
Rocks contain clues that tell us about the environment that they were formed in. Example:
Rock with shells formed in a shallow ocean environment.
Volcanic rock formed near a volcano
Rocks
A solid mass of mineral or mineral – like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet.
Three types: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary
The Rock Cycle
Interactions between Earth’s water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change from one type to another.
Igneous Rocks
Things to know: Magma: Under the Earth’s surface.
Lava: Magma that reaches the Earth’s surface.
When magma cools and hardens beneath the surface or a volcanic eruption.
Igneous Rocks Coarse Grained vs. Fine Grained
Glassy Texture vs. Porphyritic
Granite Comp vs. Basaltic Comp
Sedimentary Rocks
Weathering – a process where rocks are chemically and physically broken down.
Sediments are compacted and cemented together.
Metamorphic Rocks
Bury sedimentary rocks deep within the Earth.
Increase pressure and temperature.
Change into Metamorphic Rocks