Upload
desirae-carver
View
213
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 6:Chapter 6:Telescopes Telescopes – Portals of – Portals of
DiscoveryDiscovery
Visible light is only one type of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by stars
Each type of EM radiation travels at exactly the same speed - the speed of light!
Not all EM radiation can penetrate Earth’s atmosphere.
Different types of EM radiation Different types of EM radiation require different types of telescopesrequire different types of telescopes
• A refracting telescope uses a lens to A refracting telescope uses a lens to concentrate incoming lightconcentrate incoming light
• A reflecting telescope uses mirrors to A reflecting telescope uses mirrors to concentrate incoming starlightconcentrate incoming starlight
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Refracting TelescopeRefracting Telescope
• Refracting Refracting telescopes need telescopes need to be very long, to be very long, with large, heavy with large, heavy lenses.lenses.
A refracting telescope uses a
lens to concentrate
incoming light
Similar to a magnifying glass
A larger objective lens provides a
brighter (not bigger) image
lenses reverse images
Three main functions of a Three main functions of a telescopetelescope
• brightenbrighten(called (called light collecting arealight collecting area))
• see fine detailsee fine detail(called (called angular resolutionangular resolution))
and least important,and least important,
• magnifymagnifymagnification = (objective lens focal length magnification = (objective lens focal length // eyepiece lens eyepiece lens
focal length)focal length)
Refracting telescopes have drawbacksRefracting telescopes have drawbacks
• Spherical aberrationSpherical aberration
• Chromatic aberrationChromatic aberration
Special achromatic compound lenses and lens coatings can often fix this aberration
Refracting telescopes have Refracting telescopes have drawbacksdrawbacks
• Spherical Spherical aberrationaberration
• Chromatic Chromatic aberrationaberration
• Sagging due to Sagging due to gravity distorting the gravity distorting the lenslens
• Unwanted refractionsUnwanted refractions
• opaque to certain opaque to certain wavelengths of lightwavelengths of light
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reflecting TelescopeReflecting Telescope
• Reflecting telescopes can have much greater Reflecting telescopes can have much greater diameters.diameters.
• Most modern telescopes are reflectors.Most modern telescopes are reflectors.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Designs for Reflecting Designs for Reflecting TelescopesTelescopes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Twin Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
Segmented 10-meter mirror of a Keck telescope
Pick-up images.
Pick-up images.
Mirrors in Reflecting TelescopesMirrors in Reflecting Telescopes
AstronomerAstronomer’’s face two major s face two major obstacles in observing the starsobstacles in observing the stars
• Light Pollution from CitiesLight Pollution from Cities
• Effects of Twinkling from EarthEffects of Twinkling from Earth’’s s atmosphereatmosphere
Light PollutionLight Pollution
• Scattering of human-made light in the Scattering of human-made light in the atmosphere is a growing problem for atmosphere is a growing problem for astronomy.astronomy.
Tucson, Arizona in 1959 and 1980
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bright star viewed with ground-based telescope
Same star viewed with Hubble Space Telescope
Twinkling and Turbulence
• Turbulent air flow in Earth's atmosphere distorts our view, causing stars to appear to twinkle.
Rapid changes in the density of Rapid changes in the density of EarthEarth’’s atmosphere cause passing s atmosphere cause passing starlight to quickly change direction, starlight to quickly change direction, making stars appear to twinkle.making stars appear to twinkle.
Advanced technology is spawning a new Advanced technology is spawning a new generation of equipment to view the generation of equipment to view the universeuniverse
• CCDs (charge-coupled devices)CCDs (charge-coupled devices)
• Large telescopes on remote mountain topsLarge telescopes on remote mountain tops– Mauna Kea in HawaiiMauna Kea in Hawaii– Cerro Pachon in ChileCerro Pachon in Chile
• Adaptive Optics to counteract the blurring of Adaptive Optics to counteract the blurring of EarthEarth’’s atmospheres atmosphere
• Orbiting space observatoriesOrbiting space observatories
A Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)A Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)
Ordinary Photographs vs. CCDs
Matching 10-m, multiple mirror Keck Telescopes in Hawaii with
adaptive optics
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Without adaptive optics With adaptive optics
Adaptive Optics
• Rapidly changing the shape of a telescope's mirror compensates for some of the effects of turbulence.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Calm, High, Dark, Dry
• The best observing sites are atop remote mountains.
High above Earth’s atmosphere,
the Hubble Space Telescope provides stunning details about the
universe
Observations at wavelengths other than visible Observations at wavelengths other than visible light are revealing previously invisible sightslight are revealing previously invisible sights
Visible light image radio wavelength image
Radio wavelength observations are possible from Earth’s surface
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Radio Telescopes
• A radio telescope is like a giant mirror that reflects radio waves to a focus.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
SOFIA Spitzer
Infrared and Ultraviolet Telescopes
• Infrared and ultraviolet light telescopes operate like visible-light telescopes but need to be above atmosphere to see all wavelengths.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
X-Ray Telescopes
• Focusing of X-rays requires special mirrors.• Mirrors are arranged to focus X-ray photons through grazing
bounces off the surface.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fermi Gamma-Ray Observatory
Gamma-Ray Telescopes
• Gamma-ray telescopes also need to be in space.
• Focusing gamma rays is extremely difficult.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Interferometry
• Interferometery is a technique for linking two or more telescopes so that they have the angular resolution of a single large one.
The Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico
Observations at other wavelengths are revealing previously invisible sights
UV
Ordinary visible
infrared
Map of Orion region
The Future of Telescopes?The Future of Telescopes?
• Telescopes at Lagrange PointsTelescopes at Lagrange Points
• Telescopes on other planets/moonsTelescopes on other planets/moons
• A large telescope to take over for Hubble A large telescope to take over for Hubble on the Moonon the Moon’’s polar regions polar region
• Better telescopes on Earth, larger, coupledBetter telescopes on Earth, larger, coupled
• Gravity wave detectorsGravity wave detectors
• Improved optics…..Improved optics…..