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Community engagement to strengthen social cohesion and child protection in Chad
and Burundi: “Bottom Up” participatory monitoring, planning and action
FINALREPORT
JULY29th2016
Compiledby:InternationalInstituteforChildRightsandDevelopment(IICRD)
Dr.PhilipCook,MicheleCook,NatashaBlanchetCohen,
ArmelOguniyi&JeanSewanou
Fundedby:UNICEF’sPeacebuilding,EducationandAdvocacyProgramme(PBEA),LearningforPeace
Community engagement to strengthen social cohesion and child protection in Chad and Burundi – Final Report
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AcknowledgementsTheauthorswouldliketothanktheGovernmentoftheNetherlandsandUNICEF’sPeacebuilding,EducationandAdvocacyProgramme(PBEA),LearningforPeaceProject.WewouldalsoliketoexpressourappreciationtotheteamsfromUNICEFBurundi,IRC,FVSAmadeinBurundi,andinChadUNICEFChadandAREDasourprimarypartnerswithoutwhomtheprojectwouldnothavebeenpossible.IICRDisgratefultotheNorthSouthInstituteandDr.MarissaEnsorforprovidinginitialbaselineresearch.IndividuallywearegratefultoSajiThomas,BakarySogoba,MotoyamNanitom,AissaSow,JeanClaudeNkezimana,Alkoa,theyouthfromAARMOKandLesScoutsBurundian.Finally,wewouldliketothanktheyouth,women’sgroups,Elders(MbangandBashingantahe),civilsocietyleadersandgovernmentofficialsinKoumraregioninChadandBururiandMakambaprovincesinBurundi.Specialthanksaregiventothechildren,youthandcareproviderswhoseinput,insightsandsuggestedactionsareattheheartofthisendeavor.AllopinionsexpressedinthisreportarethoseoftheauthorsandlocalpartnersanddonotreflectofficialUNICEFpolicies.
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TableofContents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2
TABLEOFCONTENTS 3
EXECUTIVESUMMARY 4
INTRODUCTION 8PROJECTCONTEXTANDRESEARCHQUESTIONS 11INTERVENTIONMETHODS 12BURUNDIANDCHADCONFLICTCONTEXTANDSELECTIONOFINTERVENTIONSITES 13RESULTS 15RESULTSOFBASELINEINBOTHBURUNDIANDCHAD 15RESULTSOFTHEOUTCOMEMAPPING,REFLECTIVEPLANNINGWORKSHOPS 16TABLE1:CHAD-CHALLENGES,PROTECTIVEFACTORSANDROOTCAUSESRELATEDTOPEACE-BUILDINGANDSOCIALCOHESION 17TABLE2:BURUNDI-CHALLENGES,PROTECTIVEFACTORSANDROOTCAUSESRELATEDTOPEACE-BUILDINGANDSOCIALCOHESION 18TABLE3:CHAD-OUTCOMEMAPPINGPROGRESSMARKERSAND3MONTHPROGRESS 19TABLE4:BURUNDI-OUTCOMEMAPPINGPROGRESSMARKERSAND3MONTHPROGRESS 21DISCUSSION 23LOCALASSESSMENTOFROOTCAUSESOFCONFLICT 23LOCALUNDERSTANDINGOFPROTECTIVEFACTORS 25DEVELOPINGLOCALINDICATORSTOSTRENGTHENSOCIALCOHESIONTHROUGHCHILDPROTECTION 25IMPLICATIONSFORBOTTOMUPAPPROACHESTOCHILDPROTECTIONANDSOCIALCOHESIONINTERVENTIONS–THETHEORYOFCHANGE 27BIBLIOGRAPHY 28APPENDIX1:INITIALTHEORYOFCHANGE 29APPENDIX2:FINALPROJECTTHEORYOFCHANGE 35
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ExecutiveSummary
IntroductionChildrenareaffectedbyarmedconflictinmultipleways:ascivilianvictims,inthecontextoftargetedethnicattacks,assexualslaves,andasconscriptedcombatants(Machel,1996;ChildrenandArmedConflict,2015).Since1990anestimated90%ofdeathsinconflictshavebeencivilians,andofthesefatalities80%havebeenwomenandchildren.Thereisanimmediateprotectionneedforchildrenaswellaslong-termpsychosocialsupport(UNICEF,2015).
Inthechildprotectionsectorincreasingemphasisisbeingplacedonstrengtheningformal(government,INGO)andnon-formal(child,familiesandotherkinshipstructures,women’sgroups,Eldersandotherpersonswithtraditionalsocialknowledge)protectionsystems.Thesystemsapproachtoprotectionwasinitiallyimplementedindevelopmentsettingsandhashistoricalrootsgoingbackto2010(Wulczyn,Daro,Fluke,Feldman,Glodek,Lifanda,2010).Asformalandnon-formalchildprotectionsystemsareerodedduetoconflict,children(andothers)experienceincreasedabuse,neglectandexploitation.Thismakesthemeasyvictimsforrecruitmentforarmedviolenceandotherharms,andhasincreasedthesectoralemphasisonsystemsapproachestochildprotectioninhumanitariancontexts(ChildProtectionWorkingGroup,2015).
ProjectContextandResearchQuestionsThetwoyear(2014-2016)ChildProtectionSocialCohesioninitiativedrawsonbothexistingliteratureandin-countryfieldworkexperiencesupportedbyUNICEF,governmentandlocalpartners.Theseagencieshavebeencollaboratingforanumberofyearsonchildprotectionsystemsstrengtheninginconflictaffectedcommunities,andhaddecidedtostrengthenprogrammaticlinkagesbetweenchildprotectionandsocialcohesion.LocalpartnersincludedFVSAmadeandInternationalRescueCommittee(IRC)inBurundi,andinChadtheAssociationPourlaRecuperationetL’EncadrementdesEnfantsenDetresse(ARED).ThefieldsvisitoftheIICRDteamtoBurundiandChadtookplacebetweenFebruary2015andMay2016.TheinitiativebuiltonpriorbaselineresearchundertakenbytheNorth-SouthInstitute(NSI)from2013-2014(NSI,2014).IICRD’sactivitiesexplicitlysoughttoconsolidatebaselineinformationonsocialcohesion,identifyingrelevantchildprotectionstakeholdersanddriversofconflict.Theprogramalsoattemptedtounderstandlocalperceptionsonstructuresandprocessescontributingto(orhindering)socialcohesionandpeacebuildingatthecommunitylevel.Italsoidentifiedthestructuralfactorsthatprovidethebroadercontextinwhichsocialcohesionandchildprotectioneffortstakeplace.Finallytheprojectaimedtoimplementamonitoring,planningandactionstrategytoreinforceformalandnon-formalprotectionsystems.
TheguidingactionresearchquestionfortheworkinBurundiandChadwas:• Howdogroupsatthecommunitylevelprotectchildren,youthandwomen/girlswhile
promotingsocialcohesion,peacebuildingandgeneralhumansecurity?
Community engagement to strengthen social cohesion and child protection in Chad and Burundi – Final Report
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Secondaryquestionsinclude:1. Whataretheconflictdriversineachofthesettings,andhowdotheseconflictdrivers
contributeto(child)protectionrisksandharms?2. Donon-formalandformalgroupsinfluencecommunitiesdifferently?3. Whatgroupcharacteristics,activities,functions,processes,andmechanismsactively
supportorerodesocialcohesionandchildprotectioninconflictandpost-conflictsettings?
4. Whatistheagentiveroleofyouth,women’sgroupsandtraditionalleadersinpromotingorhinderingcommunitycohesion?
Itisrecognizedthatbyensuringsuchcommunityengagementwithallaspectsoftheresearch,thespecificandlocalizedunderstandingsofsocialcohesionanditslinkstopeacebuildingandchildprotectioncanmoreeffectivelyberevealed.
InterventionMethodsChildcentred,participatoryactionresearch(PAR)andnarrative,ethnographicresearchmethodsandlocalmonitoring,planningandactionusingOutcomeMapping(Early,Carden,Smutylo,2001)andIICRD’sReflectiveActiontools,werecombinedoverthetwoyearsoftheprojectcycle.Thecombinationofthesewasdesignedtoleveragelocalknowledgeonthedevelopmentof,andtheactorsinvolvedinthecreationofsocialcohesionatthecommunitylevelwasimplemented.
BurundiandChadConflictContextandSelectionofInterventionSitesBurundicontextofconflict.BothBurundiandChadhavelonghistoriesofconflict.InBurunditheexploitationandmanipulationofethnicrivalriesduringcolonialtimesledtocyclesofethnic-relatedviolencethatcontinuetoday,inparticularsincetheelectionsof2015,andpost-independenceBurundihasremainedplaguedbymassacres,assassinationsandothercrimesagainsthumanitythatoftenhaveamarkedlyethniccharacter.OneofthemostsignificantandviolentepisodesinBurundi’shistory,widelyrecognizedasgenocide,tookplacein1972withthemassacreoftensofthousandsoftheHutuethnicgroupbytheTutsi-dominatedregime.Thetragedyof1972alsocreatedalegacyoffearandmistrustthathasbeenlinkedtosubsequentepisodesandstilllaststothisday.Asecondroundofethnicviolencetookplaceduringthecrisisof1994.Thisisalsoacknowledgedasgenocideandwastriggeredbyafailedcoupd’étatduringwhichthefirstdemocraticallyelectedPresident,MelchiorNdadaye(aHutu)wasassassinated.Thiseventsparkedthemassacreofanestimated50,000TutsibyHutu,followedbyabrutalrepressionofHutubythearmy.Intheaftermath,morethan600,000Hutussoughtrefugeinneighboringcountrieswhilemanyothersbecameinternallydisplaced.TheensuingcivilwarbetweenHuturebelsandtheTutsi-dominatedarmyresultedinthefurtherdeteriorationofsocialrelations,securityandpoliticalstability(DexterandNtahombaye,2005).
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InAugust2000,afteryearsofnegotiationandintensivediplomaticefforts,theArushaPeaceandReconciliationAgreement(APRA)wassignedby17politicalpartiesandtheBurundigovernment.Unfortunately,therecentfailedelectionsunderminedtheArushaaccordasthecurrentPresidentNkurunzizaclaimedathirdtermasPresident,andbreakingtheconditionsagreedtointheAPRA.
ThecurrentsituationinBurundi,particularlysincethe2015elections,hasledtoheightenedtensionsandrenewedviolence.Theseareclearlyhighlyrelevantfactorsthatwill,onewayoranother,impactconditionsofsocialcohesionandchildprotectioninthecountry.InterventionsettingsinBurundi.InBurundi,theresearchfocusedontwoprovincesinBurundi,BururiandMakamba,previouslychosenthroughaconsultativeprocess,whichwasledbyUNICEF,andinvolvedlocalandinternationalpartners,governmentactorsandNGOs.Morespecifically,theparticipatingcommunitieswereRumonge(BururiProvince)andKayogoro,Buga,Makamba,Mabanda,Nyanza-LacandNyabutare(MakambaProvince).Chadcontextofconflict.TheRepublicofChad,isalandlockedSaheliancountryinnorth-centralAfrica.Withanareaof1,284,000km²,itstretches1,500kmfromnorthtosouthand1,000kmfromeasttowest(UNICEF2010:20).ItbordersLibyatothenorth,Sudantotheeast,theCentralAfricanRepublictothesouth,CameroonandNigeriatothesouthwest,andNigertothewest.LakeChad,fromwhichthecountrygetsitsname,liesonthewesternborderwithNigerandNigeria.ThenorthofthecountryisadesertthatrunsintotheSahara(RepublicduTchad2010:8).ChadbecameanautonomousrepublicwithintheFrenchCommunityin1958,andgaineditsfullindependenceonAugust11,1960.Throughoutmostofitsrecenthistory,thecountryhasbeenconfrontedwithendlessarmedconflictgeneratedbydeepethnic,religiousandpoliticaldivisionsandexasperatedbyrecentcivilconflictsinEasternNigeria(e.g.sectarianviolenceledbyBokoMarem),SouthSudan(e.g.conflictinDarfur),Algeria,andCentralAfricanRepublic(WorldBank2014).
InterventionsettinginChad:InChad,theresearchfocusedononeofChads23regions(SecrétariatGénéralduGouvernementduTchad:n.d.),Mandoul.Locatedinthesouthofthecountry,thepopulationofMandoulwas637,086inhabitantsasof2009(thedateofthelatestavailableofficialcensus).Themainethnico-linguisticsgroupsaretheSara,theMbaï,theNarandtheDaï,andthemainproductsaresubsistenceagricultureandcotton.TheregionalcapitalofMandoulisKoumra,thesixthlargesttowninChad,wheremostoftheMandoul-basedportionofthisfieldbasedtookplace.MandoulisalsoreputedtobeoneoftheChadianregionswiththehighestincidentsofviolationsofchildrenrights,aswellasoneofthepoorest1.
1InterviewwithUNICEF’sChildProtectionstaff.N’Djamena,May18,2015.
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Results
ResultsofBaselineinbothBurundiandChad
InitialdatagatheredbyNSI(2014)andIICRD(2015)describedavarietyofchildprotectionchallengesinBurundiandChad.Childprotectionresponsibilitiesaredistributedamonganumberofpublicinstitutions,withservicesprovidedbylocalauthorities,non-stateactorsandlocalassociations(SeeIICRD2015SystemsMappingreportforamoredetaildiscussionoftheseinstitutionalandcommunitystakeholders).Inresponse,currentprogramssupportedbyUNICEFChadinvolveaworkinstrengtheningtheformalsystemincludingtrainingofstaffinpublicinstitutions,suchasthepolice,andlegalauthorities(BIDE,2014).
ResultsoftheOutcomeMapping,ReflectivePlanningWorkshops(Immediateandpost3months)PartnertrainingworkshopstookplaceinFebruaryandMarch2016,withparticipationfrom:1)Representativesofgovernmentministriesresponsibleforchildprotection,2)Civilsociety(e.g.NGO’s,media,humanrightsinstitutions)leaders,3)Women’sgroups,4)Traditionalleaders,and5)Youth(16-25)representatives.
Theinitialfocusoftheworkshopssupportedeachstakeholdergroupinidentifyinglocalriskandprotectivefactorsaswellasdiscussingrootcausesthatunderpinchildprotectionandsocialcohesion.
DiscussionThefinalconclusionsanddiscussionareframedinthreesections:1.Assessingthelocalrootcausesofconflict;2.Localunderstandingofprotectivefactors;3.Developinglocalindicatorstostrengthensocialcohesionprocessesthroughchildprotection;and4.Implicationsforbottomupapproachestochildprotectionandsocialcohesioninterventions–TheTheoryofChange.
Localassessmentofrootcausesofconflict
• Poorgovernance,corruptionandethnicviolence.• Risksassociatedwithpoorservices,inparticularnon-formalandformaleducation.
Localunderstandingofprotectivefactors
• Formalandnon-formaleducation.• Communitychildprotectionmechanisms.• Sociallyengagedyouth,womenandElders
Developinglocalindicatorstostrengthensocialcohesionthroughchildprotection
• Missionstatements–areasofstrategicfuturefocus.• Creatinggradedprogressmarkers(indicators),intentionalplanningprocessesand
followupactions.
Implicationsforbottomupapproachestochildprotectionandsocialcohesion
interventions–Thetheoryofchange
• RevisingtheTheoryofChange• Psychosocialsupport
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IntroductionChildrenareaffectedbyarmedconflictinmultipleways:ascivilianvictims,inthecontextoftargetedethnicattacks,assexualslaves,andasconscriptedcombatants(Machel,1996;ChildrenandArmedConflict,2015).Since1990anestimated90%ofdeathsinconflictshavebeencivilians,andofthesefatalities80%havebeenwomenandchildren.Thereisanimmediateprotectionneedforchildrenaswellaslong-termpsychosocialsupport(UNICEF,2015).
Inthechildprotectionsectorincreasingemphasisisbeingplacedonstrengtheningformal(government,INGO)andnon-formal(child,familiesandotherkinshipstructures,women’sgroups,Eldersandotherpersonswithtraditionalsocialknowledge)protectionsystems.Thesystemsapproachtoprotectionwasinitiallyimplementedindevelopmentsettingsandhashistoricalrootsgoingbackto2010(Wulczyn,Daro,Fluke,Feldman,Glodek,Lifanda,2010).Asformalandnon-formalchildprotectionsystemsareerodedduetoconflict,children(andothers)experienceincreasedabuse,neglectandexploitation.Thismakesthemeasyvictimsforrecruitmentforarmedviolenceandotherharms,andhasincreasedthesectoralemphasisonsystemsapproachestochildprotectioninhumanitariancontexts(ChildProtectionWorkingGroup,2015).
Manyconflictrelateddriversofriskforchildrenhaveantecedentsinbroadercommunityviolence.Recentlyinteresthasgrownonincludingchildprotectionasacorecomponentofbroadersocialcohesionstrengthening.Sociallycohesivesocietiesarecharacterizedbytheprinciplesofinclusion,participationandsocialjustice.Inclusionreferstoembracing–notcoercingorforcing–diversity,andensuringequalopportunities–thateveryone,regardlessoftheirbackground,canachievetheirfullpotentialinlife(DESA-ECOSOC2015).Participationrequiresinvolvingallstakeholdersindecision-makingthataffectstheirlives.Justice,broadlyunderstood,encompassesthesocial,proceduralandlegaldimensionsofjusticeandaccountability.Sociallycohesivesocietiesarenotnecessarilydemographicallyhomogenous.Rather,byrespectingdiversity,theyharnessthepotentialresidingintheirsocietaldiversityintermsofideas,opinions,skills,etc.Therefore,theyarelesspronetoslipintodestructivepattersoftensionandconflictwhendifferentinterestscollide.
Childprotectioncancontributetosocialcohesionandpeacebuildingthroughvariousmeans.Theseinclude:systems-basedapproachesthatintentionallystrengthenlawsandpolicies;governmentstructuresandfunctions;careservices,includingreporting,referralandreintegrationofvulnerablechildren;familysupport;andongoingmonitoringandevaluationwithstrongchildandcommunityinvolvement.Thisemphasisonmeaningfulchildand
ChildrenofKoumra
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communityengagementisimportantinunderstandingthekeyrolethatlocalactorsplayinthedeepercausesofrisk.Thisknowledgecaninturnhelptosuccessfullyleveragelocalassetstoprotectchildrenfromabuse,violenceandneglect,particularlyinsituationswheregovernmentmechanismsareunderthreatornon-functional.
Oftentheselocalresourcesarereferredtoendogenoussystems.Thseelocalsystems,oftencharacterizedbybeliefs,practices,knowledgeorwaysordoingthingsrootedintradition,frequentlyexistinparalleltogovernmentpracticesandinsomeinstancesaremoreeffectivethangovernmentledinitiatives(ChildFrontiers,2011;Cook,2015).ForexampleinresearchconductedbyChildFrontiers(2011)andTerreDesHommes(2014)inWestAfrica,localprotectionbeliefsandpracticeswerethefirstlineofdefenceforchildrenexperiencingabuseandtrafficking.Similarly,inColombia,localGovernmentprotectionserviceswereoftennegativelyrelatedtoendogenousconceptsof“familiadenunciado”(denouncingfamilies),asthisnotionisfrequentlyassociatedwiththehistoricexperienceofpoorcommunitiespersecutionbyrepressivemilitaryregimes.Inthiscontext,communitymembersweremuchmorelikelytodrawonthesupportoftrustedneighboursorcommunitybasedwomen’sgroupsforissuesoffamilyviolenceandsexualabuse(Cook,2014).
Incaseswhereendogenouspracticesmaybeharmfultochildren,forexamplekinshipbasedtraffickingingirlstosupplementfamilyincome,anunderstandingofthedeeperrootcausesofthesepracticescanleadtostrategiesthatchangetheharmfulpractice(e.g.riskytrafficking)whilemaintainingpositivedeeperrootculturalvalues(e.g.childrensupportingtheirextendedfamily).
Thisbuildsoncurrentthinkinginresilienceorientationstochildprotection,emphasizingthestrengtheningofinternal,humansocio-emotionalandcognitivefactorssuchaspersonalagency,alongsideexternalfactorssuchassocialnetworksandcollectivespiritualbeliefsassistinginindividualandcollectivecopingandrecovery(Werner&Smith,1992;Boyden,2005;Masten,2014;Ungar,2015).
GlobalfocusonhumanitariancrisesfrequentlyaddressesNationStatefragility,examiningrightsgapsandanalysingdeeperdriversofconflict.Morerecentlythereisagrowinginterestonresilience.Thecapacityforsocietiestowithstandandrecoverfromconflictiswhatmakessocieties,communities,peopleandinstitutionsresilient.Thisfrequentlyinvolvesunderstandingcreativeendogenouscapacityforpeacemaking,conflictresolution,healingandrecovery(McCandless,Simpson,Maroney,2015;Wessells,2015;Cook,2016).
ChildrenofBurundi
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Severalconflictdriversunderminetheresilienceofcommunities’socialstructuresespeciallyfamiliesandcommunities,aswellasdisruptingservicedelivery,byunderminingthesocialfabricofcommunitiesandbyexacerbatingthenegativeconsequencesofarangeofshocksandstresses.
Converselyinitiativesthataugmentformalprotectionsystemssuchaseducation,healthandcommunitybasedprotectionmechanisms,canenhancetheimportantroleofchildrenandyouthinsupportingsociety’scapacitytounderstand,mitigateandrespondtoarangeofrisks.
Communitybasedchildprotectionmechanismshavebecomeacommonapproachtoprotectingchildreninconflictandpost-conflictsettings.WidelyutilizedbyNGOs,internationalagencies,theUNandcommunitiesthemselvesasameanstopreventandrespondtochildviolence,abuseandexploitation,theireffectivenessandsustainabilityareoftenassumedbutrarelyempiricallyassessed(Wessells,2009,2015).Similarly,littleisknownaboutalternativeendogenouscommunitymechanismsthatcanbeimplementedtopromotesocialcohesionandenhancetheprotectionofchildrenandadolescentsinadversity.Externally-drivenchildprotectionmechanismstendtosufferfromlackof“fit”withculturalcontextandlocalownershipbythecommunityaswellasweaklinkageswiththenationalchildprotectionsystem,oftenresultinginwastedresourcesandpoorperformance(Ibid.).Theseshortcomingsareparticularlyseriousforchildrenandtheircommunitiesinconflictandpost-conflictsettingswhereadequatelyconsideringlocalcircumstancesisacriticalrequirement,asadeteriorationofalreadycriticalconditionsmaycompromisepeacebuilding2effortsandeventriggerareturntoviolence.Bottomupapproachesinwhichcommunitiesdeveloptheirownprotectionandsocialcohesionmonitoring,evaluation,planningandactionstrategiesarefrequentlyaneffectivewaytounderstandrootcausesofconflictwhileintentionallybuildingonlocallyidentifiedassets(IICRD,2012;SearchforCommonGround,2015).ThecurrentprojectinChadandBurundiattemptedtoaddressthisgapbyapplyingparticipatoryactionresearchinterventionstostrengthenchildandbroadercommunityengagementinsocialcohesionandchildprotection.
2 AccordingtotheUNSecretary-General’sPolicyCommittee:“Peacebuildinginvolvesarangeofmeasurestargetedtoreducetheriskof lapsingor relapsing intoconflictby strengtheningnational capacitiesatall levels for conflictmanagement,and to lay thefoundationsforsustainablepeaceanddevelopment.Peacebuildingstrategiesmustbecoherentandtailoredtothespecificneedsof the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and thereforerelativelynarrowsetofactivitiesaimedatachievingtheaboveobjectives.”(DecisionoftheSecretary-General’sPolicyCommittee,May2007).
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ProjectContextandResearchQuestionsThetwo-year(2014-2016)ChildProtectionSocialCohesioninitiativedrawsonbothexistingliteratureandin-countryfieldworkexperiencesupportedbyUNICEFandlocalpartners.Theseagencieshavebeencollaboratingforanumberofyearsonchildprotectionsystemsstrengtheninginconflictaffectedcommunities,andhaddecidedtostrengthenprogrammaticlinkagesbetweenchildprotectionandsocialcohesion.LocalpartnersincludedFVSAmadeandInternationalRescueCommittee(IRC)inBurundi,andinChadtheAssociationPourlaRecuperationetL’EncadrementdesEnfantsenDetresse(ARED).ThefieldsvisitoftheIICRDteamtoBurundiandChadtookplacebetweenFebruary2015andMay2016.TheinitiativebuiltonpriorbaselineresearchundertakenbytheNorth-SouthInstitute(NSI)from2013-2014(NSI,2014).IICRD’sactivitiesexplicitlyaimedatconsolidatingbaselineinformationonsocialcohesion,identifyingrelevantchildprotectionstakeholders,driversofconflictandelicitinglocalperceptionsonstructuresandprocesscontributingto(orhindering)socialcohesionandpeacebuildingatthecommunitylevel.Italsosoughttoidentifythestructuralfactorsthatprovidethebroadercontextinwhichsocialcohesionandchildprotectioneffortstakeplaceandtoimplementamonitoring,planningandactionstrategytoreinforceformalandnon-formalprotectionsystems.
TheguidingactionresearchquestionfortheworkinBurundiandChadwas:• Howdogroupsatthecommunitylevelprotectchildren,youthandwomen/girlswhile
promotingsocialcohesion,peacebuildingandgeneralhumansecurity?
Secondaryquestionsinclude:5. Whataretheconflictdriversineachofthesettings,andhowdotheseconflictdrivers
contributeto(child)protectionrisksandharms?6. Donon-formalandformalgroupsinfluencecommunitiesdifferently?7. Whatgroupcharacteristics,activities,functions,processes,andmechanismsactively
supportorerodesocialcohesionandchildprotectioninconflictandpost-conflictsettings?
8. Whatistheagentiveroleofyouth,women’sgroupsandtraditionalleadersinpromotingorhinderingcommunitycohesion?
Itisrecognizedthatbyensuringcommunityengagementwithallaspectsoftheresearch,thespecificandlocalizedunderstandingsofsocialcohesionanditslinkstopeacebuildingandchildprotectioncanmoreeffectivelyberevealed.Thisprocessisfurtherelaboratedina
ChildreninKoumra
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revisedTheoryofChange(ToC)thatwaspilotedandadaptedoverthecourseoftheproject(SeeAppendixes1and2).TheTheoryofChangewassharedwithlocalparticipantsandrefinedwithinputfromcommunityanddistrictlevelchildprotectionstakeholders,includingmembersofchildprotectioncommittees,governmentrepresentatives,women’sgroups,traditionalleadersandyouth.TheToCwasinformedbytheOutcomeMappingprocessandusedtomonitorfinalprojectoutcomes.
InterventionMethodsChildcentred,participatoryactionresearch(PAR)andnarrative,ethnographicresearchmethodsandlocalmonitoring,planningandactionusingOutcomeMapping(Early,Carden,Smutylo,2001)andIICRD’sReflectiveActiontools,werecombinedoverthetwoyearsoftheprojectcycle.Thecombinationofthesewasdesignedtoleveragelocalknowledgeonthedevelopmentof,andtheactorsinvolvedinthecreationofsocialcohesionatthecommunitylevelwasimplemented.PARandEthnographicresearch.ThemainmethodsforthePARandethnographicresearchprocesseswerefocusgroupdiscussions(FGDs),individualinterviews,andchildcenteredparticipatoryreflectiveexercises(i.e.“Unitycircle:Socialcohesionreflection”and“Communitysocialmapping”)developedbyIICRDandledbythecoreresearchteamandassistedbythreeresearchassistants/interpreters(RA),membersofthe“AssociationdesScoutsduBurundi”inBurundiandby5interpreters/rapporteurs(twoinKoumraandthreeinthecommunitiesvisitedinMoyenChari)inChad.Allprovidedinvaluableaidwithnote-takingandtranslationtothelocallanguagesspokenbyresearchparticipants(i.e.Arabic,Sara,Sango),provinginvaluablefortheoverallsuccessofthisfirstfieldtrip.Resultsfromthebaselineresearchwerecompiledinaninitialreport(2015)andaresummarizedintheresultssectionbelow.
OutcomeMappingandIICRD’sReflectiveActionprocesses.Therecommendationsoftheinitialresearchwereusedtodevelopcapacitybuildingtools(IICRD,2016).Thesetoolstargetedanumberofareasinwhichtoengagegroupsofkeylocalgovernmentandcommunitystakeholders.Includedinthetrainingwasafocuson:1)Takingasystemsapproachtochildprotectionandsocialcohesion;2)Usingachildrightsapproachtocomprehendchildren’sprotectionneeds(includingpsychosocialneeds)andchildren’sagency;3)Understandingriskandprotectivefactorsandtheirrelationtorootcausesoflackofprotectionandsocialcohesion;4)ApplyingOutcomeMappingtodevelopavisionandmissionandstatement,progressmarkers(indicators);and4.Developingmeasurableactionplans.Thetrainingprocesscombinedadulteducationmethods,participatorylearningandexperientialreflectivegamessuitableforadultsandadolescents.Progressmarkersweredevelopedacrossthreegradedlevelsofoutcomesparticipantswould:1.Expecttosee,2.Liketosee,and3.Lovetosee.Thetimeframeforoutcomeswas8months.Groupsofparticipantsengagedinthetrainingwerealsoselectedbasedonthefindingsfromtheresearch.Theseincluded:1)Representativesofgovernmentministriesresponsibleforchild
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protection,2)Civilsociety(e.g.NGO’s,media,humanrightsinstitutions)leaders,3)Women’sgroups,4)Traditionalleaders,and5)Youth25representativesaged16-25.
Outcomemapping(OM)isamethodologyforplanningandassessingdevelopmentprogrammingthatisorientedtowardschangeandsocialtransformationinsituationsofcomplexity,includingconflictsettings(Early,Carden,Smutylo,2001;Saferworld,2016).OMprovidesasetoftoolstodesignandgatherinformationontheoutcomes,definedasbehaviouralchanges,ofthechangeprocess.OMhelpsaprojectorprogramlearnaboutitsinfluenceontheprogressionofchangeintheirdirectpartners,andthereforehelpsthoseintheassessmentprocessthinkmoresystematicallyandpragmaticallyaboutwhattheyaredoingandtoadaptivelymanagevariationsinstrategiestobringaboutdesiredoutcomes.OMputspeopleandlearningatthecentreofdevelopmentandacceptsunanticipatedchangesaspotentialforinnovation(OutcomeMapping,2016).IICRDhasusedOMinavarietyofchildprotectioncontextsandhasadaptedthestandardOMtoolstosuitinterventionsinwhichchildrenandadultsareco-engagedinCPsystemsstrengtheninginconflictorpostconflictsettings.PreviousexamplesoftheworkinvolvedsupportingyouthleadinterventionsinconflictaffectedcommunitiesinSouthernThailand(2011)andpostconflictchildprotectionpeace-buildingworkinTimorLeste(2012).
BurundiandChadConflictContextandSelectionofInterventionSites
Burundicontextofconflict.BothBurundiandChadhavelonghistoriesofconflict.InBurunditheexploitationandmanipulationofethnicrivalriesduringcolonialtimesledtocyclesofethnic-relatedviolencethatcontinuetoday,inparticularsincetheelectionsof2015,andpost-independenceBurundihasremainedplaguedbymassacres,assassinationsandothercrimesagainsthumanitythatoftenhaveamarkedlyethniccharacter.OneofthemostsignificantandviolentepisodesinBurundi’shistory,widelyrecognizedasgenocide,tookplacein1972withthemassacreoftensofthousandsoftheHutuethnicgroupbytheTutsi-dominatedregime.Thetragedyof1972alsocreatedalegacyoffearandmistrustthathasbeenlinkedtosubsequentepisodesandstilllaststothisday.
OutcomeMappingWorkshopinKoumra
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Asecondroundofethnicviolencetookplaceduringthecrisisof1994.Thisisalsoacknowledgedasgenocideandwastriggeredbyafailedcoupd’étatduringwhichthefirstdemocraticallyelectedpresident,MelchiorNdadaye(aHutu)wasassassinated.Thiseventsparkedthemassacreofanestimated50,000TutsibyHutu,followedbyabrutalrepressionofHutubythearmy.Intheaftermath,morethan600,000Hutussoughtrefugeinneighboringcountrieswhilemanyothersbecameinternallydisplaced.TheensuingcivilwarbetweenHuturebelsandtheTutsi-dominatedarmyresultedinthefurtherdeteriorationofsocialrelations,securityandpoliticalstability(DexterandNtahombaye2005).InAugust2000,afteryearsofnegotiationandintensivediplomaticefforts,theArushaPeaceandReconciliationAgreement(APRA)wassignedby17politicalpartiesandtheBurundigovernment.Unfortunately,therecentfailedelectionsunderminedtheArushaaccordasthecurrentPresidentNkurunzizaclaimedathirdtermasPresident,andbreakingtheconditionsagreedtointheAPRA.
ThecurrentsituationinBurundi,particularlysincethe2015elections,hasledtoheightenedtensionsandrenewedviolence.Theseareclearlyhighlyrelevantfactorsthatwill,onewayoranother,impactconditionsofsocialcohesionandchildprotectioninthecountry.InterventionsettingsinBurundi.InBurundi,theresearchfocusedontwoprovincesinBurundi,BururiandMakamba,previouslychosenthroughaconsultativeprocess,whichwasledbyUNICEF,andinvolvedlocalandinternationalpartners,governmentactorsandNGOs.Morespecifically,thecommunitiesvisitedwereRumonge(BururiProvince)andKayogoro,Buga,Makamba,Mabanda,Nyanza-LacandNyabutare(MakambaProvince).Chadcontextofconflict.TheRepublicofChad,isalandlockedSaheliancountryinnorth-centralAfrica.Withanareaof1,284,000km²,itstretches1,500kmfromnorthtosouthand1,000kmfromeasttowest(UNICEF2010:20).ItbordersLibyatothenorth,Sudantotheeast,theCentralAfricanRepublictothesouth,CameroonandNigeriatothesouthwest,andNigertothewest.LakeChad,fromwhichthecountrygetsitsname,liesonthewesternborderwithNigerandNigeria.ThenorthofthecountryisadesertthatrunsintotheSahara(RepublicduTchad2010:8).ChadbecameanautonomousrepublicwithintheFrenchCommunityin1958,andgaineditsfullindependenceonAugust11,1960.Throughoutmostofitsrecenthistory,thecountryhasbeenconfrontedwithendlessarmedconflictgeneratedbydeepethnic,religiousandpoliticaldivisionsandexasperatedbyrecentcivilconflictsinEasternNigeria(e.g.sectarianviolenceledbyBokoMarem),SouthSudan(e.g.conflictinDarfur),Algeria,andCentralAfricanRepublic(WorldBank2013).
Intheearly1990s,theStateadoptedsweepingpoliticalreforms,holdingmultipartyelectionsandwhatappearedasthebeginningofaprocessofdemocratizationwiththearrivalofPresidentIdrissDebytopower.Subsequently,thisstabilitywasincreasingquestioned,
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particularlyafterthe2005constitutionalamendmentthatallowedPresidentDebytostandforathirdterminMay2006.ThatconstitutionalrevisionplungedthecountryintoapoliticalcrisisandtriggeredawaveofrebelattacksintheeastofthecountryaswellasinN’Djamena,thecapital(WorldBank2013)Thesigningofthe"PoliticalagreementforthereinforcementofthedemocraticprocessinChad,"concludedinAugust13,2007withthesupportoftheinternationalcommunity(France,EUandOIF),reestablishedameasureofpoliticalstabilityinthecountry(UNDP2013).
TheUnitedNationsMissionintheCentralAfricanRepublicandChad(MissiondesNationsUniesenRépubliqueCentrafricaineetauTchad-MINURCAT)wasestablishedinSeptember25,2007throughResolution1778oftheUNSecurityCouncilinordertoprotectciviliansandrestoretheruleoflawandpeaceintheregion.
TheGovernmentofChadhasassumedfullresponsibilityfortheprotectionofciviliansandthesafetyandsecurityofhumanitarianactorssincethe2010withdrawaloftheMINURCATforces.ArrangementshavebeenimplementedtoreinforcesecurityconditionsineasternandsouthernChad,includingadditionaldeploymentsofthenationalpoliceandthegendarmerie,theNationalandNomadicGuardofChad(GardeNationaletNomadeduTchadGNNT),theIntegratedSecurityUnit(DétachementIntégrédeSécurité,DIS),andthecontinueddeploymentofjointChad-Sudanmixedforcesalongtheborder(UnitedNations2012:2).
InterventionsettinginChad:InChad,theresearchfocusedononeofChads23regions(SecrétariatGénéralduGouvernementduTchad:n.d.),Mandoul.Locatedinthesouthofthecountry,thepopulationofMandoulwas637,086inhabitantsasof2009(thedateofthelatestavailableofficialcensus).Themainethnico-linguisticsgroupsaretheSara,theMbaï,theNarandtheDaï,andthemainproductsaresubsistenceagricultureandcotton.TheregionalcapitalofMandoulisKoumra,thesixthlargesttowninChad,wheremostoftheMandoul-basedportionofthisfieldbasedtookplace.MandoulisalsoreputedtobeoneoftheChadianregionswiththehighestincidentsofviolationsofchildrenrights,aswellasoneofthepoorest3.
Results
ResultsofBaselineinbothBurundiandChadInitialdatagatheredbyNSI(2014)andIICRD(2015)describeavarietyofchildprotectionchallengesinBurundiandChad.Childprotectionresponsibilitiesaredistributedamonganumberofpublicinstitutions,withservicesprovidedbylocalauthorities,non-stateactorsandlocalassociations(SeeIICRD2015SystemsMappingreportforamoredetaildiscussionofthese
3InterviewwithUNICEF’sChildProtectionstaff.N’Djamena,May18,2015.
YounggirlscaringforyoungersiblingsinChad
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institutionalandcommunitystakeholders).Inresponse,currentprogramssupportedbyUNICEFChadinvolveaworkinstrengtheningtheformalsystemincludingtrainingofstaffinpublicinstitutions,suchasthepolice,andlegalauthorities(BIDE,2014).
Thetypeofrelationshipbetweenchildprotectionandsocialcohesionremainsunclearatthisstageoftheresearch.Whethersocialcohesionresultsinenhancedchildprotection–orviceversa–orbothissuesarecorrelated,ratherthancausallyrelated,andassociatedwithbroadersocialcircumstancessuchasgeneralsocietalstability,stillneedstobedetermined.Anumberofsignificantrisksaswellasprotectivefactorsaffectingsocialcohesionandchildprotectionhave,nevertheless,beenascertainedbystudyparticipants,includingtherepatriationofrefugees;landissues,foodinsecurityandconstrainedlivelihoodoptions;poverty;familyrelationsandsocialsupport;educationandschooling;unmarriedmothersandunwantedpregnancies;orphans;thevariousmanifestationsofviolenceinthecountry;and,theroleofgroupsandassociationsinBurundi,andpoverty,childtrafficking,theworstformsofchildlabor,violence,earlymarriage,femalegenitalmutilation(FGM;excision-clitoridectomy),andlimitedbirthregistrationinChad.
ResultsoftheOutcomeMapping,ReflectivePlanningWorkshops(Immediateand
post3months)PartnertrainingworkshopstookplaceinFebruaryandMarch2016,withparticipationfrom:1)Representativesofgovernmentministriesresponsibleforchildprotection,2)Civilsociety(e.g.NGO’s,media,humanrightsinstitutions)leaders,3)Women’sgroups,4)Traditionalleaders,and5)Youth(16-25)representatives.
Theinitialfocusoftheworkshopssupportedeachstakeholdergroupinidentifyinglocalriskandprotectivefactorsaswellasdiscussingrootcausesthatunderpinchildprotectionandsocialcohesion.Thethreegroupsofprotectionfactorsareidentifiedbelow4.
4InterestinglyinChadworkshopsparticipantsalsosuggestedsomesolutionstorootcausesandtheseincluded:Goodgovernance;Educationforacultureofpeace;Equalityinthespiritoftolerance;forgiveness;mutualacceptance;Socialmobilization;Advocacy;Protectionofvulnerablegroups;Supportandlegalassistancetovulnerablegroup.
SocialMappingBurundi
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Table1:Chad-Challenges,ProtectiveFactorsandRootCausesrelatedtopeace-
buildingandsocialcohesion
RISKFACTORS(CHALLENGES)
RELATEDTOSOCIALCOHESION
ANDPEACEBUILDING
PROTECTIVEFACTORSRELATED
TOSOCIALCOHESIONAND
PEACEBUILDING
ROOTCAUSES
OFLACKOFSOCIALCOHESION
ANDPEACE
• Corruption leading to protection cases being dropped
• Social Inequalities • Social exclusion • Cultural and religious
diversity not accepted • Lack of respect for human
dignity • Persistence of harmful
practices (FGM, early marriage, child trafficking, child labour)
• Women not involved in decision-making
• Lack of basic education • Low school registration • Domination of certain
groups over others (contempt, mistrust)
• Impunity of those who break the law
• Atmosphere of mistrust related to political history of Tchad
• Evasion of responsibility by certain parents
• Social injustices are maintained by certain authorities in faulty conflict resolution
• School, as a safe place for education and cross-community mixing
• Ratification of legislation protecting children by Chad (CDE)
• Traditional local Elders (Mbang) who solve problems
• Existence of human rights laws
• Mutual aid through community relations
• Spirit of tolerance, of forgiveness and of growing awareness manifested by communities
• Existence and commitment of grassroots organizations
• Cross-community weddings
• Community cultural and sports activities
• Organization of ecumenical prayer groups
• Historically poor Government Policy: (exclusion, violation of human right, discontent, revolt, rebellion, civil war, political instability, North-South division, Christian and Muslim).
• Long standing conflict between farmers and herders that has worsened in recent years
• Climate change, poor soils on farms leading to changing migrations patterns of herders and overgrazing.
• Injustice: bad faith, corruption
• Suspicion: North south Division, Christina- Muslim
• The thirst for power by some leaders
• The low commitment of the state
• Lack of parental responsibility
• The war of 1979 leading to political discontent and instability (rebellion/ coup/civil war/ethnic/clan)
• Lack of professionalism amongst some social workers
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Table2:Burundi-Challenges,ProtectiveFactorsandRootCausesrelatedtopeace-
buildingandsocialcohesion
RISKFACTORS(CHALLENGES)
RELATEDTOSOCIALCOHESION
ANDPEACEBUILDING
PROTECTIVEFACTORSRELATED
TOSOCIALCOHESIONAND
PEACEBUILDING
ROOTCAUSES
OFLACKOFSOCIALCOHESION
ANDPEACE
• Community conflict over land use/ resources
• Social exclusion • Poverty resulting from
lack of economic opportunities
• Girls dropping out of school /lack of opportunity for schooling
• Teen pregnancy • Being Albino or having
a disability • The affects of
HIV/AIDS • Orphans • Politically corrupted
youth groups • Belonging to a
minority group • Abusive parents
/household conflict • Polygamy • Overcrowding
• Functioning formal child protection systems
• Informal support groups – NGO, local associations, religious groups,
• Child protection committees
• Women’s savings groups • Traditional mediation lead
by local leaders (Bashinganate)
• Socially engaged youth groups
• Mediation circles • Access to quality education
• Historicalconflict/civilwar/ethnicconflict
• Landdisputes• Theeffectsofclimate
changeleadingtofamineandmigration
• Infertileland• Populationexplosiondue
tolackofbirthcontrol• Harmfulculturalvalues
/Customs/ReligiousBeliefs
• Povertyleadingtofamine• Colonization• Genderinequity/
discrimination• Historicallackofaccessto
schoolforgirls• Politics–Unequal
distributionofland/stateproperty
• Lackofcivileducation• Druguse
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Table3:Chad-OutcomeMappingProgressMarkersand3monthprogress
Structures Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners Other Partners ARED in partnership with local youth groups (e.g. AARMOK)
Raise awareness within communities on issues of child trafficking, migration and peaceful resolution of farmer-herder conflicts (mass-awareness campaigns, radio shows, participatory theatre, games, contests)
• ARED, UEB, CREM, • Academic Institutions, • Youth Groups AARMOK,
Messengers of Mandoul, • Tob Radio, Radio Lotiko, • Cultural Champagne, • CLAC, Religious
Confessions Representatives of Communities (Refugees, Returnees, IDPs)
• UNICEF, • IICRD, • World-Vision
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Formation of a steering committee 2. Preparatory meetings with different partners 3. Key messages written 4. Elaboration of scenarios for plays 5. Recorded radio spots Desired (Like to See) 1. At least 500 cases of child trafficking/migration indexed
and documented 2. Radio spot broadcasting on Radio Tob, Radio Lotiko 3. Talks, debates and game contests organized in Kourma 4. Mass-awareness campaign and game contests organized
in Peni and MateKaga 5. Documentation of migrations and child trafficking is
shared by IICRD Ideal (Love to See) 1. At least 15 cases of child victims resolved (rehabilitation,
judgments...) 2. Improvement in collective awareness of child-trafficking,
migration and peaceful conflict resolution 3. Peaceful conflict resolution
• 475 cases of child trafficking/migration identified
• 12 cases of child trafficking successfully brought to court in partnership with the police and local child protection committees
• 10 case studies jointly documented with IICRD
• Youth steering committee formed • Women's awareness of child
marriage and the education of girls in Bessada, Bedaya and Koumra communities
• The youth group organized two (2) competitions in two high schools (Modern and Mari Kital). In addition, two theatrical presentations were delivered on migration and child marriage and the importance of peaceful coexistence. These were conducted in Koumra and Peni by the theater group the messenger Mandoul
• Awareness campaigns were conducted with 468 youth
• 768 cases of trafficking were identified by participants
Structures Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners Other Partners
Women’s Groups
Raise awareness within communities on the importance of girl schooling and the harm resulting from early marriage
• ARED, CERIAF • Youth groups • Association of Parents • Religious leaders • Traditional leaders
• UNICEF, • IICRD
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Installed girls schooling steering committee to oversee
ongoing actions 2. Preparatory meetings scheduled with different partners 3. Key messages and awareness support tools written
• Increased enrolment of 230 local women in protection committees
• Awareness raising in 10 communities on the dropout and low enrolment of girls in the
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Desired (Like to See) 1. Awareness messages put out on International Women's
Day 2. Diverse activities conducted during National Women's
Week 3. Interactive radio shows on girl schooling and support as
well as early marriage organized by Tob Radio 4. Each targeted zone to host sketches/plays on selected
themes 5. Documentation on women's groups good practices across
the world shared by IICRD Ideal (Love to See) 1. Gradual reduction of incidence of early marriages 2. Authorities (religious, traditional, administrative,
customary) take measures for the education and support of girls
Mandoul region • Coordination of activities by the
CBI and civil society • 5 radio broadcasts with ToB Radio • Identifying 200 vulnerable mothers
and linking them with local services
• Enrolment of 40 girls in school
Structures Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners Other Partners
Traditional leaders
Advocate and Educate the administrative authorities on the difficulties encountered in the context of conflict management
• ARED • Religious leaders, • Traditional and customary
chiefs, • Heads of State,
• CBI, • UNICEF, • IICRD
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Preparatory Meeting of advocacy is organized /
coordinated by ARED 2. The guidelines on the advocacy approach are given by
ARED 3. The advocacy document is drawn up
Desired (Like to See) 1. Advocacy to authorities place is done with the effective
presence of all stakeholders 2. Recommendations and resolutions from the plea
accepted by the authorities 3. The administrative authorities facilitate the work
Ideal (Love to See) 1. The administrative authorities take measures to ensure
social justice, through resolving local conflict
• Advocating for the involvement of other authorities in the resolution of conflicts fairly.’
• Meeting with government officials to discuss peaceful resolution of conflicts between farmers and pastoralists
• Documentation of cases of violence against children
• Mbang (traditional leaders) leading the creation of safe initiation ceremonies for girls and piloting this in 1 community with 15 girls aged 10-13.
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Table4:Burundi-OutcomeMappingProgressMarkersand3monthprogress
Structures Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners
Other Partners
Child Protection Committee (CPE)
Mobilize the CPE (Child protection Committee) to child protection and social cohesion through education of families to peace and change bad habits to serve as a model for children
• FL and LJ • Police • Health • Administration • Education • Church • Youth Centres • Family
• Family • CDF • NGOs
(FVS, Anglican Province of Burundi, ACDRD)
• Scouts • Right To Play • IRD
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Exchange of experience between the CPE on child
protection at EU level 2. CPE mobilized to change community practices that do
not protect the child 3. Identify the bad practices and make the assessment to
measure the reduction of such practices Desired (Like to See) 1. Children exchange on poor community practices that
are contrary to their protection and their consequences 2. Existence of youth centers where children can meet to
discuss their future Ideal (Love to See) 4. Working in synergy with community leaders "
Bashingantahe " to abolish the bad practices that do not protect children
5. Establish sports social youth associations 6. Organize youth associations meetings to banish bad
practices
• Bashingantahe (traditional leaders) engagement in 10 cases of peaceful conflict resolution
• Strengthened child protection system in social cohesion through involvement of women and youth
• Peaceful practices community for children and youth being rolled out by women’s social solidarity groups
Structures Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners
Other Partners
Women’s Solidarity Groups
Women's awareness and other community members on the importance of social cohesion so that they adopt peaceful behavior
• Families • CPE • Solidarity groups • FVS • Association
• Administration • KIYO • Churches
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Educate women and others at Community level on the
child protection and social cohesion 2. 80 % of women are involved in solidarity groups to
support children and social cohesion 3. The whole community is committed to living in
harmony, in peace Desired (Like to See) 1. Educate women and others at Community level on the
child protection and social cohesion 2. 80 % of women are involved in solidarity groups to
support children and social cohesion 3. The whole community is committed to living in
harmony, in peace Ideal (Love to See) 1. Let there be peace in the land for the community to be
• 14 communities trained to improve knowledge and skills among women solidarity groups on child protection and social cohesion
• Women solidarity groups ‘members introduce community on peaceful behaviour
• Children and youth access to peaceful community
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stabilized 2. That the state does everything possible so that there are
more street children 3. That there are more children who are deprived of their
property, are in a situation of injustice Structures Mission Implementing Partners Strategic
Partners Other Partners
Traditional Leaders (Bashingantahe) and Female Leaders
Drawontraditionalpeacefulvaluestosensitizethecommunitytocooperateandpromotebehaviorchangeintheprotectionofchildren'srights
• CPE • Community Leaders • Youth Forum Local
government • Solidarity Association • Religious Leaders • Police • Justice • Health
• NGOs • Governor • CDFC • President of
the Republic
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Report on the training on child protection and social
cohesion to other Women Leaders and Traditional Leaders
2. Plan 4 awareness sessions 3. Traditional Leaders and Women Leaders actively
involved in awareness sessions Desired (Like to See) 1. The community is involved in the protection of
children's rights 2. The community research what children need to live
better 3. The exchange community on social cohesion and the
protection of children's rights Ideal (Love to See) 2. See the whole community live Kirundi proverb
“Umwana si Ubumwe” (everyone working in unity) 3. Initiate youth clubs to learn their rights and defend
themselves 4. Assist youth clubs in order to fight against the violation
of children's rights
• Traditional Elders working in 5 communities to support activities promoting the Kirundi values of “Umwana SI Ubumwe” (Everyone working in unity)
• Committees of Bashingantahe partnering with youth clubs engaged in their rights promotion from an African (Kirundi) perspective
• Bashingantahe support provided to youth clubs to fight against the violation of the children’s rights
Structures
Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners
Other Partners
Scouts – Youth Group
Educating young scouts on the skills of everyday life so that they become agents of change and Messengers of Peace
• Scouts and the local group • Prayer groups (fraternity,
UMUBANO) • Local authorities • The police • The parents
• The song • UNICEF • FVS • Projects:
Amahoro Amani Messengers of Peace
• Schools • Bars /
Restaurants • Churches
Progress Markers Initial Results Expected (Expect to see) 1. Organize meetings to identify the difficulties
encountered and the challenges they do 2. Prepare training to prioritize and direct actions in the
community 3. Establish methods of awareness and prevention of
toxics products Desired (Like to See)
• Scouts of Burundi are now working with other youth groups (e.g. Right To Play)
• IICRD is accrediting community social cohesion activities using university level, competency based “stamps”
• Women’s leadership promotion
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1. Share with others the various youth problems identified 2. Create Youth Mentoring groups 3. Educate youth of the town MUHA on Drug Abuse Ideal (Love to See) 1. Create synergy among all stakeholders for change of
mentality (schools, head bars, police...) 2. Encourage the creation of youth attraction areas (yard,
young center, movie theater...) 3. Promoting women's leadership for a change of
mentality and a global view of the place of the young in society
initiatives lead in changing mentality and youth perception in society.
Structures
Mission Implementing Partners Strategic Partners
Other Partners
Government Actors
Promote and protect children's rights
• IRC • FVS • W. C • OIDEB • Red Cross • TDH
• UNICEF • HCR • CICR • PAM
• FNF • CPE • Religious
Confessions • Community
Leaders • Media • Bashingabahe
Activities Progress Markers Initial Results 1. Coordinate local
actors working in the protection of children's rights
2. Organize information sessions, Education and Communication (IEC) in communities
Expected (Expect to see) 1. Organization of two quarterly coordination meetings in
August and November 2016 2. Facilitate 4 community awareness sessions on birth
registration from June to December 2016 3. Educate the community on solidarity and mutual aid 4. Educate the community about membership in solidarity
groups and the creation of AGR in June and December 2016
Desired (Like to See) 1. All children enjoy their rights 2. The community is committed to protecting children's
rights 3. Improvement of the birth registration rate in Vital Ideal (Love to See) 1. Existence of a protective and safe environment
• 2 quarterly coordination meetings • 4 community awareness sessions
on birth registration • 4 community education sessions
conducted on solidarity and mutual aid
• 5 community education sessions held to strengthen membership in solidarity groups and the creation of AGR
DiscussionThefinalconclusionsanddiscussionareframedinthreesections:1.Assessingthelocalrootcausesofconflict;2.Localunderstandingofprotectivefactors;3.Developinglocalindicatorstostrengthensocialcohesionprocessesthroughchildprotection;and4.Implicationsforbottomupapproachestochildprotectionandsocialcohesioninterventions–Thetheoryofchange.
LocalassessmentofrootcausesofconflictPoorgovernance,corruptionandethnicviolence.TherewasconsiderableoverlapbetweenthelocalunderstandingofrootcausesofconflictinChadandBurundi.Intheparticipatingregionsbothcountries,oneoftheleadingdriversoflocalviolencewaspoorgovernanceandcorruptionandresultingethnicinducedconflict.Thiswasspecificallyattributedtothegovernmentsof
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ChadandBurundiexploitingethnicconflictduringthe1979warinChadandthe1972and1994genocidesinBurundi.Manyofthesubsequentandmorerecentsocialtensionswereattributedtotheseearlyethnicconflicts.ForexampleinChadlocalpoliticianshavestartedinvestinginlargeherdsofcattlethataremaintainedbytheirclans(e.g.MiserieArabclan).WhenthesepastoralistgroupsmigratetotheSouth,includingtotheKoumraregion,conflictofteneruptswithlocalBantufarmerstakingexceptionwithpastoralistfamiliesusingtheirwatersources,tramplinganddamagingdiminishingarablefarmland,anddestroyinglocalsacredsitesusedforancestorworship.OftenyoutharecentraltotheviolencethateruptsandElders,whowouldnormallybeconsultedinthesedisputes,aresidelinedasthepastoralistcommunitieswithpoliticalconnectionsleveragetheirpowertounderminelocaldisputeresolution.Climatechangewasalsomentionedasarelatedrecentrootcauseofconflictaschangingseasonalrainshaveincreasedtensionsoverwaterandtheavailabilityofviablearableandpastoralistland.Risksassociatedwithpoorservices,inparticularnon-formalandformaleducation.Someoftherootdriversofconflictwereassociatedwithprovisionofqualitygovernmentservices.Girlsandboysaccesstoqualityformaleducationwasseenasespeciallyimportant.Forboysthiswasoftenidentifiedasamitigatingfactorinyoungmenbeingdrawnintopoliticalconflict(inthecaseofBurundi)orfarmer-pastoralistconflict(inthecaseofChad).InChad,schoolwasalsoseenasacriticalprotectivefactorinreducingthepracticeoftraffickingofboystoworkasherders-lesenfantbouviers.Forgirls,accesstoqualityeducationwasperceivedtobeaprimaryprotectivefactoragainstharmfultraditionalpracticessuchasearlymarriage,abusivelabourandFGM.OneoftheconsequencesoftheconflictinChadandBurundiisthebreakdowninsocialtransmissionofpositivevaluessuchastheKirundi value of “Umwana SI Ubumwe” (Everyone working in unity), thatpromotepeaceandwell-being.Traditionalnon-formalmechanismsupheldbyBashingantahe in Burundi and Mbang in Chad,weredescribedasnormallyexistingbetweengroupssuchasyouth,womenandElders.Therootcauseofsocialmistrust,socialisolationanddisplacementfurthererodedtheabilityofcommunitiestomanagenon-formalsupportsystemssuchasEldersadvisingyouthtostayoutofconflict,non-formaleducationonconflictresolutionbeingpassedintergenerationally,andwomen’sgroupsassistinginsupportforvulnerablegirlsandwivesaffectedbydomesticviolence.Afinalrootcauseofconflictinbothcountriesidentifiedintheworkshopswasyouthunemployment,youthbeingmanipulatedbypoliticalforces,andyouthengaginginmigrationandtrafficking(e.g.theenfantbouviersinChad).Thishasresultedinyoungpeoplebeingperceivedasbothathreattosocialcohesion,andvulnerabletochildprotectionrisks.Oneoutcomeofthissituationisthatyoutharetypicallyonlyseenaseitherinstigatorsorvictimsofviolence,andtheyaresubsequentlymostlyexcludedfromcommunitystrategiestomitigateabuse,exploitationandviolence.
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Localunderstandingofprotectivefactors
Animportantstageintheparticipatoryresearchinvolvedaugmentingresiliencebyidentifyingandbuildingonlocalprotectivefactors. Formalandnon-formaleducation.Asstatedintherootcauses,educationwasseenasbothakeyriskfactorforboysandgirlsdeprivedofeducationandasanimportantprotectivefactorinbuttressingchildrenfromharmssuchasexploitivelabourforboys,sexualexploitationandearlymarriageofgirls,migrationandtrafficking,andboysengagementincommunityviolence.ThisoftenincludedviolentpoliticalactivityassociatedwithongoingconflictinBurundiandChad.Similarly,schoolwasidentifiedasasafeplaceforchildrentoescapethehazardsofdomesticandothercommunityviolence.Inaddition,childrenandyouths’accesstotraditional,non-formaleducationwasmentionedasimportant,especiallyinregardstobolsteringrelationswithEldersholdingimportantsocialknowledgeondisputeresolutionandpeacebuilding.
Communitychildprotectionmechanisms.InbothChadandBurundi,functioningchildprotectionmechanismswereidentifiedasanimportantprotectivecontributortosocialcohesion.Thiswasespeciallycrucialinassessing,referringandprovidingrehabilitationsupportsformanyvulnerablechildren.Interestingly,thisextendedbeyondtheCPC’sroleinprotectingchildrenandincludedtherolefrequentlyplayedbyprotectioncommittees,especiallyinBurundiinpartnershipwiththeWomen’sSolidarityGroups,toalsoprotecttherightsofwomen.Ratificationoflaws,awarenessraisingonlaws(includingchildprotectionandhumanrightslaws),andtheuseoflawsandpoliciesatthecommunityleveltoenforceCPC’swasseenasveryimportantinbothcountries.Unfortunately,inbothcountries,localcorruptionespeciallyamongstpolice,sometimesweakenedtheeffectivenessofthesemechanismsascaseswerenotfollowedthroughon,orsubvertedwithoffendersbuyingtheirfreedom.Sociallyengagedyouth,womenandElders.Oneofthemostimportantfindingsfromtheparticipatoryresearchwithcommunitymemberswastheneedtostrengthentheengagementofyouth,womenandEldersinbothchildprotectionandsocialcohesion.Youthwereperceivedtohavemanyskillsinunderstandingthecurrentrealityofyoungpeopleincommunities,whilewomenasprimarycareprovidersandthoseengagedinmanywellbeinginitiativeswereconsideredcentraltosocialchange.Finally,ElderssuchasBashingantaheinBurundiandMbanginChadwerefrequentlymentionedascrucialtosolvinglocaldisputesusinglocallyrecognizedandrespectedvaluesandpracticesthatlieatthecoreofthesecollectivisticsocieties.Itshouldberecognizedthatinsomecases,womenparticipantsquestionedthecapacityoflocalElders,manyofwhomaremen,toadequatelyandjustlyaddressgenderbasedrightsviolations,andthisisanarearequiringfurtherexplorationandrefinement.
Developinglocalindicatorstostrengthensocialcohesionthroughchildprotection
Missionstatements–areasofstrategicfuturefocus.Missionstatementsweredevelopedbythe5groupsparticipatingintheworkshops:1)Representativesofgovernmentministriesresponsibleforchildprotection,2)Civilsociety(e.g.NGO’s,media,humanrightsinstitutions)leaders,3)Women’sgroups,4)Traditionalleaders,and5)Youth25representativesaged16-25.
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Thesereflectedthestrategicpiece,or“bite”(usingOMterminology),thateachgroupwouldfocusonintheirindicators(progressmarkers)andassociatedactivities.Missionstatementsrangedfromyouthfocusingonawarenessraisingandconflictresolutionbetweenethnicgroupsorfarmingandpastoralistcommunities,towomenaddressingissuesofvulnerablegirlsaccesstoqualityeducation.TheyalsoincludedEldersapplyingtraditionalpeacekeepingvaluestostrengthencommunitysocialandculturalcapitalanddisputeresolutionpracticesaswellasadvocatingforthesepracticeswithlocalanddistrictlevelsofgovernments.Thesestatementsprovideanimportantentrypointforsocialengagementandweredevelopedaftermuchreflectionanddiscussionbyeachofthegroup.Thisprocessincludedusingexperientialtoolsinwhichparticipantswereencouragedtoimaginethemselvestravelingona“magiccarpet”toviewtheircommunitiesinthefutureaspeacefulandcohesive,includingimaginingspecificbehaviors,attitudesandactionsthatwouldbe“seen”inasuchacommunity.Theywerethensupportedinconstructingastrategicseriesofstepstogettothismissionbeforeencapsulatingthisasamissionstatement.Creatinggradedprogressmarkers(indicators),intentionalplanningprocessesandfollowup
actions.Eachgroupcreateduniqueprogressmarkersatthreelevelsofexpected,desiredandidealoutcomes.Theindicatorswerefrequentlywrittenasactionstatements(e.g.“Atleast500casesoftraffickingindexedanddocumented”).Theprogressmarkers(PM)werethenusedtoplanspecificactionsthatcouldbeassessedthroughqualitativeandquantitativemeasurement.Atthelevelof“expecttosee”PM,youthfocusedondoableactionssuchasestablishingasteeringcommittee,womenonholdingpreliminarymeetingswithkeycommunityandgovernmentpartners,andTraditionalleadersondraftingandadvocacydocumentduringoneoftheirmonthlycommitteemeetings.Atthelevelof“liketosee”PM,foryouthincludedconductingradioawarenessraisingshowsthroughlocalcommunityradionetworks,women’sgroupsplannedtohostamoreambitiouseventongirlsrightstoeducationduringtheupcomingInternationalWomen’sDay(withthesupportofUNICEF),andTraditionalleaderscommittedtofacilitatingtheownershipoflocalrecommendationsbylocalauthorities.Finally,atthelevelof“lovetosee”,youthandAREDwerehopefulthatatleast15traffickingcaseswouldbebroughttocourtbypoliceandadequatelyresolved,whilewomen’sgroupshopedthattherewouldbeagradualreductioninincidenceofearlymarriageasmoregirlsattendedschool,andTraditionalleadershopedthatadministrativeauthoritieswouldtakemeasurestoensuresocialjusticewasimproved,andimpartialmeasureswereadoptedtoresolveconflict.Monitoringthreemonthsafterthetraininginterventionshowedimpressiveprogressinimplementingindicatorsbasedactions.Examplesincluded:youthhadformedsteeringcommitteesinbothBurundiandChad,andhadconductedavarietyofcommunitytrainingsessionswithotheryouthandofferedawarenessraisingprogramsoncommunityradios.IICRDwasalsoworkingwiththeScoutsinBurundiandAARMOKinChadtoaccredittheseactivitieswitha“SocialCohesion”accreditedseriesofskillsrecognition“stamps”.InChad,AREDhadalsobeenworkingwithlocalyouthtoidentifyvictimsofforcedmigrationandtraffickingand768
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caseswereidentifiedofwhich12weresuccessfullybroughttocourtinpartnershipwithlocalpolice.InChadwomen’sgroupshadincreasedlocalenrolmentof230villagewomenininchildprotectioncommittees,andhadidentified200vulnerablemotherslinkingthemtolocalservicesandregistered40vulnerablegirlsinschool.InBurundiwomen’ssolidaritygroupsconductedtrainingonmicrocreditprogramsforwomenin14communitiesandintroducedtrainingonpeacebuildingaspartofthistraining.Finally,Traditionalleaders,includingwomenleaders,inChaddesignedarevisedformatforinitiationofyounggirlsaged10-14andpilotedthistrainingwithacohortof15girlsinonecommunity.TheyalsometwiththeregionalgovernorofKoumraandsignedanagreementstrengtheningtheirroleinmonthlyconflictmanagementmeetings.InBurundiTraditionalleadersdesignedatrainingbasedontheconceptof“Umwanasiubumwe”(Everyoneworkingtogether),toinstilllocalpeacebuildinganddisputeresolutionpracticesandpilotedthistrainingin5communities.
Implicationsforbottomupapproachestochildprotectionandsocialcohesion
interventions–TheTheoryofChangeRevisingtheTheoryofChange.AninitialTheoryofChange(ToC)wasdevelopedfortheprojectbasedontheprojectproposaldevelopedfortheintervention.ThisToCisincludedinAppendix1.OverthecourseoftheprojecttheToCwasrevisedwithinputfromlocalpartners.Keyassumptionsaboutprocessofchangeinstrengtheningsocialcohesionfocusedonworkingwithcommunityeducationalandchildprotectiongovernmentstakeholders.FollowingtheinitialparticipatoryresearchwithlocalstakeholdersinChadandBurundiitwasdiscoveredthattherewasaneedforgreaterinvolvementoflocalnon-formalstakeholdersinstrengtheningformalchildprotectionsystems.Basedontheseanalysesspecialemphasiswasthenplacedonworkingwithyouthgroups,suchastheScoutsinBurundiandAARMOKcreativeyouthgroupinChad,andlocalwomen’snetworks.Thisisreflectedinthefocusonnon-formalactorsintheactivityleveloftheToC.Inaddition,duetotheimportanceaccordedtotraditionalleaderssuchastheBashingantaheinBurundiandMbanginChad,theToCwasrevisedtoincludeaspecificfocusontheinfluencethesetraditionalleadersplayedinenhancingsocialcohesion.Finally,followingthepreliminaryresearchwithcommunitiesinbothcountries,itwasdecidedtoemployOutcomeMappingandIICRD’sreflectiveplanningandactionprocesstoemployparticipatoryindicatorsasaprocesstoengagelocalstakeholdersinmeaningfulsystemschangeforsocialcohesion.Thisisreflectedintheactivities,outputs,andmidtermoutcomeleveloftheToC.Psychosocialsupport.Psychosocialimplicationsofformalandnon-formalsystemsengagementalsobecameaspecialfocusoftheTheoryofChange.Theformeraroseinrelationtotheneedforspecialconsiderationofpsychosocialsupportforvulnerablechildreninsocialservicessuchaschildprotectionandeducation.Inthecontextofnon-formalsystems,thisrelatedtostrengtheningfamilyandcommunitysupportsespeciallythoseprovidedbyfamilies,women’s
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groupsandTraditionalleaders.ThesearetwokeyfoundationaldimensionsofpsychosocialsupportandareoutlinedintheInterAgencyStandingCommittee(IASC)guidelinesformentalhealthandpsychosocialsupportinemergencysettings.TheywillbefurthersupportedinnextstagesofUNICEF’schildprotectionmandateinbothcountries.TheToCwillcontinuetobeshaped,refinedandadaptedastheparticipatorymonitoring,planningandactionstagescontinue,inparticularwithongoingengagementwiththeyouth,women’s,andEldersgroupssupportedbylocalchildprotectiongovernmentmechanisms.UltimatelyitishopedthatgreatermeaningfulengagementofsomeofthemostvulnerablesectorsofChadandBurundisociety,womenandchildren,willbecomeasourceofcommunityprideandstrengthleadingtogreaterpeaceandwell-being.
YounggirlsparticipatinginasafeinitiationprograminChad,asaresultof
theprojectinputfromlocalwomenandtraditionalElders(Mbang)
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Appendix1:InitialTheoryofChange
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Appendix2:FinalProjectTheoryofChange