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UNHCR COUNTRY BRIEFING FOLDER ON THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO PROTECTION INFORMATION UNIT (PIU) Pillar I, Law and Policy DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION (DIP) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.refworld.org December 2010
Table of Contents
A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION..................................................................................3 A.1. General Information; Country Profile; Maps ........................................................................3
a. Country Profile.........................................................................................................3 b. Language................................................................................................................4 c. Maps.....................................................................................................................4 d. Education; Food; Health; Employment; Social Rights ...........................................................5
A.2. Political and Security Situation; .........................................................................................6 A.3. Human Rights (in General) ...............................................................................................8 B. DISPLACEMENT TRENDS ..........................................................................................9 B.1. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers...........................................................................................9 B.2. Internally Displaced Persons .............................................................................................9 B.3 Return; Repatriation; Integration; Resettlement...................................................................10 B.4 Freedom of Movement; Travel Documents; Entry and Exit ...................................................10 C. CONVENTION GROUNDS .........................................................................................11 C.1. Political Opinion; Political Activities; Freedom of Speech and Expression; Media Issues............11 C.2. Race; Ethnicity; Minority Rights, Indigenous People ...........................................................13 C.3. Freedom of Religion and Belief; Armed Forces; Military Service; Forced Conscription; Draft
Evasion.......................................................................................................................14 C.4. Membership of a Particular Social Group; Women; Gender Issues; Domestic Violence; Children......................................................................................................................14 D. STATE PROTECTION ...............................................................................................16 D.1. Citizenship; Identification; Nationality; Statelessness...........................................................16 D.2. Judiciary; Legal and Penal Systems ..................................................................................16 D.3. Political Structure; Political Parties...................................................................................18 D.4. Internal Security; Police; Law Enforcement .......................................................................18 E. EXCLUSION..............................................................................................................19 F. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................20 F.1. Suggested Websites and Further Reading...........................................................................20
CORE UNHCR DOCUMENTS LATEST COUNTRY OPERATIONS PLAN (COP): - UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Country Operations Plan 2006 - Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 1 September 2005 OPERATIONAL DOCUMENTS: - UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Global Appeal 2010 - 2011 – Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 1 December 2009 - UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR Global Report 2009, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, 1 June 2010 ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS:
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights' Compilation Report (Excerpts of Treaty Body Concluding Observations and Special Procedure Reports) - Universal Periodic Review: Democratic Republic of the Congo, April 2009
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Repatriation of Congolese from Zambia reaches
40,000; camps to close, 24 September 2010 - UN High Commissioner for Refugees, DRC - Treatment of rejected asylum seekers, 19 April
2006 - UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Real-time evaluation of UNHCR’s IDP operation in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, 30 September 2007 - UN High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR CDR Background Paper on Refugees and
Asylum Seekers from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1 May 2000
A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
A.1. General Information; Country Profile; Maps
a. Country Profile A.1.1. United Nations Statistics Division, Country Profile: Democratic Republic of the
Congo A.1.2. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), ICRC Annual Report 2009:
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 19 May 2010
A.1.3. US Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook – Congo, Democratic Republic of the, 27 October 2010
A.1.4. Immigration and Refugee Board Canada, National Documentation Package –
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 30 April 2010 A.1.5. US Department of State, Background Note: Democratic Republic of the Congo, 8
October 2010 A.1.6. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report Congo, (Democratic
Republic), September 2010 A.1.7. BBC, Country Profile – Democratic Republic of Congo, last updated 20 October
2010 A.1.8. UK Border Agency, Country of Origin Information Report – Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 30 June 2009 A.1.9. UK Border Agency, Operational Guidance Note: Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 23 December 2008 A.1.10. Country of Return Information (CRI) Project, Fiche-pays – Republique
Democratique du Congo (RDC), November 2008 A.1.11. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Country Profile: Congo (Democratic
Republic), last reviewed 17 March 2008 A.1.12. Immigration and Refugee Board Canada, Country Fact Sheet – Democratic
Republic of the Congo, April 2007 A.1.13. Thompson Reuters Foundation AlertNet, Country Profile: Congo (Democratic
Republic), 30 March 2010
b. Language A.1.14. Ethnologue, Languages of the World, Languages of Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 2009 A.1.15. Jacques Leclerc, Amenagement linguistique dans le monde: Congo – Kinshasa
(Republique Democratique du Congo), 24 June 2009
c. Maps A.1.16. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), République
Démocratique du Congo : Province du Nord-Kivu - Mouvements de populations de janvier 2009 à septembre 2010, 13 October 2010
A.1.17. UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Republique Democratique du Congo :
Sithuation des Refugies congolais danas les pays voisins de l'est de la RDC - 18 Oct. 2010, 18 October 2010
A.1.18. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), DRC: Province
Orientale - District du Bas-Uele, du Haut-Uele et d'Ituri - Mouvements de population suite aux attaques des groupes armés: situation en Septembre 2010, 18 October 2010
A.1.19. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), République
Démocratique du Congo : Province du Sud-Kivu - Mouvements de populations de janvier 2009 à septembre 2010, 14 October 2010
A.1.20. UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Refugees, Returnees and IDPs Democratic
Republic of Congo (as of 31 Aug 2010), 31 August 2010 A.1.21. UN Cartographic Section, Map of MONUC Deployment, December 2009,
December 2009, No. 4121 Rev. 44 A.1.22. ReliefWeb, DRC: Interactive Map of militarised mining areas in the Kivus,
August 2009 A.1.23. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), République
Démocratique du Congo : Réponse humanitaire suite aux mouvements de populations liés à l'Opération Ruwenzori - 18 Juillet 2010, 18 July 2010
A.1.24. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Congo: Refugees
from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Mar 2010), 19 March 2010 A.1.25. UN Cartographic Section, Map of Democratic Republic of the Congo, January
2004, No. 4007 Rev. 8
d. Education; Food; Health; Employment; Social Rights A.1.26. WFP, World Food Programme 2010 Annual Report Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 2010 A.1.27. IRIN, DRC: Toxic toad scam killing patients, 13 May 2009 A.1.28. ECOSOC, Implementation of the International Covenational Archives of the
Congo Cultural Rights: Combined second, third, fourth and fifth periodic reports, 21 January 2009
A.1.29. RAID, Chinese Mining Operations in Katanga Democratic Republic of Congo,
September 2009
A.1.30. Global Witness, Faced with a gun, what can you do? War and the militarisation of mining in Eastern Congo, July 2009
A.1.31. Medicins sans Frontiers, MSF in Democratic Republic of Congo, MSF activities
in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo, April 2009 A.1.32. Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland, Democratic Republic of Congo:
Information on treatment of mental health and healthcare, 19 January 2009 A.1.33. UNICEF, Thousands of schools closed in Eastern DR Congo, 21 November 2008 A.1.34. UN News Service, Albino people in DR Congo suffer discrimination and
exclusion – UN agency, 8 August 2008
A.2. Political and Security Situation A.2.1. BBC News, French court orders Rwandan rebel leader to face ICC, 3 November
2010 A.2.2. Freedom House, Countries at a Crossroads 2010, Country Report, Congo,
Democratic Republic of, 2010 A.2.3. UN Security Council, 6400th Meeting, Recent arrests in mass rape cases in
Democratic Republic of Congo may help ‘turn tide against impunity’, Security Council is told, 14 October 2010
A.2.4. Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization
Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, S/2010/512, 8 October 2010
A.2.5. MONUSCO, The UN releases preliminary findings of the inquiry into massive
rapes in Walikale territory, 24 September 2010 A.2.6. AFP, UN peacekeepers failed DR Congo rape victims: official, 7 September 2010 A.2.7. Reliefweb, Suspected rebels rape over 240 women in DRC Congo: NGO, 3
September 2010 A.2.8. Reliefweb, International Medical Corps Staff Safe after attack in Eastern
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1 September 2010 A.2.9. Reuters, Rebels gang-rape almost 200 women in Congo attack, 23 August 2010 A.2.10. ABC News, UN Peacekeepers hacked to death in Congo, 19 August 2010 A.2.11. The New York Times, Congo: Troops battle Ugandan rebels, 15 July 2010 A.2.12. IRIN, When thousands suddenly take flight, 15 July 2010
A.2.13. Reliefweb, Some 70,000 flee DR Congo unrest, 13 July 2010 A.2.14. UN Security Council, Report of the Security Council Mission to the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, 16 May 2010 A.2.15. BBC News, UN to reduce Congo peace force, 28 May 2010 A.2.16. MSF, Many challenges still remain in North East DRC, 20 May 2010 A.2.17. MSF, In Ituri, DRC, several thousand isolated civilians are once again caught in
the trap of conflict, 4 May 2010 A.2.18. The Guardian, Lord’s resistance army massacres up to 100 in Congolese village,
2 May 2010 A.2.19. UN Security Council, Thirty-first report of the Secretary General on the United
Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 30 March 2010
A.2.20. The Guardian, UN peace mission fuelling violence in Congo, report says, 25
November 2009 A.2.21. The Guardian, UN denies complicity in war crimes, 11 November 2009 A.2.22. Reliefweb, Armed men beat up and rob 100 civilians in DR Congo, 28 October
2009 A.2.23. BBC News, [LRA] Rebel raids ‘spreading in Congo’, 14 October 2009 A.2.24. The Guardian, UN backed military offensive a ‘humanitarian disaster’, 13
October 2009 A.2.25. ReliefWeb, DR Congo: Calm returns in Cabinda border zone after clashes, 28
September 2009 A.2.26. The Guardian, Hilary Clinton demands arrests over Congo sexual violence, 11
August 2009 A.2.27. Human Rights Watch, The Christmas Massacres: LRA attacks on Civilians in
Northern Congo, 16 February 2009 A.2.28. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1925 (2010) [on extension of the
mandate of the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)], 28 May 2010, S/RES/1925(2010)
A.2.29. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1896 (2009), [Arms embargo,
travel ban, assets freeze], 23 December 2009
A.2.30. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1856 (2008) [on extension of the mandate of the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)], 22 December 2008
A.2.31. UN Security Council, Security Council resolution 1857 (2008) [on renewal of
measures on arms embargo against all non-governmental entities and individuals operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo], 22 December 2008
A.3. Human Rights (in General) A.3.1. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2010 - Democratic Republic
of the Congo, 28 May 2010,
A.3.2. Human Rights Watch, Trail of Death: LRA Atrocities in North Eastern Congo, 28 March 2010
A.3.3. United Kingdom: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Annual Report on Human
Rights 2009 - Democratic Republic of the Congo, March 2010
A.3.4. US Department of State, 2009 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo, 11 March 2010
A.3.5. International Federation for Human Rights, Democratic Republic of the Congo:
Authoritarian drift of the regime, 24 July 2009
A.3.6. United Nations General Assembly, Second joint report of seven United Nations experts on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/13/63), 8 March 2010
A.3.7. Human Rights Council, 13th Session, Report of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights on the activities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/13/64), 28 January 2010
A.3.8. OHCHR, Report of the independent expert appointed by the Secretary-General
on the situation of human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Titinga Frédéric Pacéré) (A/HRC/7/25), 29 Febraury 2008
A.3.9. OHCHR, Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or
arbitrary executions - Mission to Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/14/24/Add.3), 1 June 2010
A.3.10. Human Rights Council, Tenth Session, Combined report of the Special Rapporteur
on violence against women, the RSG on internally displaced persons, the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, the Special Rapporteur on the right to health, the SRSG on the situation of human rights defenders, the SRSG on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises, and the SRSG for children and armed conflict, on technical
cooperation and advisory services in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/10/59), 5 March 2009
A.3.11. ReliefWeb, Rights groups accuse Congo army of killings, 22 April 2010,
A.3.12. IRIN, DRC: Timeline on Lubanga’s ICC Trial, 16 August 2010
A.3.13. BBC News, Top UN man investigates massacre claims in DR Congo, 2 May 2010
A.3.14. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal
Periodic Review on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4 January 2010, A/HRC/13/8
A.3.15. ReliefWeb, Tribal clashes in DR Congo killed 270: Government, 29 December
2009
A.3.16. Refugees International.org, DR Congo: Spotlight on the Equateur crisis, 31 March 2010
A.3.17. BBC News, Army kills civilians while re-taking airport, 21 April 2010
B. DISPLACEMENT TRENDS
B.1. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers B.1.1. IRIN, Thousands of DRC Burundi refugees to return home, 28 September 2010 B.1.2. IRIN, Security improves for DRC refugees, 2 June 2010 B.1.3. ReliefWeb, DR Congo refugees are prey to rape, 1 June 2010 B.1.4. UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Refugees Fact Sheet for the Democratic
Republic of Congo, 13 May 2010 B.1.5. IRIN, DRC-Congo: Concern for refugees rises as river runs low, 20 January 2010 B.1.6. BBC News, Congo troops massacred Rwandan Refugees, 16 October 2009 B.1.7. BBC News, Congo and Angola end expulsions, 13 October 2009 B.1.8. UNHCR, UNHCR Global Report, 2009
B.2. Internally Displaced Persons B.2.1. Human Rights Watch, Always on the Run: The Vicious Cycle of Displacement in
Eastern Congo, 14 September 2010
B.2.2. IRIN, DRC-Congo: More than 70,000 displaced by violence in Equateur, 3 November 2010
B.2.3. IRIN, IDPs hiding in North Kivu forests, 27 January 2010
B.2.4. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2010 – The State of the
World’s Human Rights, 28 May 2010 – See section on IDPs
B.2.5. BBC News, Huge DR Congo mine to open, displacing 15,000, 22 July 2010
B.2.6. IRIN, Security beefed up for North Kivu’s IDPs, 8 February 2010
B.2.7. Refugees International, DR Congo: Unstable areas endanger returns, 20 April 2010
B.2.8. IDMC, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Over 2.1 million IDPs in the context of deteriorating humanitarian conditions, 24 February 2010
B.2.9. ReliefWeb, DR Congo: After Dongo violence, 90,000 refugees and displaced, 2 December 2009
B.2.10. ReliefWeb, 44,000 flee violence in Western DR Congo, 30 November 2009
B.2.11. USCRI, Uprooted Congolese civilians not being protected from rape and sexual violence, 18 September 2009
B.2.12. IRIN, Number of IDPs in Uvira jumps by 600%, 31 July 2009
B.2.13. OHCHR, Human Rights Council, Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights on internally displaced persons - Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/8/6/Add.3), 16 May 2008
B.3 Return; Repatriation; Integration; Resettlement A.3.1. ReliefWeb, Fearing own army, Refugees remain abroad, 27 May 2010
B.4 Freedom of Movement; Travel Documents; Entry and Exit B.4.1. ReliefWeb, Refugees from DR Congo refuse to leave Congo Republic, 31 May
2010
B.4.2. IRIN - Integrated Regional Information Network, Land rows complicate refugees’ return, 2 July 2010
B.4.3. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Democratic Republic of Congo:
Whether authorization is required to exit the country; if so, the date this
measure came into effect, the persons who require such authorization and the methods for obtaining it (January 2006), 20 January 2006
C. CONVENTION GROUNDS
C.1. Political Opinion; Political Activities; Freedom of Speech and Expression; Media Issues
C.1.1. Refugee Documentation Centre, Researched and Compiled by the Refugee
Documentation Centre – Treatment of those that speak out/oppose the Kabila regime, 4 March 2010
C.1.2. OMCT, DR Congo: Rights Defender Abducted, Mistreated, September 8, 2010 C.1.3. OMCT, Congo, Democratic Republic: "Steadfast in Protest; Annual Report
2010; Democratic Republic of Congo", Author: OMCT & FIDH, 13 September 2010
C.1.4. OMCT, Appel à la création d'une commission d'enquête internationale
indépendante deux mois après l'assassinat de Floribert Chebeya Bahizire, 3 August 2010
C.1.5. OMCT, Le Comité des Nations unies des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels
appelle la RDC à cesser le harcèlement des défenseurs des droits de l'Homme, 25 November 2009
C.1.6. OMCT, RDC : Appel au respect du droit à un procès juste et équitable pour le
défenseur Golden Misabiko, 2 September 2009 C.1.7. RSF, Newspaper journalist detained by intelligence agency for last three weeks,
12 October 2010 C.1.8. RSF, Congo, Democratic Republic: "Thirty-one IFEX members appeal to
President Kabila for improvement in press freedom", 15 September 2010 C.1.9. IWPR, Congo, Democratic Republic: "DRC Rights Defenders Face Mounting
Threats", 14 September 2010 C.1.10. Reporters Sans Frontieres, Camera man gunned down, 6 April 2010 C.1.11. Freedom House, Country Report, Congo, Democratic Republic of, 2010 C.1.12. RSF, Several radio stations with closure for retransmitting RFI, 17 August 2009 C.1.13. RSF, Leading suspect in journalist’s murder escapes from military cell in
Bukavu, 24 November 2009
C.1.14. United Nations Joint Office for Human Rights, Observation report on the appeal proceedings of the presumed perpetrators of Serge Maheshe’s assassination, 6 February – 21 May 2008, November 2009
C.1.15. RSF, Reporters Sans Frontières: 50 years of independence see no improvement
in difficulties for media, 29 June 2010 C.1.16. Refugee Documentation Centre (Ireland), Query response on treatment of those
who speak out and / or oppose the Kabila regime, 4 March 2010 C.1.17. CPJ, Attacks on the Press 2009: Democratic Republic of the Congo, 16 February
2010 C.1.18. Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of
Human Rights Defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 22 February 2010
C.1.19. Human Rights Council, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights on the situation of human rights and the activities of her Office in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 28 January 2010, See ‘Human Rights defenders and journalists’
C.1.20. Human Rights Council, Technical Assistance and Capacity Building, Second joint
report of 7 United Nations experts on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, A/HRC/13/63 8 March 2010
C.1.21. Human Rights Council, Written statement submitted by Amnesty International, a
non-governmental organization in special consultative status, Democratic Republic of the Congo: End persecution of human rights defenders, A/HRC/13/NGO/109, 25 February 2010
C.1.22. OHCHR - UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: Key trial
highlights the plight of human rights defenders, 17 November 2009 C.1.23. Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture, Cambriolage des locaux du CODHO et
du CEFOP-DH, 7 August 2009 C.1.24. New York Times, Lifetime of Tracking Killings ends in Activist’s Own, 27 June
2010, C.1.25. IWPR, Shadow cast over DRC Independence Anniversary, 2 July 2010-12-02 C.1.26. Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture, Libération sous caution de M. Robert
Illunga Numbi, 8 October 2009 C.1.27. Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture, Suivi du cas COD 150609_Acquittement
et libération de M. Norbert Luyeye Binzunga_Crainte d'impunité, 2 October 2009
C.1.28. Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture, Campagne de diffamation et de dénigrement à l’encontre de M. Dismas Kitenge, 22 September 2009,
C.1.29. Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture, Condamnation de M. Golden Misabiko,
22 September 2009 C.1.30. Amnesty International, Urgent Action: Golden Misabiko put on trial, 17 August
2009 C.1.31. Organisation Mondiale Contre la Torture, Menaces de mort à l'encontre de MM.
Grégoire Mulamba, Timothée Mbuya, Emmanuel Umpula et Mme Dominique Munongo, 22 September 2009
C.1.32. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Compilation prepared by the
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights – Democratic Republic of the Congo, A/HRC/WG.6/6/COD/2, 18 September 2009. See ‘Death threats to female journalists’
C.1.33. RSF, A third radio journalist murdered in Bukavu, motive still unclear, 24
August 2009
C.2. Race; Ethnicity; Minority Rights, Indigenous People C.2.1. IRB - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, The situation of Kivutians living
in Kinshasa [COD103416.FE], 23 March 2010 C.2.2. IRB - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, The treatment of the
Banyamulenge, or Congolese Tutsis, living in Kinshasa and in the provinces of North Kivu and South Kivu [COD103417.FE], 31 March 2010
C.2.3. IRIN, Parents keep children at home amid security fears in Dongo, 10 February 2010
C.2.4. BBC News, Congo fishing rights clashes force thousands to flee, 20 November
2009 C.2.5. ReliefWeb, At least 100 dead in DR Congo ethnic clashes: UN, 18 November 2009 C.2.6. ReliefWeb, Land dispute behind new Congo killings, 12 November 2009 C.2.7. ReliefWeb, DR Congo: Burundi says it will ‘firmly’relocate Tutsi refugees, 9
October 2009 C.2.8. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Compilation prepared by the
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights – Democratic Republic of the Congo, A/HRC/WG.6/6/COD/2, 18 September 2009. See p.10 for section on Pygmies.
C.2.9. ACCORD, Situation of the minority group Twa (Batwa/Bambuti) in the
Equateur province, 15 July 2009
C.2.10. IRIN, Displacement and discrimination: the lot of the Bambuti Pygmies, 1
September 2010
C.3. Freedom of Religion and Belief; Armed Forces; Military Service; Forced Conscription; Draft Evasion
C.3.1. Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland, Democratic Republic of the Congo:
Treatment of BDK including if any differentation between ordinary and active members / Treatment of anyone who escapes prison, 14 December 2009
C.3.2. Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland, Information on arrests before, duting
and after the elections of July 2009; any killings of opposition members in this period, 13 May 2009
C.3.3. IWPR, Congolese infants raped in black magic rituals, 27 July 2010 C.3.4. US Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2009, 26 October
2009 C.3.5. Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland, Information of prevalence of witchcraft/
prophetic beliefs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 25 June 2009
C.4. Membership of a Particular Social Group; Women; Gender Issues; Domestic Violence; Children
C.4.1. Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland, Treatment of those with HIV/AIDS
including stigma, discrimination, availability and cost of medication, 6 October 2010
C.4.2. IWPR, Hard labour for Congolese kids, 29 October 2010 C.4.3. Committee on the Rights of the Child, Fiftieth session, Concluding Observations:
Democratic Republic of the Congo, 10 February 2009 C.4.4. Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and
consequences - Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (A/HRC/7/6/Add.4), 28 February 2008
C.4.5. Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed
Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 9 July 2010 C.4.6. Channel 4, Rape Attacks in the Congo: UN Envoy dispatched, 24 August 2010 C.4.7. UN Human Rights Council, Thirteenth Session, Second joint report of seven
United Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 8 March 2010
C.4.8. The Guardian, Congo Report shows rape is widespread, 15 April 2010
C.4.9. Oxfam, Now The World Is Without Me – An investigation of sexual violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, April 2010
C.4.10. Reuters, UN fear Congo pullout will hurt fight against rape, 19 April 2010 C.4.11. Minority Rights Group, Indénombrables : les vies cachées des femmes batwa, 7
May 2010 C.4.12. IRIN, Film - Our Bodies, Their Battleground: Gender based Violence in
Conflict Zones, 2004 C.4.13. BBC News, UN Official calls DR Congo Rape Capital of the World, 28 April
2010 C.4.14. Human Rights Council, Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights on the situation of human rights and the activities of her office in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, A/HRC/13/64, 28 January 2010 – see rape section
C.4.15. Refugee Documentation Centre (Ireland), Forced prostitution in the Democratic
Republic of Congo. Likelihood of harm to women who return to DRC, 3 September 2009
C.4.16. Refugee Documentation Centre (Ireland), Information on kidnapping, rape and
enslavement of girls by military / rebel factions, 3 September 2009 C.4.17. IWPR, Hard labour for Goma Street Children, 18 February 2010, C.4.18. Human Rights Council, Technical Assistance and Capacity Building – Second
Joint Report of seven United Nations experts on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, A/HRC/13/63, 8 March 2010,
C.4.19. CRIN, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Child Rights References in the
Universal Periodic Review, 3 December 2009 C.4.20. IRIN, Fighting foils schools exams in South Kivu, 16 April 2010 C.4.21. Amnesty International, Amnesty International Report 2010 - The State of the
World's Human Rights, 28 May 2010. See sections on Violence Against Women and Girls, and Child Rights.
C.4.22. IWPR, Former LRA Abductee turns Campaigner, 26 July 2010, C.4.23. ReliefWeb/ Institute for Security Studies, The implications of MONUC’s
Withdrawal on Child Soldiering in the DRC, 8 June 2010
C.4.24. Refugee Documentation Centre (Ireland), Information on child soldiers in the DRC. Forced conscription into the DRC army. Forced conscription of minors into the DRC army, 1 October 2009
C.4.25. IWPR, Institute for War and Peace Reporting: The Street Children of
Lubumbashi, 06 August 2010 C.4.26. BBC News, Crisis in DR Congo, 26 February 2010. See on Witchcraft. C.4.27. USDOS - US Department of State: Trafficking in Persons Report 2010, 14 June
2010
D. STATE PROTECTION
D.1. Citizenship; Identification; Nationality; Statelessness D.1.1. Open Society Institute / Bronwen Manby, Struggles for Citizenship in Africa, 2009 D.1.2. Open Society Institute / Bronwen Manby, Citizenship Law in Africa, 2009 D.1.3. The International Observatory on Statelessness, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
2009 D.1.4. IDMC, IDPs should be taken into account in electoral register, 3 July 2008 D.1.5. Immigration and Refugee Board Canada, Democratic Republic of Congo, The
Congolese passport, including the name of the issuing authority and the procedure and conditions for obtaining one; possibilities of obtaining a passport through fraud or corruption, 20 March 2007, COD102456.FE
D.1.6. Immigration and Refugee Board Canada, Democratic Republic of Congo:
Certificate of lost identity documents (attestation de perte de pièces d'identité), different forms this document can take, whether the certificate must be stamped by the Office of the Director-General of Migration (Direction générale de migration, DGM) or the National Intelligence Agency (Agence nationale de renseignements, ANR), 19 December 2006, COD102277.E
D.1.7. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, République démocratique du Congo
(RDC) : information sur la fréquence des documents d'identité, administratifs et judiciaires frauduleux et la possibilité de s'en procurer, 3 February 2006, COD101014.F
D.2. Judiciary; Legal and Penal Systems D.2.1. Freedom House, Countries at the Crossroads 2010, Country Report, Congo,
Democratic Republic of, 2010
D.2.2. Human Rights Watch, Protecting Child Victims in Sexual Violence Trials in the DR Congo, 24 November 2009
D.2.3. IWPR, Congolese law makers face intimidation, 2 June 2010 D.2.4. IRIN, Getting away with rape, 12 July 2010 D.2.5. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Compilation prepared by the
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights – Democratic Republic of the Congo, A/HRC/WG.6/6/COD/2, 18 September 2009
D.2.6. IWPR, Militia leader held without trial – The stalled trial of a militia leader
highlights judicial failings, 28 August 2009 D.2.7. The Guardian, Congo renews death sentence on Norwegian Mercenaries, 10 June
2010 D.2.8. BBC News, DR Congo rebels get death sentence for Mbandaka attack, 19 May
2010 D.2.9. Human Rights Council, Universal Periodic Review, Written statement submitted
by the International Federation of Action of Christians for Abolition of Torture (FIACAT), 22 February 2010
D.2.10. IRB - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, The treatment of prisoners and
prison conditions in Kinshasa [COD103415.FE], 31 March 2010 D.2.11. Refugee Documentation Centre (Ireland), Democratic Republic of the Congo -
Information on prison conditions and on those detained in police stations, 22 March 2010
D.2.12. Medicins Sans Frontieres, MSF works in ‘Hunger prison’ in Bunia, 8 January 2010 D.2.13. IRIN Africa, DRC: Bunia’s killer jail, 28 August 2009 D.2.14. ReliefWeb, Congo’s East dire, Goma prison worst in Africa, 25 July 2009 D.2.15. République Démocratique du Congo – Assemblee Nationale – Senat – Commission
Mixte Paritaire, Loi No. 09 du 6/05/2009 portant amnistie pour faits de guerres et insurrectionnels commis dans les provinces du Nord-Kivu et du Sud-Kivu, 6 May 2009
D.2.16. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the
Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Leandro Despouy : addendum : mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (A/HRC/8/4/Add.2), 11 April 2008
D.2.17. Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, 18 February 2006
D.3. Political Structure; Political Parties D.3.1. Freedom House, Countries at a Crossroads 2010, Country Report, Congo,
Democratic Republic of, 2010
D.3.2. Refugee Documentation Centre (Ireland), Information on arrests, before, during and after the elections of July 2009; any killings of opposition members in this period, 13 May 2010
D.3.3. Immigration and Refugee Board Canada, Democratic Republic of the Congo: The
role and responsibilities of an assistant secretary to the minister in public administration; whether it is a high-ranking position; if so, its equivalent in the Canadian public service (2006-2009), 28 September 2009, COD103200.FE
D.3.4. Immigration and Refugee Board Canada, Democratic Republic of the Congo: The
Comités du Pouvoir Populaire (Popular/People's Power Committees, CPP) in Canada, including their mission and activities; membership requirements in Canada and in the DRC; activities and treatment of members by DRC authorities, 18 August 2009, COD103228.E
D.3.5. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, République démocratique du Congo :
Information sur le traitement réservé aux sympathisants et aux anciens employés de Mobutu Sese Seko par le gouvernement ou la société (novembre 2002-décembre 2008), 22 December 2008, COD103011.F
D.3.6. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Democratic Republic of the Congo:
Whether the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Zaïre, AFDL) was dissolved in 1999; the situation of its former members, 11 June 2008, COD102827.FE
D.4. Internal Security; Police; Law Enforcement A.4.1. UN News Centre, UN envoy condemns attack against blue helmets in eastern DR
Congo, 25 October 2010
A.4.2. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN mission chief stresses reform of security and law to end violence, 15 October 2010
A.4.3. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN mission chief concerned over violence in
troubled North Kivu, 22 Septemeber 2010
A.4.4. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN deplores resort to arms after deadly attack on provincial capital, 6 April 2010
A.4.5. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN peacekeeping chief calls for probe into killings
by armed forces, 2 November 2009
A.4.6. UN News Centre, Civilians paying price of efforts to thwart DR Congo armed groups, UN envoy says, 10 July 2009
A.4.7. UN News Centre, UN, DR Congo agree on strengthening joint operation against
armed groups, 8 June 2009
A.4.8. UN News Centre, DR Congo police receive UN training ahead of local elections, 3 June 2009
A.4.9. UN News Centre, UN mission in DR Congo assists military in offensive against
Hutu rebels, 30 May 2009
A.4.10. IWPR, Journalist Recalls Disturbing Prison Ordeal, 20 April 2009
A.4.11. IRIN, DRC: Hundreds of Rwandan troops to help disarm Hutu rebels, 20 January 2009
E. EXCLUSION E.1.1. Un News Centre, DR Congo army colonel added to UN sanctions list for
massacring women, children, 2 December 2010 E.1.2. UN News Centre, ICC war crimes trial of former DR Congo leader begins, 22
November 2010 E.1.3. Human Rights Watch, Rwandan rebel leader wanted by ICC for alleged war
crimes arrested in France, 11 October 2010
E.1.4. UN News Centre, DR Congo warlord’s trial to resume, ICC appeals chamber rules, 8 October 2010
E.1.5. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN helps seize rebel leader presumed responsible
for mass rape, 5 October 2010 E.1.6. UN News Centre, ICC puts release of DR Congo warlord on hold pending
prosecution appeal, 23 July 2010 E.1.7. UN News Centre, Dismissing appeal, ICC says trial of Congolese militia leader
will go on, 12 July 2010 E.1.8. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN rushes food to thousands displaced by ethnic
fighting, 31 December 2009 E.1.9. UN News Centre, International Criminal Court trial of two former Congolese
leaders opens tomorrow, 23 November 2009 E.1.10. UN News Centre, Government, rebel atrocities uprooting civilians in eastern DR
Congo – UN, 22 May 2009
E.1.11. UN Security Council, Letter dated 14 May 2009 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee Established pursuant to Resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the President of the Security Council: interim report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 18 May 2009
E.1.12. Human Rights Watch, DR Congo: Hold Army to account for War Crimes, 19 May
2009 E.1.13. UN News Centre, DR Congo: UN mission deplores attack on civilians in volatile
east, 13 May 2009 E.1.14. IWPR, Hutu militia rampages across North Kivu, 11 May 2009
E.1.15. IWPR, The Ntaganda Controversy, 19 March 2009 E.1.16. Human Rights Watch, Militia Leader Guilty in Landmark Trial, 10 March 2009 E.1.17. IRIN, Tormented by the LRA in the north-east, 11 February 2009 E.1.18. IWPR, Kabila security forces facing probe, 4 February 2009 E.1.19. Human Rights Watch, DRC: ICC's First Trial Focuses on Child Soldiers, 23
January 2009 E.1.20. IWPR, Lubanga trial a landmark case, 16 February 2009 E.1.21. Human Rights Watch, DR Congo: LRA Slaughters 620 in ‘Christmas Massacres’,
16 February 2009 E.1.22. AllAfrica, Ugandan rebels killed over 500 in eastern DR Congo, reports UN
agency, 13 January 2009 E.1.23. ReliefWeb, Who are Congolese warlords Katanga and Ngudjolo?, 23 November
2009
F. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
F.1. Suggested Websites and Further Reading UNHCR
MONUSCO
UN News Centre
UNICEF OCHCR – DR Congo
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) Country Page – Democratic Republic of the Congo
International Crisis Group Country Page – DR Congo
International Federation for Human Rights Country Page – Democratic Republic of Congo
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in the Democratic Republic of Congo International Criminal Court, Situations and Cases : Democratic Republic of the Congo
Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR) Agence Congolaise de Presse (ACP)
L’Observateur, Quotidien dInformations Générales en RD Congo
L’Avenir
Le Potentiel
La Référence
Radio Okaipi, MONUC Fondation Hirondelle
Top Congo FM
Congo on Line
Afrik.com, Country page – RDC
Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI) RDC
Afrique Index.com, Country page – République Démocratique du Congo, RDC
