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UNDERSTANDING THE FORMS, METER, RHYME, AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE SONNET
MARCH 20, 2012
What is a Sonnet?
Sonnet Form
A Sonnet has 14 linesMust be written in iambic pentameter
Each line has 10 syllables (or beats) They alternate in an unstressed/ stressed pattern
A sonnet must follow a specific rhyme scheme, depending on the type of sonnet.
Can be about any subject, though they are usually about love or nature.
Introduces a problem or question in the beginning, and a resolution is revealed or suggested after the “turn”. The point in the sonnet where the poet changes perspective Often caused by a “change of heart”
Iambic Pentameter: Stress & Meter
Consider the sound of the underlined word:1.) Darth Vader decided to crush rebel forces2.) Luke Skywalker will rebel against his
father’s wishes Even though rebel is spelled the same, the stress
sound makes it different.
When we talk, we stress some syllables and leave others “unstressed”. Stressed= Syllables with “long” or “heavy” stress Unstressed= Syllables with “short” or “light” stress
Stress & Meter
In example #1 the pattern of the word rebel is “stressed” then “unstressed” DARTH Vader deCIDed to CRUSH the REBel SOLDier.
In example #2 the pattern of the word rebel is “unstressed” then “stressed” LUKE SKYWALKer WILL reBEL aGAINST his FATHer’s
WISHes.
When a poem has a recognizable but varying pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, the poetry is written in verse.
Italian Sonnet
Introduced in the 13th Century, means “little song”Also called a Petrarchan Sonnet after Francesco
Petrarch Most of his sonnets are about love, specifically love from
afar Emotionally powerful through the use of metaphors
14-line lyric poem: Contains an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines)
The turn generally occurs after the octave.The rhyme scheme must begin with abbaabba, and
end with either cdcdcd OR cdecde
Sonnet 90By: Francesco Petrarch
Upon the breeze she spread her golden hairThat in a thousand gentle knots was turned,
And the sweet light beyond all measure burnedIn eyes where now that radius is rare;
And in her face there seemed to come an airOf pity, true or false, that I discerned:
I had love’s tinder in my breast unburned,Was it a wonder if it kindled there?
She moved not like a mortal, but as thoughShe bore an angel’s form, her words had then
A sound that simple human voices lack;
A heavenly spirit, a living sunWas what I saw; now, if it is not so,
The wound’s not healed because the bow grows slack
Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
1.) Read P. 334 & 335 for more background information on Francesco Petrarch, one of the most famous Italian sonnet writersTake notes on: Biographical/ Cultural Background info
1. Ex. Composed over 300 poems to a woman whom he never had a relationship with. His Petrarchan Sonnets immortalized her.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
2.) Read “Sonnet 292” and answer questions #1-6 on P. 338.
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
The Spenserian SonnetThree quatrains (3 groups of four-lines)
Each quatrain addresses the poem’s central idea, thought, or question
The couplet provides the answer
Variation on the English SonnetEnds in a rhyming couplet (2 rhyming lines)Rhyme Scheme: abab bcbc cdcd ee
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
1.) Read P. 318 & 319 for more background information on Edmund Spencer Biographical/ Cultural Background info
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
2.) Read “Sonnet 30” and “Sonnet 75”
Spenserean Sonnets
2.) Read “Sonnet 30” and “Sonnet 75” on P. 320-321
Create a chart as you read similar to the example on P. 319.
Ex. “Sonnet 75” Part of Poem Central Idea
1st Quatrain Whenever I write my significant other’s name in the sand, the waves wash it away.
2nd Quatrain
3rd Quatrain
Couplet
English vs. Italian
English (Petrarchan) ItalianABAB 3 QuatrainsCDCD
EFEF ---------> The TurnGG Rhyming Couplet
ABBA Octave (8)
ABBA ---------> The TurnCD E Sestet (6)
CDE
English Sonnet or Italian Sonnet?
I find no peace, and have no arms for war, and fear and hope, and burn and yet I freeze, and fly to heaven, lying on earth's floor, and nothing hold, and all the world I seize. My jailer opens not, nor locks the door, nor binds me to hear, nor will loose my ties; Love kills me not, nor breaks the chains I wear, nor wants me living, nor will grant me ease.I have no tongue, and shout; eyeless, I see;I long to perish, and I beg for aid;I love another, and myself I hate.Weeping I laugh, I feed on misery,by death and life so equally dismayed:for you, my lady, am I in this state.
English Sonnet or Italian Sonnet?
Lines are in the octave (8 lines) and the sestet (6 lines)I find no peace, and have no arms for war, and fear and hope, and burn and yet I freeze, and fly to heaven, lying on earth's floor, and nothing hold, and all the world I seize. My jailer opens not, nor locks the door, nor binds me to hear, nor will loose my ties; Love kills me not, nor breaks the chains I wear, nor wants me living, nor will grant me ease.I have no tongue, and shout; eyeless, I see;I long to perish, and I beg for aid;I love another, and myself I hate.Weeping I laugh, I feed on misery,by death and life so equally dismayed:for you, my lady, am I in this state.
English Sonnets
AKA Shakespearean SonnetThree quatrains (3 groups of four-lines) and
ends in a rhyming couplet (2 lines)Rhyme Scheme: abab cdcd efef ggThe turn is either after 8 lines or 10 lines.
Example: P. 326 Sonnet 18http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1ZbAic4R83U
1.) Create a Venn Diagram to Compare and Contrast Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” with Spencer’s “Sonnet 75” (P. 321)Take notes about: How does each promise to immortalize his beloved? How is each speaker’s promise connected to the
imagry of the poem? Is it ironic that in each sonnet the speaker doesn’t
actually name their beloved?
William Shakespeare 1564-1616
Humble Beginnings: born in Stratford-upon-Avon
Known as “the Bard”Attended Stratford Grammar
School until he was 14 Then he married Anne Hathaway and
entered the “lost years”.Wrote about 37 plays and 154
sonnetsShakespeare’s sonnets all
featured a male speaker and focused on the theme of love. Other common themes: time, death, and poetry itself.
More about Shakespeare!
Left his family to arrive in London and joined the theater company, Lord Chamberlain’s Men.
Earned his money by doing the following: 1.) Part owner of the Globe Theater 2.) An Actor 3.) A Playwright
Generally wrote 3 types of plays: 1.) Tragedy- Ex. Romeo & Juliet 2.) Comedy- Ex. The Taming of the Shrew 3.) Historical- Ex. Henry VIII
Shakespearean Sonnets Recap
Shakespearean sonnets were divided into three quatrains and one couplet.
Shakespearean sonnets featured a turn, or volta, often around lines 9-11.
The rhyme scheme of a Shakespearean sonnet was abab cdcd efef gg
The English sonnet, or Shakespearean sonnet, featured 14 lines of iambic pentameter
The Globe TheaterRoofless= Open AirNo Artificial Lighting
Plays were performed in the afternoon to take advantage of the sunlight.
Plays were written/produced for the general audience
Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleriesSpectators:
Wealthy- got benches “Groundlings”- poorer people stood and watched from the
ground (the pit) All except for the wealthy were uneducated/ poor
Burned down during a production of Henry VIII in 1613. Rebuilt the following year.
The Globe Theater
Differences to today’s theater productions: No Scenery Settings were all referenced through dialogue Elaborate Costumes Plenty of props Fast-paced productions Only MALE actors
would perform
“Shakespeare in Love”
Most characters in the film are based off of real people
Ned and the Admirals Men http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yg_6JZLUrRc
John Webster - went on to become a well-known playwright himself in which gore plays a prominent part.
Christopher Marlowe A writer who offered a great deal of competition to
Shakespeare’s plays. Marlowe's early, untimely death opened up the scene for Shakespeare.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foOquPn1L60
“Shakespeare in Love”
Henslowe and other producers hired playwrights to write their plays.
Censorship: The Master of the Revels power to censor writing & what content appeared on the stage In the 1590s this was a man called Edmund Tilney The Plague It was immoral for a woman to appear on the stage
Alternate Ending http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wxxw5bBKvUo Do you think that there really was a muse such as Viola for all of
Shakespeare’s works? In the film, do you think that Viola’s boat really sank? Or was he
just writing his next play as it appears in the deleted scene?
Key Terms to Know!
Iambic PentameterMeterRhyme SchemeCoupletPetrarchan SonnetShakespearean SonnetOctaveSestet
In-Class Activity
With a Partner (or on your own if you rather) read the four sonnets on pp. 326-330 and respond to each using the organizer on the board.
For only ONE of the 4 sonnets do the following (instead of the organizer): Write the complete text of the sonnet Number each line of the sonnet in the margin. On the other
side, note the rhyme scheme after every line. Dissect the iambic pentameter (10 syllables) for one of the
quatrains Indicate where the VOLTA is List any themes after reading the sonnet
Answer questions #1-9 on p. 332 on the back. This is due Wednesday for an assignment grade.
Hallmarkean Sonnet Card- Honors
Create a “Hallmarkean” sonnet card that demonstrates your knowledge of sonnet structure.
Turn this in by Friday, April 12th for a Quiz grade
Requirements: 14 line sonnet: 3 quatrains that introduce and extend
the poem’s meaning 1 couplet that either summarizes or concludes the
poem You will also be graded on your creativity and artwork
Hallmarkean Sonnet Grade Rubric
Quatrain 2 _______/15
Quatrain 2 _______/15
Quatrain 3 _______/15
Couplet _______/10
-Introduces theme-Abab rhyme-Iambic pentameter
-Introduces theme-Abab rhyme-Iambic pentameter
-Introduces theme-Abab rhyme-Iambic pentameter
-Summarizes or reverses the theme -gg rhyme scheme -Iambic Pentameter
Overall Effectiveness of poem _______/10
Use of Artwork _______/10
Total _______/75