Concepts, Theories and Contemporary Issues Presentation by the MATINIK GROUP

I. Understanding the Concept of Development II.Social Development Theory III.The Rights Based Approach to Development IV.Human Choice and Social Development V.Sustainable Development

MATINIK GROUPUNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT By Don Emmanuel L. Nolasco II. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY By Eresita Mendoza

III. THE RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT By Atty. Idelle Alacantara IV.HUMAN CHOICE AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT By Maricris Madolora V. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT By Melissa Ramirez

DEFINITION and SCOPE1. Development means making a better life for everyone. In the present context of a highly uneven world, a better life for most people means, essentially, meeting basic needs: sufficient food to maintain good health; a safe, healthy place in which to live; affordable services available to everyone; and being treated with dignity and respect. 2. Development is a founding belief of modernity. And modernity is that time in Western history when rationality supposed it could change the world for the better.

3. In this modernist tradition, the radical version of development is fundamentally different from the more conventional economic growth. Economic growth means achieving a more massive economy producing more goods and services on the one side of the national account (gross domestic product GDP) and a larger total income on the other (grossnational income GNI). 4. In brief, development is quite different from growth. Development springs from the most optimistic moment of the modern rational belief, whereas mere growth is practical, technological, but also class-prejudiced thought.

MULTI DIMENSIONAL DEFINITION of DEVELOPMENTDevelopment is a concept that is not only multidimensional involving political, economic, social, geographic, historic and cultural aspects,. 2. It is also multi-layered, depending on whether you are focusing more on countries (as Alice Amsten s definition of development as transformation), or more on communities or people (as Amartya Sen s definition of development as freedom), or more on development projects (as Owen Barder s definition of development as evolution); and depending on which specific country or group of people you are looking at.1.

Development as Economic Growthtoo often commodity output as opposed to people is emphasized-measures of growth in GNP. Note here the persistence of a dual economy where the export sector contains small number of workers but draws technology as opposed to traditional sector where most people work and is dominated by inefficient technology.

Development as Modernizationemphasizes process of social change which is required to produce economic advancement; examines changes in social, psychological and political processes; a. How to develop wealth oriented behavior and values in individuals; profit seeking rather than subsistence and selfsufficiency b. Shift from commodity to human approach with investment in education and skill training

CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENTy Popular Development y Avoids grand theories and emphasizes solutions viewed in context of development which is part of historical process y Context of development is constantly changing in scale and time y Accommodates geographical and historical diversity y Theory of little use to practitioners of development y Stresses local diversity, human creativity, process of social change through pragmatism, flexibility and context y Not extent of state intervention but comparative advantages of public and private sectors and their complementarity

MODELS OF DEVELOPMENTdevelop over time. Some of these theories include: Comparative advantage: Predicts all countries gain if they specialise and trade the goods in which they have a comparative advantage. This is true even if one nation has an absolute advantage over another country. Rostovian take-off model: A linear theory of developmenthat argues that economic modernization occurs in five basic stages of varying length - traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption. HarrodDomar model: Explains an economy's growth rate in terms of the level of saving and productivity of capital. Dual Sector model: Explains the growth of a developing economy in terms of a labour transition between two sectors, a traditional agricultural sector and a modern industrial sector. (Also known as the Lewis model.y A number of theories are concerned with how economies

UNFREEZING, CHANGING, REFREEZING

UNFREEZING STATE:Involves the creation of the motivation to change By resisting change, people often attach a sense of identity to their environment. In this state, alternatives, even beneficial ones will initially cause discomfort. The challenge is then to move people from this frozenstate to a change ready or unfrozen state..

CHANGING STATEMeans adjusting the equilibrium Moving to another condition Also means developing new attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviours based on new information. The end goal of this stage is to get people to the unfrozen state and keep them there.

REFREEZING STATE:Turning new productive actions into habits Ensuring that changes are used all the time and that they are incorporated into everyday business Re-establishing a new place of stability and elevate comfort levels by reconnecting people back into their safe, familiar environment

HOW IS DEVELOPMENT EVALUATED OR MEASURED?

Human Development Index (HDI) GNP and GDP Growth Economic Development

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

WHAT IS THE CRISIS IN DEVELOPMENT

olonialism As Scapegoat Attacking vicious circle proponents-do not explain how these magic circles come into existence Need to view development in historical perspective as sequence of dynamic eventsexplore roots Colonialism viewed as the cause of disintegration and decline- how?