Understanding and (possibly) rectifying historical and regional wind-pressure relationship...
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Understanding and (possibly) rectifying historical and regional wind-pressure relationship differences By John Knaff NOAA/NESDIS Fort Collins, CO [email protected]
Understanding and (possibly) rectifying historical and regional
wind-pressure relationship differences By John Knaff NOAA/NESDIS
Fort Collins, CO [email protected]
Slide 2
Why are we here? The intent of the IBTrACS project is to
overcome data availability issues, and to freely disseminate this
new global dataset. This was achieved by working directly with all
the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers and other
international centers and individuals to create a global best track
dataset, merging storm information from multiple centers into one
product and archiving the data for public use. Purpose: The
workshop will gather international experts in global tropical
cyclone best track data to discuss a variety of topics that would
serve to enhance the existing IBTrACS dataset.
Slide 3
IBTrACS Considerations The maximum winds/ MSLP in the best
tracks Inhomogeneous by construction Satellite coverage /
operational data access & tools When Dvorak intensity estimates
became available Different Dvorak Tables, prior to 1978 Visible vs.
EIR techniques vs. Objective Dvorak Different wind-pressure
relationships Different applications of wind-pressure relationships
Estimate wind Estimate pressure Different averaging periods TC
structure
Slide 4
Outline Understanding Why wind-pressure relationships (WPRs)
were developed How they have been used historically Why there are
regional differences Offer Possible Solutions to Enhance IBTrACS
and Reanalysis efforts. Knaff and Zehr (2007) Courtney and Knaff
(2009)
Slide 5
Wind-Pressure Relationships were Operational (not
Climatological) Tools 1940s 1970s Pressure Measurements More
numerous (ships, surface, recon) Having greater precision Having
greater survivability Wind is what is important! One size fits all
Compromise: To improve the stability of wind estimates use
pressures to estimate the wind ( better, good enough) 1970s -
Present Dvorak & aircraft provide wind estimates Winds
estimates now more numerous Having greater reliability Remotely
sensed & survivability is not as big of an issue Wind is still
most important! Pressure is estimated via WPR for legacy reasons/
model bogus input One size fits all Compromise: Pressure does not
matter to the forecast (doesnt matter, good enough)
Slide 6
Historical & Regional Differences 1.Out of necessity
Sometimes independent 2.Regional considerations Environmental
pressure Mean size Mean latitude 3.Multiple formulations
Cyclostophic form Statistical fit to data 4.Dvorak influences
Everyone, it seems, had to have their own wind-pressure
relationship
Slide 7
Various Wind-Pressure Relationships (WPR) Some historical WPR
Atkinson & Holliday (1977;AH77)/Dvorak (1984 WPAC) RMSC La
Reunion TCWC Perth (-2008) JTWC (-2007) Dvorak (1975) RMSC Miami
RMSC Honolulu Koba (1990, 1991) RMSC Tokyo Crane (circa 1985) TCWC
Brisbane (-2008) Love & Murphy (1985) Some cases TCWC Darwin (-
2008) V 60 vs. P
Slide 8
Things to consider in the IBTrACS process How the use of WPRs
has resulted in inhomogeneous historical MSLP/Intensity records The
possibility of assigning a more consistent MSLPs to historical best
tracks (i.e., wind to MSLP) Understanding how WPRs could aid
reanalysis efforts at RMSCs MSLP to Wind when MSLP available (i.e.,
Atlantic, N. Pacific) Consistency checks Inter-best track Versus
observations
Slide 9
Minimum Requirements for WPRs Use existing archives of
operational or easily created historical information Fixes
(Aircraft, Dvorak, Drops) Best tracks Global Reanalyzes Should
closely follow the physics related to the problem and account for
TC wind field structure TC environment TC translation Variations of
latitude
Slide 10
First Principles Vortex in gradient balance Steady State
Azimuthal Mean Gradient form PF(lat,r env,P env, V t, V t ^2) This
implies: Lower (higher) pressures occur at higher (lower) latitude,
for larger (smaller) circulation systems, and for smaller (larger)
radii of maximum winds given the same maximum wind.
Slide 11
Operational/Historical Inputs Have from the best track V 60,V
600 or MSLP estimate Location May have from advisories and fixes
Storm speed (instantaneous) Pressure of Outer Closed Isobar (POCI)
Radius of Outer Closed Isobar (ROCI) Radius of 34-, 50-, 64-, or
100-kt winds Dvorak, Recon fixes Radius of Maximum winds (recon,
visible eye only)* Could calculate from global re-analyzes and best
track archives Outer (@ 500 km) tangential winds (e.g., Knaff and
Zehr) ROCI POCI Storm speeds (6/12 hourly) * RMW provide for model
bogus requirements is often unreliable (goldilocks RMW)
Slide 12
Solutions in hand Can account for variations of structure (to
some degree), environmental pressure, latitude and translation
Knaff & Zehr (2007) Courtney & Knaff (2009) Holland-based
models NEXT Talk
Slide 13
Knaff & Zehr (2007) Accounts for variations of latitude,
size, environmental pressure and storm speed. Size and Latitude
contribute most! Uses global re-analyses to estimate Environmental
Pressure (900 km) TC Size expressed as a ratio to climatology
Tangential wind at 500km from reanalyzes Climatological tangential
wind at 500km (from Knaff et al. 2007) Fixes/advisories/best track
provide Latitude Storm speed Intensity (V (60,600) or MSLP)
Statistically fits the data (Explaining 90 % of the variance)
Shortcomings Different equations for wind
to-pressure/pressure-to-wind Inner-core structure (i.e., RMW,
multiple wind maxima)* * RMW is often provided as part of the storm
bogus, but is not always representative of the actual RMW, which is
often more difficult to estimate.
Slide 14
Knaff & Zehr Examples PW Rozenkranz et al 1978 (JGR)
Typhoon June (1975) Largest storm (Reanalysis) Size(V500/V500c) =
1.57 Leads to R34 ~ 345 nmi Environmental P (Reanalysis)= ~1008
-1005 hPa Max intensity = 160 kt (JTWC) MSLP = 875hPa
Slide 15
June 1975 Vmax Estimates Vmax [kt] Date/Time Best track
intensity follows A&H 77
Slide 16
Knaff & Zehr Examples PW Typhoon Forrest (1983) One of the
most intense (Reanalysis) Most rapid (~100 hPa/d) Size(V500/V500c)
= 1.10 Leads to R34 ~ 300 nmi Environmental P (Reanalysis)= ~1012
-1006 hPa Max intensity = 150 kt (JTWC) MSLP = 883hPa
The Good Blondie The Bad Angel eyes The Ugly Tuco The
wind-pressure analogy When it works When it doesnt The real
issues
Slide 20
The Good - Gustav (2008) Pressure from Wind (C&K)Wind from
Pressure (C&K)
Slide 21
The Good - Sinlaku (2008) Pressure from Wind (C&K)Wind from
Pressure (C&K)
Slide 22
The Bad - Ike (2008) Pressure from Wind (C&K)Wind from
Pressure (C&K)
Slide 23
The Problem with Ike 1 km IR 9 Sept 2218 UTCH*Wind 10 Sept 130
UTC
Slide 24
The Ugly - Remaining Issues Inhomogeneous intensity estimates
Poor/Biased intensity estimates Sparse historical records (ship,
landfall, estimate methods, reconnaissance) Multiple intensity
estimates (multiple agencies/ multiple methods) Lack of information
about TC structure Man power for human review!
Slide 25
Questions?
Slide 26
References Courtney, J., and J. Knaff, 2009: Adapting the Knaff
and Zehr Wind-Pressure Relationship for operational use in Tropical
Cyclone Warning Centres. Aust. Met. Mag., in Review/Revised.
Holland, G., 2008: A Revised Hurricane PressureWind Model. Mon.
Wea. Rev., 136, 34323445. Knaff, J.A. and R.M. Zehr, 2008: Reply.
Weather and Forecasting, 23:4, 762- 770. Knaff, J.A., and R.M.
Zehr, 2007: Reexamination of Tropical Cyclone Wind- Pressure
Relationships. Wea Forecasting, 22:1, 7188. Knaff, J.A., C. R.
Sampson, M. DeMaria, T. P. Marchok, J. M. Gross, and C. J. McAdie,
2007: Statistical Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii Prediction Using
Climatology and Persistence, Wea. Forecasting, 22:4, 781791.
Landsea, C. W., C. Anderson, N. Charles, G. Clark, J. Dunion, J.
Fernandez- Partagas, P. Hungerford, C. Neumann, and M. Zimmer,
2004: The Atlantic hurricane database re-analysis project:
Documentation for the 1851-1910 alterations and additions to the
HURDAT database. _Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and
Future_, R. J. Murnane and K.-B. Liu, Eds., Columbia University
Press, 177-221.
Slide 27
Extra Slides
Slide 28
Knaff & Zehr (2007) WPR based upon Environmental Pressure
(Penv) Reanalysis MSLP averaged at 900 km from the center TC Size
(S) TC Speed (c) Latitude () Parameterizations
Slide 29
Knaff & Zehr (2007) Cont Statistically fits the data
(Explaining 90 % of the variance) Shortcomings Different equations
for wind to-pressure/pressure-to-wind Inner-core structure (i.e.,
RMW, multiple wind maxima)* * RMW is often provided as part of the
storm bogus, but is not always representative of the actual RMW,
which is often more difficult to estimate.
Slide 30
Courtney & Knaff (2009) Modifies Knaff and Zehr Uses
operation input Corrects for issues related to estimating MSLP of
low latitude storms Advisories/best tracks provide POCI from which
environmental pressure is estimated Mean radius of gales (non-zero
quadrants) which provides TC size Latitude Storm Speed Intensity (V
(60,600) ) Parameterizations