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Outline PEV Introduction Data Collection Minimizing Power Loss
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1
Minimize Total Power Loss in Distribution Network Reconfiguration Considering PEV
Charging Strategy
Undergraduate: Runsha LongMentor: Hantao CuiProfessor: Fran Li
2
Outline· PEV Introduction· Data Collection· Minimizing Power Loss
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PEV
· Plug-in Electric Vehicles· Electricity instead of gasoline· Modeled after Nissan Leaf· Specifications:
· Range: ~84 miles· Battery Capacity: 24 kWh· Efficiency = 3.5 miles/kWh
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PEV Charging
· Three levels of charging- Level 1: 120V/15A- Level 2: 240V/30A- Level 3: 480V/60A (not used)
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Data Collection· Daily Travel Data· PEV Load Data· Base Load Characteristics· % PEV Penetration Characteristics
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Daily Travel Data
· National Household Transportation Survey - nhts.ornl.gov
· 10,000 samples- Start Time- End Time- Trip Duration- Distance Traveled
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End Times
12:00 AM 3:02 AM 5:21 AM 6:55 AM 8:28 AM 10:01 AM11:34 AM 1:07 PM 2:40 PM 4:13 PM 5:46 PM 7:19 PM 8:57 PM 10:36 PM0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Num
ber o
f Veh
icle
s
8
PEV Load Data
· Estimated the percentage of Levels 1 & 2 charging- 35% Level 1- 65% Level 2
· Charging assumed to start immediately upon arrival
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Sample PEV Load Curve
12:00 AM 1:54 AM 3:48 AM 5:42 AM 7:36 AM 9:30 AM 11:24 AM 1:18 PM 3:12 PM 5:06 PM 7:00 PM 8:54 PM 10:48 PM0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1K2K3K4K
Kilo
Wat
ts (k
W)
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Base Load Characteristics
· NYISO load characteristic· Scaled load curve to a population size to
180,000 – about the size of Knoxville
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Base Load Curve
12:00 AM1:55 AM 3:50 AM 5:45 AM 7:40 AM 9:35 AM11:30 AM1:25 PM 3:20 PM 5:15 PM 7:10 PM 9:05 PM11:00 PM100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Base Load
Meg
aWat
ts(M
W)
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Base Load + PEV
12:00 AM1:55 AM 3:50 AM 5:45 AM 7:40 AM 9:35 AM11:30 AM1:25 PM 3:20 PM 5:15 PM 7:10 PM 9:05 PM11:00 PM100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Base Load10% PEV20% PEV
Meg
aWat
ts(M
W)
13
Base Load + PEV
12:00 AM1:55 AM 3:50 AM 5:45 AM 7:40 AM 9:35 AM11:30 AM1:25 PM 3:20 PM 5:15 PM 7:10 PM 9:05 PM11:00 PM0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Load Curve
Base Load10% PEV20% PEV50% PEV100% PEV
Load
(MW
)
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Minimizing Power Loss· Reconfiguration Model· Delay Strategy
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Network Reconfiguration
· Distribution network are typically constructed with sectionalizing switches
· Interconnecting lines can be switched on/off· Lines are configured radially outward from
the perspective of a substation
IEEE 33-Bus Distribution System
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Power Loss
· Power loss in power lines exist based on · As the amount of load on a node increases,
so does the current → Greater power loss
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Delayed Charging Strategy· Delay charging PEV until after a certain
period of time· Benefits:
- Reduced peak load- Valley-filling
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Improved Network Reconfiguration· One-time optimization model
reformulated to minimize over a period of time- Enables the calculation of total power loss
during that period· Additional PEV delay constraint added
to allow PEV charge scheduling
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Model
1 0
2, , , , , ,
( )
, , ,
Minimize subject to :
1)Network radialityconstraints2)Realpower injectionconstraints
[ ( cos sin )]
P , 1,..., ,
3)Reactivepower in
T n
Iit i
Ii t ij ij i t i t j t ij ij t ij ij tj N i
DGi t Di t PEVi t
P
P a g V V V g b
P P i n
-
- -
2, , , , , ,
( )
, ,
min , max
jectionconstraints
[ ( / 2) ( cos sin )]
, 1,...,
4)Voltagemagnitudelimits = , 1,...,
Ii t ij ij shij i t i t j t ij ij t ij ij tj N i
DGi t Di t
i i t i
Q a b b V V V b g
Q Q i n
V V V i n
-
-
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Model (contd.)
2 2 2, , , , , , ,
2max
2 2sh
2 2
2sh
5)Maximum permissible line current carrying capacity
[ 2 ( cos sin )]
, 1,...,
where
( / 2)
( / 2)
l t l ij i t ij j t i t j t ij ij t ij ij t
l
ij ij ij ij
ij ij ij
ij ij ij ij ij
ij
I a A V B V V V C D
I l m
A g b b
B g b
C g b b b
D
- -
sh
max
, , , ,0
/ 2
6) Delayed Charging Strategy Constraintij ij
k
Ii t DGi t Di t k PEVi t kk
g b
P P P þ -
- -
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Testing Phase· Optimization model is input into GAMS· Testing carried out on the 33-bus
distribution system with 10%, 20% and 40% PEV penetration
· PEV split into 8 groups· Maximum delay allowed: 5 hours
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PEV Set Up
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Results
Total Power LossNo PEV/Base
(kWh) Pen. LevelNo Delay
(kWh) Delay (kWh) Reduction (%)1095.8 10% 1513.8 1480.9 2.17
1095.8 20% 2083.3 2024.6 2.81
1095.8 40% 3680 3451.2 6.22
Delay (in hours)Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 810% 5 1 5 4 3 5 0 0
20% 0 4 5 1 1 5 0 0
40% 0 4 5 3 3 0 5 1
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10% PEV Reconfiguration
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Analysis· Network configuration remains the
same for delayed charging and unmanaged charging
· Power loss reduction difference between ‘no delay’ and ‘with delay’ increases as penetration level increases
26
10% Penetration Load Curve
12:00
AM
2:00 A
M
4:00 A
M
6:00 A
M
8:00 A
M
10:00
AM
12:00
PM
2:00 P
M
4:00 P
M
6:00 P
M
8:00 P
M
10:00
PM
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
Base No Delay With Delay
Load
Lev
el (M
W)
27
Conclusion· With the addition of a delayed charging
strategy:- Peak load is reduced by shifting PEV
charging to later hours- Total power loss is reduced in the system- There is no configuration difference
between unmanaged and delayed charging