under the aegis of national Hydrology Project Hosted by ...nhp.mowr.gov.in/Conference-2/Proceeding.pdf · under the aegis of national Hydrology Project Hosted by : Water resources

2nd International Conference on

SuStainable Water ManageMent

6-8 November 2019, Pune, India

WRD, Govt. of Maharashtra

Organised by : Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water resources rD & gr, govt. of india

under the aegis of national Hydrology ProjectHosted by : Water resources Department, govt. of Maharashtra

abStractS

central Water commission

central ground Water board

Partner Organisation

central board of irrigation & Power

the World bank

SPOnSOrSPlatinum Sponsors

gold Sponsors

Partner OrganiSatiOn

Silver Sponsors

bronze Sponsor

MeDia Partner

M/s Shelke Construction

M/s Sahyadri Construction Co.

AbstrActs

2nd International Conference on

sustAinAble WAter MAnAgeMent

6-8 November 2019, Pune, India

WRD, Govt. of Maharashtra

Organised by Ministry of Jal shakti

Department of Water resources, rD & gr, govt. of indiaunder the aegis of national Hydrology Project

Hosted by Water resources Department, govt. of Maharashtra

Central Water Commission

Central Ground Water Board

Central Board of Irrigation & Power

The World BankPartner Organisation

central board of irrigation & PowerMalcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021Phone: 011-26115984, 26876229, 26116567, 24102437 Fax: 011-26116347 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cbip.org

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PreFAce

The increase in the demand of water intensive products and the effects of climate change has underlined the urgency and the significance of the sustainable management of water resources. In this context, the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India has entrusted the Govt. of Maharashtra, Water Resources Department (WRD) to organize the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Water Management under the National Hydrology Project (NHP) during November 6-8, 2019 at Pune.The Conference would provide an interactive platform for eclectic

brainstorming and sharing path breaking ideas & case studies in respect of flood and drought management, hydrology, e-flows, inter-basin water transfer, climate change, intelligent decision support systems, storage projects, etc. to address pressing issues regarding sustainable management of water resources. I anticipate very enlightening deliberations on these facets. The Conference will also showcase the latest products and services in this field through Exhibition and also include technical visits to some of the projects site nearby to Pune City.The deliberations of the conference would include presentations by national and international experts who are involved in the planning, design, construction and operation & maintenance of water resource projects and would share their experiences to tackle the various issues connected with the sustainable water resources management.About 500 delegates representing international experts, policy and decision makers from Central and State Governments, officers of Irrigation and Water Resources Department, Agriculture, donor agencies, academician, consultants as well as NGO’s are likely to participate in the event.A total of more than 75 technical papers received from professionals are incorporated in the abstracts volume would certainly add new dimensions to the body of knowledge on the subject. The conference is spread over one Plenary Session followed by 12 Technical and 1 Industry Sessions covering important aspects on issues related to sustainable water management.We are grateful to authors of the various papers for their efforts in preparation of abstracts, paper and their presentations. This Conference will be a confluence of brilliant minds, providing an interactive platform to share path breaking ideas and case studies to address the need for sustainable water management faced by modern societies. I anticipate enlightening deliberations on various facets such as inter-basin water transfers, storage, intelligent decision support systems, climate change, legacy water rights, etc. Moreover, the Conference will showcase the latest products and services in this field through an Exhibition and also include a study tour. I eagerly look forward to a very wide participation from India and abroad.

(I.S. Chahal, IAS)Principal SecretaryWater Resources Department, Govt. of Maharashtra

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ForeWorD

The National Hydrology Project (NHP) is being implemented with the objective of improving the extent, quality and accessibility of water resources information, and to strengthen the capacity of water resources management institutions in India. Under the aegis of NHP, International Conferences are planned to be organized every year as part of institutional capacity building. These conferences provide a forum for sharing of knowledge and experience of professionals involved in water resources planning, development and management including academic institutions and professionals from the industry from all over the globe.

In this endeavour, the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Water Management is being organized from 6-8 November, 2019 in Pune by the Ministry of Jal Sakti, Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Govt. of India under the Aegis of National Hydrology Project (NHP) in technical collaboration with Central Water Commission (CWC) and Central Ground Water Board.The World Bank and The Australian Water Partnership are the partner orgnisations. I am glad that the Conference has received immense response for participation and more then 75 technical papers are scheduled for oral presentation. The conference is spread over one Plenary Session followed by 12 Technical and 1 Industry Sessions covering important aspects on issues related to sustainable water management.

The technical papers constitute a wealth of information on varied aspects on issues regarding sustainable management of water such as hydrology, climate change and its adaptation, flood and drought management, e-flows, inter-basin water transfer, intelligent decision support systems, etc. It is hoped that the deliberations will result in sensitizing various concerns regarding management and conservation of water so as to safeguard the availability of water resources for future generation. The abstract of these technical papers are being published for ready reference. The full length papers will also be made available subsequently.

I take this opportunity to compliment all officials involved in the organization of this Conference for their valuable contribution.

I wish all success for the Conference

r.K. JainChairman

Central Water Commission

vii

PAtron

Shri U.P. SinghSecretaryMinistry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Govt. of India New Delhi.

conFerence cHAir

Shri I.S. Chahal, IASPrincipal SecretaryWater Resources Department, Govt. of Maharashtra

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orgAnising coMMittee

Officers from Govt. of MaharashtraMr. Khalil Ansari Executive Director, Maharashtra Krishna Valley

Development Corporation Chairman

Mr. S.D. Bhagat Chief Engineer, Planning & Hydrology Project, Nashik, Nodal Officer, NHP

Member

Mr. R.D. Mohite Chief Engineer (WR), WRD, Pune MemberMr. V.G. Rajput Chief Engineer, Specified Projects, Pune MemberDr. S.M. Belsare Chief Engineer & Joint Secretary, WRD, Maharashtra Member

Mr. H.T. Dhumal Superintending Engineer, Kukadi Irrigation Circle, Kukadi

Member

Mr. P.S. Kolhe Superintending Engineer, Pune Irrigation Project Circle, Pune

Member

Mr. Jayant Gavali Superintending Engineer, Nagpur Irrigation Circle, Nagpur

Member

Mr. Ashish Deogade Superintending Engineer, Amaravati Irrigation Project Circle, Amaravati

Member

Mr. S.K. Sabbinwar Superintending Engineer, Nanded Irrigation Circle, Nanded

Member

Mr. P.B. Misal Superintending Engineer, North Konkan Irrigation Project Circle, Thane

Member

Mr. Yogesh Paithankar Chief Engineer, NWA, Pune Member

Mr. D. Kaustubh Director GW, Govt. of Maharashtra, Pune MemberMr. Ajay Dabhade Superintending Engineer, Data Collection, Planning &

Hydrology Circle, NashikMember Secretary

Officers from DoWR & World Bank

Mr. Deepak Kumar SJC, NPMU/NHP, MoJS, Dept. of WR, RD & GR, New Delhi

Member

Mr. Ashish Kumar Director, NHP, MoJS, Dept. of WR, RD & GR MemberMr. Rakesh Kashyap SJC, NPMU/NHP, MoJS, Dept. of WR, RD & GR, New

DelhiMember

Dr. C. Rajgopal Singh Senior Water Resources Specialist/NHP, World Bank MemberMr. Sunil Sharma Chief Manager (Technical), CBIP MemberMr. Rajaram Purohit Dy. Director, NPMU/NHP, MoJS, Dept. of WR, RD &

GR, New DelhiMember

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tecHnicAl coMMitteeOfficers from Central Organization

Chairman, Central Water Commission, - Committee Chairman

Shri S.K. Haldar, Member (WP&P), Central Water Commission, New Delhi

Shri R.K. Sinha, Member, (RM), Central Water Commission, New Delhi

Dr. Sharad Jain, Director, NIH, Roorkee

Shri G.C. Pati, Member, CGWB, Faridabad

Dr. V.V. Bhosekar, Director, CWPRS, Pune

Shri Yogesh Paithankar, Chief Engineer, NWA, Pune

Shri Neeraj Manglik, Senior Joint Commissioner-II, NHP, Ministry of Jal Shakti

Shri S.K. Sinha, Supd. Hydrologiest & TS to Chairman, CGWB, Faridabad

Officers from Government of Maharashtra

Shri Rajendra Ramchandra Pawar, Secretary (WRM & CAD), WRD, Govt. of Maharashtra, Mumbai

Shri A.V. Surve, Executive Director (VIDC), Nagpur, Maharashtra

Shri Khalil Ansari, Executive Director (MKVDC), Pune, Maharashtra

Shri N.V. Shinde Director General (MERI) Nasik, Maharashtra

Shri S.D. Kulkarni, Executive Director, (TIDC), Jalgaon, Maharashtra

Shri A.P. Kohrikar, Executive Director (GMIDC), Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Shri Sharadkumar Datta Bhagat, Chief Engineer (CDO), Nasik, Maharashtra

Shri Rasik M. Chauhan, Secretary (MWRRA), Mumbai

representative from Academia / experts

Dr. D.V. Thareja, Member (Retd.), CWC

Shri T.I. Eldho, Head of Deptt. (WRE), IIT, Mumbai

Shri Himanshu Kulkarni, Executive Director, ACWADAM

World bank

Ms. Anju Gaur, Task Team Leader (NHP), New Delhi

central board of irrigation & Power (cbiP)

Shri Sunil Sharma, Chief Manager (Tech.), CBIP - Convener

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contentsorAl AbstrActs

bAsin APProAcH For sustAinAble WAter resource DeveloPMent

River Basin Planning: A Guide for India as Part of the National Hydrology Program – David Simon Winfield

5

Flows for Multiple benefits in basin plans : Achieving Sustainable Water Resource Development – Simon Tilieard

6

River Ware for River System Operations and Planning – Edith A. Zagona 7WAter inForMAtion – Key to eMPoWerMent oF stAKeHolDer

Water Data – Vital for Informed Decisions : Karnataka Water Resources Information System – B.G. Gurupadaswamy, Dr. P. Somasekhar Rao and Teju Kumar N.

11

Water Information from Seamless Modelling System Across Scales at NCMRWF – Raghavendra Ashrit, Kuldeep Sharma, Sushant Kumar and Ashis K. Mitra

12

Meeting the Information Needs of Australia’s Water Sector – Janice Green 14Hydrometric Monitoring – The Role of Capability Building in Management – John Teres B.A., Grad Dip Rec and Grad Dip Mgmnt

15

grounD WAter MAnAgeMent & recHArge

Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones Using RS-GIS Techniques: A Case Study from Upper Bhima Basin, Maharashtra, India – Himanshu Gaikwad, Bhavana Umrikar, Mandira Majumdar and C. Krishnaiah

19

Crucial Role of Community Led Regulation in Deep Aquifer Management for Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resource in Maharashtra – Vinodkumar J. Tiwari and K.N. Deshmukh

20

WAter security – JAl JeevAn Mission, WAter governAnce & Policy

Making Minor Irrigation Schemes Successful through Community Management – An Example from West Bengal – Archisman Mitra, Mohammad Faiz Alam, Alok Sikka, Amarnath Giriraj, Prabhat Kumar Mishra, Akhilesh Parey and Debashis Roy

23

Water Resources Sustainability - Looking for Solutions Beyond Water Sector – Nandakumaran P and Pratul Saxena

24

Policy Interventions And Institutional Reforms for Sustainable Water Management – Vijai Saran and K.S. Chaitanya

25

AlternAte sources oF WAter - DesAlinAtion, reuse & recycle oF WAste WAter

Feasibility of Treated Water from Sewerage Treatment Plants for Use in Irrigation with Suitable Conveyance System – Sabarna Roy

29

Creating an Eco-system for Wastewater Reuse – Sudeep Kumar Sinha 30

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extreMe event MAnAgeMent – FlooD & DrougHt

Challenges in Flood and Drought Management (at Same Time) in Kukadi Basin (Upper Krishna) in Maharashtra – Hanumant Dhumal, Dr. Sunil B. Thakare, Dr. Shreenivas N. Londhe and VIilas Rajput

33

Embracing Uncertainty for Water Resources Risk and Reliability Analysis – Michael Kane and Dr. Jonathan Quebbeman

35

Non-Structural Measures for Flood Mitigation – Mayuraksha Bardhan 36Operational Agromet Advisory Service for Addressing Floods and Drought Risks for Sustainable Crop Management in the Country – R. Balasubramanian, K. Ghosh, K.K. Singh, S.D. Attri and S.C. Bhan

37

An Integrated Reservoir Operation Solution for Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Event of 2019 in Chambal Basin – Sharad Chandra, Lakshminarayan S. and Vasanthakumar V.

39

cliMAte cHAnge – iMPAct on WAter resources

Reservoir Operation for Extreme Events using Decision Support System – A Case Study of Bhakra and Beas Dams – Devendra Kumar Sharma, Tarun Agarwal and Anil Vyas

43

Ensuring Sustainable Groundwater Management in View of Climate Changes – Sanjay Marwaha

45

Detection of Climate Change Signals in the Historical Climate Datasets for Chambal basin in Madhya Pradesh – T. Thomas and Shashi P. Indwar, P.C. Nayak and B. Venkatesh

46

Spatiotemporal Characterization of Future Projected Meteorological Droughts Over India – Manoj Kumar Jain and Vivek Gupta

48

ADvAnceD tecHnologies in WAter MAnAgeMent

Advanced Technologies of Magnetic Water – Girish Nathuram Chandane and Yusuf Abdulsattar Inamdar

51

Assessment of Crop Acreage Using Geospatial Technique - A Case Study of Banana Crop Acreage Under Hatnur Reservoir Command Area – Anupriya Jadhav, Sunil Gaikwad, Makarand Kulkarni, S. S. Deshmukh and N.V. Shinde

52

Water Information System Technology – Klaus Kisters 53IoT Based Smart Digital Irrigation of Rice in India : A Methodological Framework – B. Khapre, Ashok Karva and V.D. Loliyana

54

initiAtives unDer nHP

Comparison of River Basin Model Solutions on the Narmada River Basin Test Problem – Nesa Ilich, Mukesh Sinha and Neeraj Manglik

57

Sensitivity Analysis of Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Hydrological Model to Soil Parameters – Arivoli E, Saksham Joshi, Annie Maria Issac, Raju PV and Rao V.V.

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sPAtiAl & reMote sensing tecHnology in WAter resources

Stream Flow Prediction using Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Regression – Prof. Shreenivas Londhe, Dr. Pradnya Dixit and Dr. Preeti Kulkarni

61

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Applications of Remote Sensing and DGPS Technology in Water Resources Department in Maharashtra – Sunil Gaikwad, Santosh Wagh, Makarand Kulkarni, Sanjay Deshmukh and Nagendra Shide

62

Online Irrigation Benchmarking Services (OIBS) and Systematic Asset Management System (SAMS) Tools for Irrigation Performance : An Overview – Upali Amarasinghe, Herath Manthrithilake, Thilina Prabath Paranaman and Alok Sikka

63

Creation of Digital Elevation Model & Geo-Database – S.V. Singh 64Estimation of Satellite Derived Actual Evapotranspiration Over India Using Surface Energy Balance Approach – Nidhi Misra, Anurag Mishra, Chandrasekar K., Mohammad Ahamed, K. Bhargavi, Abdul Hakeem K. and V.V. Rao

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WAter QuAlity AnD seDiMent MAnAgeMent

An Overview of Surface Water Quality of Five River Basins of Maharashtra State in Recent Years – A.A. Dabhade and A.P. Khairnar

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Urban Hydrology, Groundwater Quality, Pollution & Management of Hussainsagar Catchment Area, Hyderabad – Mahesh Kumar Kodepaka, Raprolu Devendra Prasad and Chitram Rakesh Chander

70

Increase in Ammoniacal-N Level in River Yamuna at Wazirabad Reservoir – Pooja Tripathi and Suniti Parashar

71

Assessment of Sedimentation Load for Different Flood Conditions in Lower Reaches of River Ganga and its Tributaries – N.N. Rai and Rajesh Kumar

72

coMMunicAtion AbstrActsVertical Electrical Soundings to Decipher Aquifer Conditions in Midlands and Plains of Bhima Basin – M. Majumder, Swati Mukherjee, B. Umrikar, Ch. Subba Rao, R. Baskey and C. Krishnaiah

75

Next Generation of Environmental Monitoring Applications using Big Data Technologies – Giriraj Amarnath, Niranga Alahacoon, Surajit Ghosh, Anju Gaur and Alok Sikka

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Selection of Automated Discharge Measurement Stations in Canal Networks Using Modern Techniques – Dr. Neena Isaac, Dr. N.D. Atkekar, P.S. Kunjeer and V.N. Katte

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Flow Measurements in Canals to Validate Non Contact Type Sensors with ADCP – B.Suresh Kumar, Dr. S. Sampath and Dr. (Mrs) Neena Isaac

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Installation of Automated Flow Meter with GSM Telemetry at Damodar Valley Corporation Maithon – T.K. Swain, S. Ajai, P. M. A. Rahiman, P.K. Dorle, J. Prakash and Dr. K.Kumar

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Spatially Varying Irrigation Water Demand for Narayanpur Canal Command Area – Ronald Singh, Annie Maria Issac, Raju P.V. and Rao V.V.

84

In-Season Crop Mapping for Selected Irrigation Command Area Using Multi-Date Satellite Data – Sobhan Mishra, Annie Maria Issac, Raju P.V. and Rao V.V.

85

Functional Testing of Radar and Ultrasonic Water Level Sensors Using Solid Surface Type Reflector at CWPRS, Pune – Dr. N.D. Atkekar, Lata Gupta and Rocky

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Stream Flow Simulation and Water Balance of Snow and Glacier Fed Mountainous Basin using SWAT Model – Sanjay K. Jain, Sandeep Shukla and M.L. Kansal

87

SWAT as a Tool for Water Management at River Basin Level - A Case Study on Tungabhadra Basin – K. Usha

88

Use of Satellite Remote Sensing Technique in Review of Irrigation Projects – Karambeer, Chetna and Karishma Bhatnagar Malhotra

89

Soft Computing Techniques in Hydrological Modelling – Dr. Anil Kumar Lohani 90Sea Wave Simulation Technique using SCADA for Physical Wave Model Studies – S.D. Ranade, (Mrs) R.S. Erande and V. Prabhakara Chary

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Groundwater Evaluation Using Isotope Tracers – Tirumalesh Keesari 93Water Security : A Geospatial Approach for Water Management in Pune City – Jyoti Jain Tholiyaand Dr. Navendu Chaudhary

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Reliable Real Time Data Acquisition in Water Resources Management – Annapurna Patra, Ujjal Chowdhury and S.D. Ranade

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Performance Testing of River Surveyor and Side Looking Acoustic Sensor - A Case Study – R.P. Gupta, (Mrs.) K.G. Bhonde, H.R. Khandagale and M. Someshwara

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Introspect into Reservoir Sedimentation in Some Chotanagpur Plateau Drainage Basins – B.C. Barman, Abhijit Saha, S.S. De Dalal and B. Sinha

97

Coastal Reservoir - Important Aspects to be Considered from Coastal Engineering Point of View – Dr. Jagottam Das Agrawal

98

Maharashtra ISWP - Basin Approach for Sustainable Water Resource Development – Pravin Kolhe, Mr. Rajendra Mohite and Shila Jadhav

99

Study of Seepage Water Leached Through Dam Body and Suggest Remedial Measure in Context of Water Management – Digambar Parkhe and Sanjay Deshamukh

100

Potential for increasing water use efficiency and productivity in canal irrigation systems. Evidence from the Sina irrigation system in Maharashtra – Upali Amarasinghe, Alok Sikka, Vidya Mandave, Sunil Gorantiwar, Sunil K. Ambast and R.K. Panda

101

Indigenous Hydrological Modeling Tools for River Basin Planning and Management – Manmohan Kumar Goel, Sharad Kumar Jain and Deepa Chalisgaonkar

103

Inter Basin Water Transfer to Mitigate Drought – Andhra Pradesh Perspective – A.Vara Prasada Rao, N. Srinivasu and K.Padma Prasad

105

Framework of Decision Support System for Water Resources Planning and Management – A.K. Lohani, Anupma Sharma, D.S. Rathore and Amit Garg

106

Empowering Basin Stakeholders through Information Sharing – Tarika Gulati and Simon Tilleard

107

Monitoring Krishna Flows in Upper Krishna Basin to Forecast Reservoir Inflows Down Stream – Kumar TVNAR, Venugopal. K, Radha Krishna. A and Srinivasu N.

108

Sustainable Reservoir Sediment Management in River Basins – Amrendra Kumar Singh and Anuj Kanwal

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River Basin Model Development for DSS Senerio Simulation in Shipra River Basin of MP – R.V. Galkate, R.K. Jaiswal and A.K. Lohani

110

Quantitative Assessment of Regenerated Flows and Irrigation Management in a Command – Rahul Kumar Jaiswal, Kuldeepak Pal, Ravi Galkate and Anil K Lohani

112

Simulation of UJH Reservoir Using Ribasim – M K Srinivas and Dr. R N Sankhua 113Integrated Water Resource Management in Upper Godavari Basin using e-Source Model – D.D. Tawar, Jaising Hire and Sonali R Nagargoje

114

IWRM in Murray Darling Basin and its Scope In Indian Scenario – Sunil Kumar, S.K Haldhar and Padma Dorji

116

Building of Water Resilience for Kalyan Dombivili City using on Roof Top Runoff – Shailesh Chandrakant Kulkarni and Dr. Vikas B. Varekar

117

Hydrologic and Hydraulic Modelling of a River Reach under Non-Stationarity in Rainfall Data – Jagadish Prasad Patra, Rakesh Kumar and Pankaj Mani

118

Rainfall Trend Analysis in Jamwa Ramgarh Catchment, Rajasthan – Rajat Agarwal, L.N. Thakural, D.S. Rathore and Sanjay Kumar, Rahul Kumar Jaiswal, M.K. Jose and T. Chandramohan, Sanjay Agarwal and Shailesh Awasthi

119

Identification of Historical Extreme Hydrological Events from Long Term Water Balance Components Simulated using VIC Model – Visakh S., Saksham Joshi, Annie Maria Issac, Raju P. V. and Rao V.V.

120

Comparison of 6 Reference Evapotranspiration Methods for Stations Located in Humid and Sub-humid Regions of Western Ghats – Venkatesh B., Thomas T. and Nayak P.C.

121

Simulation of Long Term Hydrological Components at Regional Scale – Visakh S., Saksham Joshi, Annie Maria Issac, Raju P.V. and Rao V.V.

122

Building Capacity to Cope Up Better with the Hydrological Extremes – Dr. Sravan Kanukuntla and Dr. Ashoke Basistha and Deepak Kumar

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Strategic Approach for Integrated Flood Management in Kerala : Combining Soft and Hard Engineering Solutions – Soumya R. Chandran, Sudheer Padikkal and Joshy K.A.

124

Extremes Rainfall Variability In Tapi To Tadri Basin, India – V. D. Loliyana and Priyank J. Sharma

125

Drought - Like Situation in Bihar: Study and Thought of Sustainable Strategy – Arti Sinha and Md. Perwez Akhtar

126

Probability based Rule Levels for Kerala reservoirs – Isly Issac and Rishi Srivastava 127Developing Water Information Services for Managing Hydro-Climatic Extremes – Robert Vertessy FTSE

128

DWR Based River Sub-basin Catchment and Run-off Analysis Adopting Primitive Hydrological Equations – N. Meenathchinathan, Ram Kumar Giri, O.P. Sreejith, B. Arul Malar Kannan, Madhusoodanan M.S. and Arun Babu

129

Dam Break Studies for Kanhar Dam Under Level Pool Scenario Using HEC-Ras Software – S.D. Marulkar, Abha Garg, Dheeraj Tamrakar, P. Vijayagopal and R.S. Jagtap

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Critical Glacial Lakes Identification in Indus River Basin Using Satellite Derived Parameters – Ankit Gupta, Nibedita Guru, Ruhi Maheshwari, Sweta, B.S. Rao, P.V. Raju and V.V. Rao

132

The Viability of Flood Index Insurance in Managing Flood Risk among Smallholder Farmers in Bihar, India – Giriraj Amarnath, Niranga Alahacoon, Mohammed Aheeyar, Anoj Kumar and Alok Sikka

133

Development of Inflow Forecasting Model : A Case Study of GOI Watershed in Narmada Basin – Tejram Nayak, Mukesh Kumar Sinha and D. Ilanchezhiyan

135

Facilitating Solution to Urban Flooding – (Ms.) Jaya Sood, (Ms.) Shuvra Sangeeta and Dr. Sravan K. Kanukuntala

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No More Flood Deaths – Dr. Ashoke Basistha and Rakesh Kashyap 137Comparison of Forecasted and Satellite Based Real Time Rainfall with Observed Rainfall for Heavy Rainfall Events in the Rapti River Basin in India – Pratap Singh, Revathi Narayanan, Vishu M., Sanwar Bajiya, Avinash Kumar and Pushpendra Johri

138

Assessment of Feasibility of Artificial Recharge Structures for Groundwater Augmentation – Shivaji G. Patil and Dr. Ravindra K. Lad

139

Beyond GEC : Expanding the Horizons of Groundwater Assessment in India – Peter Ravenscroft, K.J. Anandha Kumar and R.R. Purohit

140

Groundwater Monitoring for Sustainable Water Management – Dhirenkumar Chavda and Peter Ravenscroft

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Sustainable Groundwater Development : Need for Regulation and Development of Irrigation Sector in Rajasthan – Sayelli Tembhurne and S.K. Pareek

142

A Study on Behaviour of Multi-Aquifer System & Aquifer Mapping for an Effective Groundwater Management in Gunderu Sub-Basin, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh – A.Vara Prasada Rao, N. Srinivasu, V. Vijaya Babu, A. Dileep, S.V .Vijaya Kumar and V.S.R. Krishna

143

Awareness Activities on Water Conservation, Augmentations and Management through Participatory Approach in Telangana State Under National Hydrology Project – Dr. Pandith Madhnure

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Conjunctive use of Surface and Groundwater in Left Bank canal Command area of Nagarjun Sagar Project - A Case Study from Khammam District, Telangana State – Ramesh Kumar, Rakesh Kumar and Pandith Madhnure

146

MARVI – An Innovative Approach for Village Level Groundwater Management – Basant Maheshwari

148

Inland Groundwater Salinity and its Movement Towards Fresh Water Aquifers – Indicators of Saline Water Intrusion for the Mewat, Haryana – Gopal Krishan, C.P. Kumar, Gokul Prasad, M.L. Kansal, B.K. Yadav, Surjeet Singh, Mamta Bisht and L.M. Sharma

149

Overexploitation of Deeper Aquifer for Agriculture and its Management in Bemetera District of Chhattisgarh State, India – Dr. Prabir Kumar Naik, Rajiv Tripathy, Gulab Prasad and Sambit Samantray

150

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Critical role of Ground Water-based Natural Infrastructure in Supporting Water Security and Resilience in India – Dr. Ratan C. Jain

151

Better information for Policy Planning in the Canal Irrigation Sector : An illustration from the Sina Irrigation System in Maharashtra, India – Upali Amarasinghe, Alok Sikka, Vidya Mandave, Sunil Gorantiwar, R.K. Panda and Sunil K. Ambast

152

Water Information : Key to Empowerment of Stakeholder - India-WRIS, an Initiative of Central Water Commission – Karishma Bhatnagar Malhotra, Ashish Awasthi and Amrendra Kumar Singh

154

Andhra Pradesh Water Resource Information & Management System – Water Information in Public Domian – A. Vara Prasada Rao, N. Srinivasu and K. Padma Prasad

155

Standard Operating Procedure for Sustainable Sediment Management in Reservoirs - Kerala Scenario – Dr. Santhosh Kumar P.T. and Joshy K.A.

156

Study of LULC Change in Academic Campus by Analysing Rainfall - Runoff Process for Sustainable Design : A Case in IIT Bombay, India – Aman Srivastava, Aman Lonare and Pennan Chinnasamy

157

Inventorization of Natural Water Springs of Ravi River Catchment of Himachal Pradesh Under Purpose Driven Study of National Hydrology Project – S.S. Rawat, Suman Gurjar, P.G. Jose, Sudheer Kumar, Stanzin Chenlak and G Raina

158

Framework for Ground Water Resource Governance System using Participatory Approach for Osmanabad District – Tayyabali Sayyad, Diplav Dongre, Fauziya Ansari, (Ms.) Angela Pereira and Rohan Sharma

159

Integrated Farmer Information and Irrigation Network Management Information System (INMIS) – B. Khapre, Ashok Karva and V.D. Loliyana

160

Study on the Hydrochemical Elucidation of the Ground Water Composition under Domestic and Irrigated land in Assam, India – Keisham Radhapyari, Snigdha Dutta, Rinkumoni Barman, Biplab Ray and Suparna Datta

161

Business Model for Sustainability of Water Quality Laboratories in India – Dr. Srikanth Raghavachari

162

Environmental Analysis of Dalvoy Lake Water for Agricultural Purposes in Mysore City, India – Mahesha and N.R. Rajendra Prasad

163

Assessment of Water Quality and Effect of Total Organic Carbon in Ground Water in Murshidabad District of West Bengal – Manashi Bhattacharyya and Suparna Datta

164

Impact Assessment of Urbanization on Groundwater Quality and its Potability : A Study Inindo Bangla Border Districts of Tripura, India – Suparna Datta, Keisham Radhapyari and Snigdha Dutta

165

Water Budget Estimation for Geotagged Polytanks in Higher Hills of Uttarakhand: A Case Study – Utkarsh Kumar, Jitendra Kumar, Sher Singh, J.K. Bisht and A. Pattanayak

166

Hydraulic Response of Krishna River with Hippargi, Almatti Resrvoirs : Case Study of July-August 2019 Floods – Hanumant Dhumal, Dr. Sunil B Thakare and Dr. Shreenivas N Londhe

167

xx

Stream Flow Prediction using Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Regression – Shreenivas Londhe, Dr. Pradnya Dixit and Dr. Preeti Kulkarni

169

Integrated Approach to Map the Aquifers and Devising Management Strategies for Water Stressed Chennai Aquifer System, Southern India – M.Senthikumar and D.Gnanasundar

170

Assessment of Water Quality and Effect of Total Organic Carbon in Ground Water in Murshidabad District of West Bengal – Manashi Bhattacharyya and Suparna Datta

171

Assessment of Sedimentation Load for Different Flood Conditions in Lower Reaches of River Ganga and its Tributaries – N.N.Rai and Rajesh Kumar

172

Performance Evalution of Predictive Machine Learning Methods for Statistical Downscaling of Monthly Precipitation : The Case Study of Mahanadi Basin – Manish K. Nema, Hitesh P. Thakur, Prabhash K. Mishra and Chandranath Chatterjee

173

Creek Irrigation, an Alternative of Ground Water Irrigation in the Saline Track of Coastal Odisha – Nirad Chandra Nayak

175

Spatio-Temporal Glacier Change Analysis of Baspa Sub-basin in Himachal Pradesh – Sweta, Nibedita Guru, Ankit Gupta, Ruhi Maheshwari, BS Rao, PV Raju and V.V. Rao

176

Assessement of District Wise Water Productivity and Crop Yield using Water Accounting Plus (WA+) Tool for Subarnarekha River Basin – P.K. Mishra, P.K. Singh, Sharad K Jain, M.K. Goel and Suman Gurjar

177

Downscaling of Remote Sensing Based Coarser Resolution Actual Evapotranspiration Data to Crop Level for Use in Irrigation Management – Madhavi P, Nidhi Misra, Abdul Hakeem K and V.V. Rao

179

Impact of Urbanisation and Scanty Rainfall on Groundwater Resources : A Case of Madurai City – Aman Srivastava and Pennan Chinnasamy

180

A Cost Effective Tool Using the VLF EM Method to Improve Recharge of Groundwater Sources in Deccan Traps, Maharashtra – Kadari Srinivas Rao

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Oral abstracts

basin apprOach fOr sustainable Water

resOurce DevelOpment

5

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Water Management, 6-8 November 2019, Pune, India

river basin planning: a guiDe fOr inDia as part Of the natiOnal hyDrOlOgy prOgram

DaviD simOn WinfielDAustralian Water Partnership / Alluvium Consulting

abstract

The Government of India Ministry Jal Shakti requested Australian Water Partnership (AWP) to develop a Guide for River Basin Planning practitioners in India to use as part of National Hydrology Project. The Guide draws on Indian and Australian experiences in river basin planning and water management. It particularly draws on experience and dialogue with Indian Krishna River Basin states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, and Australian experience in the Murray-Darling Basin. While Indian and Australian contexts have clear differences, there are also many similarities in legal, bio-physical, agricultural and social dependencies, which make exchange of knowledge and lessons in basin planning beneficial for both. India is among the world’s most water-stressed countries and its rivers are shared by a vast range of people for different uses and across geographical and administrative boundaries. River basins need to be managed in a planned, integrated and adaptive way to ensure their long-term productivity and sustainability. The Guide for River Basin Planning in India assists practitioners to focus on six key stages or elements to make progress in developing and implementing a river basin plan. These are (1) Initiation, governance arrangements, vision and objectives, (2) Inclusive community engagement (which is ongoing through all stages), (3) Situation assessment, (4) Long-term strategies and planning, (5) Implementation, and (6) Monitoring, evaluation, reporting and learning. The Guide was developed for AWP by Alluvium Consulting, Access Water Management and the University of Technology Sydney. We will describe each of the stages and discuss implementation in India.

Keywords : integrated water resources management; National Hydrology Project; river basin planning; sustainable water resources development; water governance;

6


flOWs fOr multiple benefits in basin plans : achieving sustainable Water resOurce DevelOpment

simOn tiliearDAlluvium Consulting and World Wide Fund for Nature – India

abstractThis paper will highlight the opportunities and challenges for integrating environmental flows into Indian basin planning processes to ensure that the plans enable sustainable water resource development by minimising social, cultural and environmental impacts. In the Indian context, environmental flows takes socio-cultural requirements into account. Water supplies in India and elsewhere in the world are shared among multiple users and services. River basin planning helps to resolve competing water demands and provide multiple benefits through reaching broad stakeholder agreement on the distribution of water resources and the provision of flows for non-extractive uses. To enable sustainable basin development, it is critical that river basin planning takes environmental water requirements into account. For example, what flow regime is needed for the cultural tourists to undertake their socio-cultural rituals during a festival? Ensuring that the cultural and environmental water requirements for flows are addressed is also important for livelihoods along the river – e.g. for fisheries. The technical understanding of environmental flows requirements in India is well advanced. Several organisations including WWF India along with its partners have been undertaking environmental flows assessments across India and have established an India-focused method to capture the environmental aspects that also takes into account the socio-cultural aspirations associated with river systems in India. The challenge now is to integrate these technical assessments into policy and planning frameworks. Multiple river basin plans are being prepared under the National Hydrology Project. There is a once in a generation opportunity to incorporate flows for environmental (aquatic biodiversity, river processes and functions), cultural and other benefits into these planning processes, which will set the direction for sustainable basin development for decades to come. Keywords : sustainable water resources development, basin approach, environmental flows, cultural flows, basin planning, NHP

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river Ware fOr river system OperatiOns anD planning

eDith a. ZagOnaResearch Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Director, CADSWES. UCB 421, Boulder CO, USA

abstract

Global climate variability and change pose extraordinary challenges for planners and operators of river systems. The RiverWare suite of modeling and analysis tools provides a flexible platform for multi-objective river system and hydropower planning and operations. We first describe the main features of RiverWare including the solution algorithms, the physical processes that can be modeled, and the many features and utilities that make the software useful and flexible and able to be applied to a wide variety of river systems. In particular, RiverWare’s two powerful mullti-objective modeling engines provide the ability to model operating policies with either a procedural prioritized rulebased structure, or with a pre-emptive linear goal programming approach. The rulebased approach is widely used in the US and elsewhere; the goal programming solution is used for hydropower optimization by large utilities for managing the combined water and power objectives on major river systems. RiverWare has been applied to many basins for a variety of purposes. Here we focus on recent innovative features of the model and associated analysis tools that are especially responsive to the need for robust planning and decision-making under deep uncertainty about future conditions, and forecast-informed operating policies that respond to the increased hydrologic variability that India has been experiencing.

Keywords : climate change; deep uncertainty; hydropower; optimization; robust decision-making

Water infOrmatiOn – key tO empOWerment

Of stakehOlDer

11


Water Data – vital fOr infOrmeD DecisiOns : karnataka Water resOurces infOrmatiOn system

b.g. gurupaDasWamy, Dr. p. sOmasekhar raO anD teju kumar n.Advanced Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management

abstract

Data is shaping our understanding of the world and supports in enabling more agile, efficient and evidence-based decision-making and look into “The Future We Want” in a way that is both inclusive and fair. Water resources data - spatial information supports advancement of all development goals of Government, as it links statistical and socio-economic information to a location, bringing much improved understanding and policy analysis both at the local and State level. Currently data and information on water resources is collected and archived by various agencies and the availability of data at a single point has long been a challenge in the State. As, the first step in bringing all the water related data, over a period of time, including historical data, into a single repository for quick access and retrieval KWRIS is being developed. KWRIS comprise of spatial system bringing together quantity- quality aspects of surface water, groundwater and water dependent ecosystems. Information interoperability will be the key across different departments to communicate, exchange data, and use the information. The de-normalized database for storage, with a complete set of functions for extraction and storage; the templates and rules engine; along with a normalised database for rendering quick statistics and dashboards; and a meta data which indicates data availability. KWRIS data captures the complex interaction of the water resources, water use by sectors, economy, society and environment, and address the need for measures of well-being, progress, development and sustainability.

Keywords : Data analytics; Data repository; Decision Support System; Information System; Interoperability;

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Water infOrmatiOn frOm seamless mODelling system acrOss scales at ncmrWf

raghavenDra ashrit, kulDeep sharma, sushant kumar anD ashis k. mitraNCMRWF, MoES, Noida, UP, India

abstract

In last one decade due to availability of enhanced computing resources, weather/ocean observed data and improved assimilation-forecast system, the skill of tropical wind and rainfall forecasts have improved in medium range time scale. High capacity computers are aiding ensemble forecasting systems at high resolutions and enhanced ensemble manners. This has helped us in dealing with uncertainties in water forecasting by issuing probabilistic forecasting from global and regional ensemble prediction systems. By inclusion of exclusive Ocean, Land-Surface, Sea-Ice and Bio-Geo-Chemistry into the prediction model, a complete Earth System Model is now possible for going beyond medium range to a season and even climate projects. Particularly for India where the monsoon rainfall information is the lifeline of people the water forecasted at sub-seasonal to seasonal scale is very important for agriculture and water management. Due to improved model skill, services at short-term climate scales (up to a season) have become possible. AT NCMRWF a seamless modeling system is implemented for providing weather/climate information across scales from hours to a season. The advantage of such seamless modeling systems is its fast development cycle. The field campaign data collected at local scales can be experimented with meso-scale and large-scale process studies in model to improve the model. While the models are gradually improving there is enhanced demand of rainfall forecast from various sectors of economy for a variety of applications. Keeping pace with the demand, developing and demonstrating applications for water sector is a challenge for weather/climate modeling community. The ‘THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble’ (TIGGE) is an implementation of ensemble forecasting for global weather forecasting and is part of THORPEX, an international research programme established in 2003 by the WMO/UN to accelerate improvements in the utility and accuracy of weather forecasts up to two weeks ahead. NCMRWF 12 km global model output is being shared with TIGGE. WMO’s ‘Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Scale (S2S) prediction project is working towards

13

improving forecast skill and understanding on the S2S timescale with special emphasis on high-impact weather events. Mainly operational centers are involved if this S2S project. WMO’s Global Frame Work on Climate Services (GFCS) will be approached through this S2S project. WMO coordinated seasonal forecasting has benefitted by data sharing from Global Producing centers (GPCs). Multi-model Seasonal forecast of rainfall for various regions are being tried under R&D projects. WMO coordinated South Asian Climate Outlook Forum (SASCOF) is another mechanism for India for getting engaged in short-term climate prediction. Translating ensemble model output to suitable user interface platforms and capacity development for the end users remain a challenge in India. Skill of the model at river basin scale in both medium and extended range is being studied for water related applications. NCMRWF seamless modeling products related to water sector will be discussed in the workshop.

14


meeting the infOrmatiOn neeDs Of australia’s Water sectOr

janice greenAustralian Bureau of Meteorology

abstract

As competition for water resources increases so too does the need to fully understand how much surface and groundwater water is available; who is entitled to use water, when and under what conditions; and how much is being used for economic, social, cultural and environmental purposes. However, integral to sound water resources management is access to independent, authoritative and transparent water information. The Millennium Drought in Australia, from 1998 to 2009, highlighted how disparate water information was – with individual states and territories maintaining separate, segregated data bases. As a consequence fundamental questions such as how much water is available, allocated, used, lost or traded could not be answered at a national level. In order to rectify this situation, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology was given responsibility for establishing a nationwide database of standardised and integrated water information. The database incorporates both current and historic water information collected by over 200 organisations across Australia for categories of data including surface water; groundwater; water storages; water use; and urban water management. In addition to providing water information for anywhere in Australia for decision-making by governments and industry, the national database has also enabled the development of a wide portfolio of water information products including the National Water Account, Water in Australia and the Groundwater Information Suite. These products, which analyse and interpret the water information, provide governments and water managers with the insight they need to best manage Australia’s limited water resources.

Keywords : database; integrated; management; national; resources;

15


hyDrOmetric mOnitOring – the rOle Of capability builDing in management

jOhn teres b.a., graD Dip rec anD graD Dip mgmntAustralian Hydrographers Association

abstract

How do you manage what you can’t measure? How do you know what to measure? How do you know what you are measuring is valid? Hydrographic Monitoring (HM) collects and measures data relating to the hydrological cycle, including surface water quality and quantity, ground water quality and quantity and meteorological parameters. In Australia these activities are carried out by Hydrographers. The methodologies include accurately installing, maintaining and validating water monitoring equipment; and interpreting, validating and presenting the data in a useful format. Whilst instructions may be provided in installing systems, there is often a lack of understanding of the requirements in all the other aspects of HM. This paper reviews the fundamental skill set required to set up data instrumentation but then goes beyond that to ensure that both the data and equipment are maintained and validated. The basic hypothesis is that capacity building and empowering is achieved through understanding and developing the skill set. Our industry research has set out to define and scope the skill set and propose a staged development and training model. The model explores both Fundamental Principles and Competencies necessary to maximise the capabilities of individuals in the field and, ultimately to develop supervisors who can carry out a majority of the training on the job and pass on the knowledge. The model also maps the qualifications (Australia based) that an individual can attain through this process and a skills grading system, thus providing both incentive and recognition for the knowledge attained and skills acquired.

Keywords : development; ground water; hydrographer; surface water; training;

grOunD Water management & recharge

18

19


assessment Of grOunDWater pOtential ZOnes using rs-gis techniQues: a case stuDy frOm upper bhima basin, maharashtra, inDia

himanshu gaikWaD, bhavana umrikar, manDira majumDar anD c. krishnaiahCentral Water & Power Research station, Pune

abstract

Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) are one of the leading techniques in the field of groundwater research due to their combined application in evaluating, monitoring, and conserving this precious resource. A study based on deciphering the groundwater potential zones using RS-GIS techniques was conducted in Deccan Basaltic Aquifers of Upper Bhima Basin, Maharashtra, India covering an area of 2360 km2. The thematic maps such as Geomorphology, Rainfall, Digital Elevation Model, Drainage network, Lineament, Geology, and Hydrogeology were prepared. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been procured from ASTER-GDEM data. Slope map was derived from DEM to understand the slope of the land. All the thematic maps were converted into grid (raster) format and superimposed by weighted overlay method (rank and weightage wise thematic maps). During weighted overlay analysis, ranking was given to individual parameters and weights were assigned according to the influence such as geomorphology– 35%, Geology – 25%, slope – 20%, and drainage density – 20%. The resultant map was further categorized as Excellent, Very Good, Good, Moderate, and Poor potential zones. For verification of these zones, ground based surveys were conducted in which representative dug wells from different villages in the study area were selected and it was found that maximum wells were located in the areas having higher groundwater potential.

Keywords : Bhima Basin; GIS; Groundwater Potential Zone; Remote sensing; Weighted Overlay

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crucial rOle Of cOmmunity leD regulatiOn in Deep aQuifer management fOr sustainable DevelOpment Of grOunDWater resOurce in maharashtra

vinODkumar j. tiWari anD k.n. DeshmukhMaharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority

abstract

Recently, the withdrawal of groundwater is shifted from unconfined to confined aquifer through deep bore wells/tube wells for irrigation as well as domestic use in Maharashtra. This shift is because of the fact that the unconfined aquifer is not able to yield sufficient water to meet the increasing requirement of community for agricultural and domestic use. Since the construction of water conservation structures with respect to availability of feasible sites in a watershed has limitations, in most of the water stressed areas of the State, various types of suitable water conservation structures have been constructed by the government and non-government organizations. In spite of this, it has been found that, with average annual rainfall in these areas, the saturation of unconfined aquifer is not sustaining throughout the year, resulting in depletion of water table in area. This may be because, in Maharashtra, agriculture is shifting towards more water intensive cash crop resulting, in increase in deep bore wells / tube wells, increasing the risk of drying out the deeper confined aquifer as there is more extraction compared to the natural recharge. To restrain this, since enforcing only legal cudgel may not yield expected results, community led participatory ground water regulation is thought to be a better way out. The great challenge of a regulatory body is to educate the community about the behavior of ground water while percolating through aquifers at different depth and also make them aware of the fact that unless and until, there is a slowdown and eventually we stop the withdrawal on large scale for irrigation purposes from deeper aquifers, sustainable development of groundwater resource is not possible in the State. This paper discusses about the causes of above problem and Maharashtra Ground water (D&M) Act 2009 as a tool to give a solution for it.

Keywords : confined aquifer; unconfined aquifer; saturation; water table; water intensive cash crop.

Water security – jal jeevan missiOn, Water

gOvernance & pOlicy

23


making minOr irrigatiOn schemes successful thrOugh cOmmunity management – an example frOm West bengal

archisman mitra, mOhammaD faiZ alam, alOk sikka anD amarnath giriraj International Water Management Institute, New Delhi, India

prabhat kumar mishra, akhilesh parey anD Debashis rOyWest Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Project

abstract

Under the “West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation (WBADMI) Project”, state water resources department has rejuvenated or constructed new minor irrigation schemes and handed them over to the community via Water User Associations (WUAs) for operation and management. We have looked into WUA’s effectiveness as an institution and its impact on the success of minor irrigation schemes. We also compared it with similar other government schemes which do not have WUAs. We find significant increase in cropping intensity, crop diversity and yield for project farmers in comparison to the non-project farmers in schemes without WUAs. The creation of infrastructure and water storage is critical but would be of little use if it is not properly managed. WUA can be an effective institution for that purpose. Lack of proper planning and control, leads to water misuse, low fee collection and lack of maintenance. It threatens long term sustainability of the infrastructure. Positive outcomes in WBADMI schemes are also due to adoption of new technologies and better agricultural practices, which have been facilitated by effective agricultural support services, in terms of additional training and input support from the project. Our results indicate that community involvement in the form of WUAs and agricultural support services will definitely add critical value towards similar minor irrigations schemes of the government. Through proper convergence with other government development schemes and making scheme operation more centralized under WUAs, there is scope to sustain WUAs in the long term and get added benefits from water infrastructure.

Keywords : agricultural support services; minor irrigation infrastructure; participation; water management; water user associations

24


Water resOurces sustainability - lOOking fOr sOlutiOns beyOnD Water sectOr

nanDakumaran p anD pratul saxenaCentral Ground Water Board, DoWR, RD & GR, New Delhi

abstract

Stress on available water resources in India has been increasing steadily over the last few decades, thanks to the growing needs of a spiraling population. This has resulted in various adverse environmental impacts such as reduction in river flows, drying up of surface water bodies and wells and increasing water contamination due to natural and anthropogenic causes. In spite of its limited role in the utilization and governance of the resource, Department of Water Resources, Rd & GR, Ministry of Jal Shakti is vested with the arduous responsibility of water resources management in the country. Management interventions being promoted to address depletion of water resources has been restricted mostly to various supply and demand side management measures as part of various schemes of Ministries of Jal Shakti, Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare and Rural Development. This paper explores the possible roles of other sectors / Ministries seemingly unrelated to water sector in supporting the Government efforts to ensure long-term sustainability of water resources in the country.

Keywords: Water resources, management, sustainability, contamination, depletion.

25


pOlicy interventiOns anD institutiOnal refOrms fOr sustainable Water management

vijai saranIrrigation Management Organization, Central Water Commission, New Delhi

k.s. chaitanyaInter-State Matters-2 Dte., Central Water Commission

abstract

Rainfall pattern and water availability in India are characterized by high spatial and temporal variability. Climate change is further expected to increase spatial and temporal variability of rainfall/water availability. It is observed that most of the rainfall during the monsoon season is increasingly occurring during limited number of days. This leads to scarcity of water in some regions while simultaneously flooding in other regions. Increase in spatial and temporal variability of rainfall/water availability could be dealt with Inter Basin Transfer of Water (IBTW) from surplus to deficit basins and by increasing water storage in its various forms respectively. However, supply side interventions have limitations in enhancing the utilizable water resources and meeting growing future needs. Therefore, there has to be a renewed focus on demand management initiatives. Besides the need for improving Water Use Efficiency (WUE), efficient management of the available water through proper water budgeting is the need of the hour. Water management at the level of States is plagued with many ills such as lack of coordination among various departments involved and lack of proper maintenance of water resources projects. This paper attempts to explore the reasons for such ills plaguing the water management in India and tries to address them through suggestions on necessary institutional reforms and policy interventions at various levels. Improved water governance, proper coordination mechanism as well as conducive policy atmosphere can go a long way in ensuring sustainable water management in India.

Keywords : coordination; demand management; supply side interventions; variability; water budgeting; WUE

alternate sOurces Of Water - DesalinatiOn,

reuse & recycle Of Waste Water

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feasibility Of treateD Water frOm seWerage treatment plants fOr use in irrigatiOn With suitable cOnveyance system

sabarna rOySenior Vice President (Business Development), Electrosteel Group

abstract

Mr Sabarna Roy, the author, has been associated as a Senior Engineering professional from close quarter in the development of the feasibility report for use of treated water from 6 Sewage Treatment Plants, namely, Beur, Karmalichak, Pahadi, Kankarbagh, Saidpur and Digha and use of the treated water for irrigation purpose with suitable conveyance system. This feasibility report was prepared by Samarth Infra Tech Services Private Limited, as per mandate given by the Water Resources Department of Bihar to utilize treated water from the proposed 6 Sewage Treatment Plants for Patna City, being constructed by the Urban Development Department for irrigation purpose.

Samarth Infra Tech Services Private Limited carried out actual site visit along with senior officials of BUIDCO for detailed study of the Sewage Treatment Plants and their outlets. They also jointly visited with the irrigation field officers to understand the details of the existing irrigation network and also with local public representatives to finalize the Command Area of the irrigation project.

Based on all these, a detail investigation was carried out, locations of sources were identified and tentative alignment of transmission mains to collect treated water and convey it to required locations were finalized. This was achieved having studied the recent development plan of Patna City and a study carried out to understand the land use pattern in detail.

The technical paper will dwell into all these studies made in this regard including the options studied and evaluated before arriving at the final conclusions.

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creating an ecO-system fOr WasteWater reuse

suDeep kumar sinhaDeloitte Touche Tohmatsu India LLP

abstract

Waste-water reuse by industries is becoming increasingly important to supplement their growing requirement. In the author’s experience, there are several inter-related elements, that need to be considered in order to successfully bring various stakeholders together in a waste-water treatment and reuse project. The critical stakeholders at a project level typically include waste-water generators, industrial estate managers, waste-water treatment facility providers and treated waste water users. A waste-water reuse project needs to be structured keeping in mind several inter-related aspects, i.e. distance of the waste water generators and the potential user, assurance of quantity of treated waste water, treatment technology, matching the quality of the treated effluent and the water quality requirement of the user, pricing of treated waste water vs. fresh water, disposal and management of sludge, amongst others. A waste-water re-use project structure needs to consider the technical, financial and contractual implications of these aspects. We believe without a planned effort to bring these stakeholders on a common platform, a waste-water re-use project is difficult to structure and could result in sub-optimal results. This paper brings details out the key questions/aspects that need to be kept in mind while structuring a wastewater reuse project and implications for policy makers.

Keywords : stakeholder, common platform, technical, financial, contractual, distance, quality, price, quantity, technology

extreme event management – flOOD &

DrOught

33


challenges in flOOD anD DrOught management (at same time) in kukaDi basin (upper krishna) in maharashtra

hanumant DhumalDr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Technology Pimpri, Pune, India

Dr. sunil b. thakareAnantrao Pawar College of Engineering & Research, Pune, India

Dr. shreenivas n. lOnDhe Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Pune, India

viilas rajput Water Resources Department, Pune India

abstract

Kukadi Irrigation Project lies in K5 sub basin of Krishna in Maharashtra. The project envisages cluster of 5 major dams (named Dimbhe, Manikdoh, Wadaj, Pimpalgaojoge and Yedgao) having irrigation potential of 156000 ha with annual 943.98 Mcum water utilization. Live water storage capacity of all the dams is 864.48 Mcum. The average annual rain fall in catchment varies from 900 mm to 3600 mm and that to in command varies from 600 mm to 400 mm.

The command area lies in drought prone area in Pune, Ahmednagar and Solapur districts of Maharashtra. The Yedgao dam is like pick up weir having its own yield and storage. It also receives water from Dimbhe dam (though DLBC), Wadaj dam (through MLBC), Manikdoh dam (through river) and through Pimpalgaojoge dam (through river) and Chillewadi dam. The project has main canals having total length of 582 km. Its major canal is KLBC, (Kukadi left bank canal). The KLBC starts from Yedgao dam and runs for 249 km in Pune (25 km), Ahmednagar (185.km) and Solapur (39 km) districts. and the KLBC runs on water of Yedgao.

34

Every year, the project manager has to face the flood and drought situation at the same time. In July August 2019 there was extreme situation, when catchment area received more than 200 % of precipitation and in command the precipitation was even less than 25 % of annual average. The river was flooded with water and the banks within 5 km were having extreme scarcity of water in mid monsoon. The upper reaches and river bank project engineers were busy in flood mitigation and command area was waiting tankers for water drinking. The paper envisages the challenges in K5 sub basin of Bhima (Upper Krishna) to handle extreme event of drought and flood situation at a same. In present study, simultaneous flood and drought management in Kukadi sub basin is discussed.

Keywords : drought, flood, management, scarcity

35


embracing uncertainty fOr Water resOurces risk anD reliability analysis

michael kane anD Dr. jOnathan QuebbemanRTI International

abstract

Water resources managers around the world are working to find ways to better prepare for the threats of extreme events, uncertain supplies, and declining water quality. A growing population and a shifting climate can intensify the consequences of these threats. Planning for and mitigating impacts of extreme events is made more challenging as it involves dealing with and understanding the uncertainty inherent in the data, the models, and the actual systems. The Center for Water Resources at RTI International is helping water managers to more fully assess and understand their system risks in order to guide planning and mitigation decisions. This presentation will present approaches we are using to better characterize uncertainty, evaluate feasible water resources system responses, and distill complex results to understand trade-offs. The case studies presented are examples of a broader paradigm shift that RTI is advancing – a shift away from narrow future assumptions toward a more complete understanding of potential water resources-related risks and impacts.

Keywords : climate change; extreme events; modeling; risk; water security

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nOn-structural measures fOr flOOD mitigatiOn

mayuraksha barDhan River Research Institute, West Bengal, India

abstract

Flood causes enormous loss of life, throws normal life out of gear, leaves large scale destruction of property and crops, disrupts essential services and other developmental activities, creates hue and cry, chaos and loss in confidence in the people and thus costs the country’s exchequer crores of rupees every year. The sustainable development of a country is adversely affected by the fury of floods. It is not possible in a developing country to ensure foolproof structural protection to the people owing to economical constraints. In such cases, non-structural flood control measures may be explored. Some of the non-structural measures are proper flood defence education, efficient drainage system and environmental hazard reduction, river control and monitoring of hydraulic structures, floodplain management, flood proofing, watershed management and anti-erosion strategies, flood relief management, flood forecasting and warning, setting up of flood control stations, flood insurance, economical strategies, etc. Computer-mediated communication systems, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, electronic decision support systems (DSS) and risk-analysis techniques have developed substantially and show great promise for supporting sustainable flood mitigation. Deserted houses, inundated fields, disrupted services, damaged properties, crops and floating carcasses of dead animals show the devastation of floods which have catastrophic impact on country’s sustainable development. Sustainable development is process-oriented and does not focus on a static world order. As such, flood management involves a constant search for ways to incorporate mitigative concepts into development decisions to reduce our vulnerability to natural hazards like floods for today and tomorrow.

Keywords: Flood defence education; floodplain management; flood forecasting and warning; disaster preparedness; flood mapping and damage assessment

37


OperatiOnal agrOmet aDvisOry service fOr aDDressing flOODs anD DrOught risks fOr sustainable crOp management in the cOuntry

r. balasubramanian India Meteorological Department, Pune, India

k. ghOsh, k.k. singh, s.D. attri anD s.c. bhanIndia Meteorological Department, New Delhi

abstract

Increasing incidences of extreme weather events like drought and prolonged dry spells in central and western states, heavy rainfall and flooding in eastern and north-eastern states and cyclone-induced heavy rains and flash flooding in coastal states cause havoc and crop failures. An essential component of sustainable agriculture is to enhance resilience of agriculture by reducing exposure of farmers to short- or long-term risks due to climate variability. IMD implements Agrometeorological Advisory Service, viz., ‘Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa’ scheme, wherein weather forecast and agromet advisories are disseminated to farmers in 662 rural districts to facilitate them take decisions on farming.

In conjunction with medium range weather forecast (5 days), extended range forecast for next 15 days is used for better management of extreme events particularly prolonged dry spells and excess rainfall events. There has been persistent problem of dry conditions in North Interior Karnataka, Rayalaseema, Marathwada, North Madhya Maharashtra, Western Vidarbha, Saurashtra & Kutch. On the contrary, flood situations are common in Bihar, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, Coastal Andhra Pradesh and other north-eastern states. There is a need for agromet intervention for strategic planning.

Farmers’ Portal system is used for vibrant communication of weather-based alerts and warning and agromet advisories through short message service (SMS). 40.2 million farmers in the country benefitted by SMS. WhatsApp and other mobile-Apps are also used for two-way communication among digitally-literate farmers.

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It is envisaged to provide weather forecast at block level (10km resolution) to cover around 120 million farmers in the country through SMS. Ways, success stories, and challenges are discussed.

Keywords: Climate Risks; Climate Resilience; Extreme Weather Events; Weather Alerts

39


an integrateD reservOir OperatiOn sOlutiOn fOr extreme hyDrO-meteOrOlOgical event Of 2019 in chambal basin

sharaD chanDra, lakshminarayan s. anD vasanthakumar v.Central Water Commission

abstract

The sub-basins of Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sone, Lower Yamuna and Middle Sub-basin of Mighty Ganga River system in Central India witnessed extreme hydro-meteorological event during Monsoon 2019. The region received unprecedented rainfall in excess of 129% of long period average monsoon rainfall. There are several dams with significant storage capacity in these sub-basins. During year the 2019, though the Monsoon was poor in June, consistent rainfall since July was observed in this region, with spells of extremely heavy rainfall. This resulted in filling of most of the reservoirs to their full capacity at the end of August. Extreme events in the first fortnight of September in Western and Central Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Rajasthan generated huge inflow into the reservoirs which were already at Full Reservoir Level (FRL). The excess rainfall and the releases from dams led to severe to extreme flood situation in Ganga Basin starting from the sub-basins mentioned above to the several reaches of Lower Ganga Basin upto Farakka in Murshidabad District. The current paper describes the rainfall situation, reservoir situation and flooding situation in the region during Monsoon 2019 and attempts for integrated reservoir operation (IRO) of various dams viz. Gandhi Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam, Bisalpur Dam and Kalisindh Dam through optimization technique using Deltares - RTC tools, Rainfall- Runoff model and its forecast, which could have reduced the flood situation at several locations in Ganga Basin.

Keywords : Basin; FRL; IRO; Monsoon; Rainfall-Runoff Model

climate change – impact On Water resOurces

43


reservOir OperatiOn fOr extreme events using DecisiOn suppOrt system – a case stuDy Of bhakra anD beas Dams

DevenDra kumar sharma, tarun agarWal anD anil vyasBhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh

abstract

Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) operates two major reservoirs formed by Bhakra and Pong dams. These reservoirs provide drinking and irrigation water to the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, UT Chandigarh and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. At the same time they carry out flood control in the State of Punjab. These dams are termed as life line of North West India. Reduction in storage capacities of reservoirs due to sedimentation and variation between inflows and demands coupled with uncertainties in hydrological cycle like floods and droughts make the old established operational rules of reservoirs less accurate and sometimes irrelevant in case of multipurpose storage projects like Bhakra and Pong dams having storage capacity of 7.04 and 6.79 billion cubic meter (BCM) respectively. The basin/water shed conditions show large scale variation in the flow inducing variants such as precipitation and temperature. Therefore, a good equilibrium between inflow and demands, meeting the requirement of flood control, drinking and irrigation water requireoptimizingconflicting interests of these sectors. These parameters play a vital role in the reservoir operation. The moving hydrological cycle of watershed led BBMB to use modern tools and techniques such as hydrologic, hydrodynamic-2D, sediment modeling etc. along with data analysis to govern the long term, seasonal, short term and real time planning of reservoirs to cope with several variables like snow accumulation, melting period, monsoon variability, extreme events, storage capacity reduction and climate change impacts in coming years. These planning tools are also known as Real Time Decision Support System and are applied to the existing BBMB watershed and reservoir operations for the last 3-4 years. These systems provide good results/solutions to the water resources engineers and management. By using these tools and techniques BBMB has successfully handled the extreme draw down levels during water year-

44

2018 and could fill its reservoir to near full level during the monsoon. During water year 2019, by planning scenarios like seasonal inflows, snow accumulation, snow melt contribution, monsoon prediction and water demand, reservoirs were filled up with minimum spilling to avoid flooding of the downstream areas. Structural stability of these dams is also of paramount consideration as they are serving the Nation for the last more than 50 years.

In this paper the river inflows, storage capacity of reservoirs, water demands, structural stability, reduction of storage due to sedimentation, usage of modern tools/software such as hydrological modeling, hydrodynamic modeling system for reservoirs operation in case of Bhakra and Beas dams have been discussed.

45


ensuring sustainable grOunDWater management in vieW Of climate changes

sanjay marWahaCentral Ground Water Board

abstract

Occurrence of groundwater across a highly variant geological environment in a large country like India results in differential groundwater availability of this resource at various locations in space and time. This high variability is further impacted by a monsoon climate during which most rainfall occurs during a short period (June to September) spreading around 3 to 4 weeks only. Fast paced climate changes result in drier climates at some locations and extremely wet conditions at other locations (even desert areas). The high variability of rainfall across length and breadth of nation causes large availability at certain times even resulting in flash floods and too less availability at other times resulting in drought conditions.

Government of India has identified 1592 Water-stressed districts with critical or over-exploited groundwater levels and the least availability of groundwater in comparison to the rest of the districts in the state for undertaking focused measures in respect of water conservation during monsoon period.

Considering the increasing demand for water since two-fifths of India’s agricultural output comes from areas irrigated with groundwater, sustainable groundwater management in India has thus become a huge challenge. This calls for rethinking of current projects and evolving appropriate ground water conservation and management techniques such as river bank filtration, recharging mountain frontal areas, direct subsurface storages etc. so that our future generations do not suffer because of the shortages of this precious resource.

Keywords : Climate Change; Ground water; monsoon; river bank; water-stressed;

46


DetectiOn Of climate change signals in the histOrical climate Datasets fOr chambal basin in maDhya praDesh

t. thOmas anD shashi p. inDWarNational Institute of Hydrology, WALMI Campus, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

p.c. nayakNational Institute of Hydrology, Hanuman Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India

b. venkateshNational Institute of Hydrology, Siddarth Nagar, Kakinada, AP, India

abstract

Water resources management in the arid and semi-arid areas is a quite a challenging task owing to the large number of hydrologic, environmental and management factors. The climate change has opened up a new spectrum of challenges viz., higher occurrences of extreme events like droughts, floods and heat waves alongwith increased variability of rainfall and uncertain water availability scenario in the future. Investigations have been carried out to detect the climate change signals in the historical climate datasets for the Chambal basin in Madhya Pradesh. The average annual rainfall has decreased from 1038.5 mm during 1931-60 to 951.40 mm during 1961-90 and 925.10 mm during 2001-2015. The average annual rainfall varies spatially, with decreasing rainfall from east to west (districts bordering Rajasthan) viz., 800-900 mm in the districts of Neemuch, Mandsaur, Ratlam and parts of Ujjain and Dhar districts, 900 – 1000 mm in the districts of Agar, Indore, major parts of Ujjain and parts of Dhar, Dewas, Shajapur and Rajgarh districts, 1000 – 1100 mm) at Guna, parts of Rajgarh, Shajapur, Dewas, Vidisha and Sehore districts and > 1100 mm in the eastern parts falling partly in the districts of Bhopal, Rajgarh, Shajapur and Sehore. The comparison of the number of rainy days between the baseline period (1961-90) and present period (1991-2015) indicates considerable decrease in the number of rainy days in 47 out of the 53 blocks in the study area. The extreme rainfall (P> 200 mm/day) and very heavy rainfall (P>100 mm/day) has also increased in most parts of the study area whereas a mixed trend has been

47

observed for heavy rainfall (P>50 mm/day). The 1-day maximum temperature (1-day MaxT) has shown a significant rising trend at 5% significance level. The very hot days (MaxT>40oC) and hot days (MaxT>35oC) have also increased significantly. The trends detected in these indices suggest towards an increased scenario of water stress in the basin at present as compared to the baseline period and investigations are necessary to understand the impact of climate change on the future drought, desertification and water stress under the challenge of climate change related impacts.

Keywords : rainfall; temperature; semi-arid; drought; heat waves

48

spatiOtempOral characteriZatiOn Of future prOjecteD meteOrOlOgical DrOughts Over inDia

manOj kumar jain anD vivek guptaDepartment of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

abstract

Droughts are the costliest natural hazard affecting most parts of the world each year. In this study, a spatiotemporal analysis of future projected droughts was conducted for India. Temperature and Precipitation data from 7 Region Climate Models (RCMs) and two Representative concentration pathways were utilized in this analysis. Trend and periodicities in the drought characteristics for different parts of India were analysed. Further, A copula based joint return period analysis was performed to identify the changing probabilistic nature of various drought characteristics. Among three different drought indices, Standardized Precipitation- Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was found to be projecting the most severe droughts in future. Increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration will result in wide spread droughts in future covering most parts of the country. Highly inflated value of potential evapotranspiration (PET) due to global warming will significantly create extended dryness in larger parts of India. Moreover, the Joint Return Periods (JRP) for the Severity-Duration, Duration-intensity and Severity-Intensity were indicating more frequent occurrence of exceedance of 5, 10- and 50-year return values of any two characteristics in the same year in future.

aDvanceD technOlOgies in Water management

51


aDvanceD technOlOgies Of magnetic Water

girish nathuram chanDane anD yusuf abDulsattar inamDarConstruction Professionals

abstract

Magnetic water treatment (MWT) techniques have various applications in various fields such as construction,agriculture,safety, compatibility and simplicity, environmentally friendliness, cheaper cost and are not harmful. Magnetic water is having unique properties physically and chemically which is making it a multi-purpose compound with heavy benefits in medical treatment, industrial as well as environmental applications.Improvement in the field of irrigation water quality and quantity, crop yields, soil improvement and water saving are some of the best advantages in agriculture. It also effects on germination of seeds, plant growth and development, the ripening and yield of field crops. The main hurdle while using magnetic water agriculture in is efficient integrating of irrigation components, designing suitable pumps compatible with technical and field requirements of magnetic MWT systems. This study summarises the uses of magnetic water(MW )in agricultures. The practical challenges for using magnetic water(MW) in future is discussed in this paper.

Keywords : Agriculture; Construction; Saftey; Magnetized water; Crop yield; Irrigation water treatment.

52


assessment Of crOp acreage using geOspatial techniQue - a case stuDy Of banana crOp acreage unDer hatnur reservOir cOmmanD area

anupriya jaDhav, sunil gaikWaD, makaranD kulkarni, s. s. Deshmukh anD n.v. shinDeMaharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra, India

abstract

India is one of the world’s highest Banana producing countries. In Maharashtra, the majority of farmers in Jalgaon and Buldhana district are leading producers of banana crop. The timely and accurate information of acreage estimation of crops is highly essential for decision making and policy formulation to the various field authorities. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute (MERI) deals with such type of crop mapping using Satellite Remote Sensing Technique. The remote sensing technique is cost effective and fairly accurate for assessment of various crops because of its higher temporal frequency that covers large area. The objective is to identify, measure and generate village-wise statistics for Banana crop in the specified command area of the Hatnur Reservoir, Dist- Jalgaon. The assessment of banana estimation comprises of two components. (1) Remote sensing covers the selection of appropriate satellite images, pre and post analysis with ground truth. (2) The GIS part covers the collection of village maps / cadastral maps, geo-referencing, vectorisation and rasterisation of maps and overlaying of these raster maps to extract the land use statistics at village level. ERDAS IMAGINE, a standard image analysis software is being used for this study. This paper presents methodology adopted, utility and importance of geospatial technique for assessment of banana acreage.

Keywords : ERDAS IMAGINE, GIS, IRS, Remote Sensing, Supervise Classification.

53


Water infOrmatiOn system technOlOgy

klaus kistersKISTERS AG, Germany

abstract

Effective water information systems enable organisations to quantify, analyse and manage water within their jurisdiction. Modern water information systems integrate scalar and raster observations of surface water, groundwater and meteorological data with forecasts, decision support analytics and publication.

Water information software is the crucial tool to deal with manifold challenges like climate change, water scarcity, flooding and agriculture. Modern information technology provides the right data and modelling results for better decisions in water resource management. The end-to-end process starts with sensors for hydrometeorology to monitor the quantity and quality of the water body and it contains statistical and deterministic modelling for flood forecasting and water resource management. With new remote sensing technology via radar and satellite, the hydrologist has a 360° view of the situation, which helps in flood situations as well as operational purposes. In an IoT environment, big data and analytical solutions help to deal with very large data volumes.

Examples around the world from North America, Europe and Southeast Asia present the current state of the technology.

54


iOt baseD smart Digital irrigatiOn Of rice in inDia : a methODOlOgical frameWOrk

b. khapre, ashOk karva anD v.D. lOliyanaMechatronics Systems Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra

abstract

The water-food-energy nexus is central to sustainable development in agriculture country like India. The demand for all three is increasing, driven by a rising global population, rapid urbanization, changing diets and economic growth. Agriculture is the largest consumer of the India’s freshwater resources. Recent technological developments are being used for efficient management of water resources within the irrigation command area. Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied to a series of interconnected decision points for possible water use efficiency gain of the irrigation network system within the command area. It integrates monitoring and controlling devices, mechanical and digital tools, objects and humans. Designing and developing a system through efficient use of IoT could help develop model for increasing water efficiency. The rice is the dominating cropping pattern in India which requires huge volume of water. Here, a methodological framework is presented to implement smart digital irrigation management system for Rice crop in Punjab state of India. The soil suction sensors are implemented to measure moisture content of soil for rice and other crops. Subsequently, irrigation schedule (both timing and quantity of irrigation) is determined using algorithms and mobile based pump control system integrated with decision support system (to implement irrigation scheduling and monitor the pump operation remotely) is being implemented. The groundwater levels and volume of water extracted along with energy consumption are monitoring repeatedly. All these systems are being connected through to cloud-based system through IoT smart devices for efficient water resource management in command area.

Keywords : IoT; Rice; Soil Moisture; Smart Irrigation; Water management

initiatives unDer nhp

57


cOmparisOn Of river basin mODel sOlutiOns On the narmaDa river basin test prOblem

nesa ilichTAMC Consultants, NHP Project, New Delhi, India

mukesh sinhaNarmada Control Authority, India

neeraj manglikDep. of Water Resources, Ministry of Jal Shakti

abstract

River basin models have been one of the primary areas of research and development in the water resources sector in the past few decades. There is a large number of publications detailing new modelling strategies and tools with a large variety of emerging modelling techniques. However, in the area of water resources management models, there is a notable shortage of agreement in the literature on the minimum operational constraints that the models should be able to address, as well as a set of widely accepted numerical test problems that would allow a comparison of solutions from various models so as to analyze their compliance with operational constraints and inspect the quality of their solutions in terms of the stated objectives. This paper documents evaluation of model solutions for a test problem that addressed the needs of the Narmada Control Authority (NCA) in India. This was the first time a solution to the numerical test problem was requested from the vendors as part of the tender procurement process for a World Bank funded project. The problem was deterministic, and it involved a set of constraints that were of interest to NCA. The vendors were asked to provide solutions for a system of five reservoirs, seven off-stream and four on-stream water demands, using a steady state flow assumption based on a 10-daily time step over a period of 9 years, along with relatively simple and straight forward operating rules. Seven different models were used by various vendors, and the quality of their solutions are discussed in this paper.

Keywords : reservoir management, multiple time step optimization, optimal demand hedging

58

sensitivity analysis Of variable infiltratiOn capacity (vic) hyDrOlOgical mODel tO sOil parameters

arivOli e, saksham jOshi, annie maria issac, raju pv anD raO v.v.National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, India

abstract

Soil Profile Variations play a crucial role in Land Surface Models like Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) while simulating the hydrological variables. Soil hydraulic parameters defined in model controls and influence the rainfall infiltration rates and surface runoff generation. This study attempts to assess the sensitivity of three soil parameters used for soil profile characterisation in the VIC model. The parameters are shape of infiltration curve (b), fraction of maximum base flow velocity (Ds) and fraction of maximum soil moisture where non-linear base flow occur ( Ws), derived from the soil textural properties. The study was conducted for Subernarekha basin for a time period of 1985-2018. It was observed that, under saturated conditions the model was insensitive to the variations in these parameters, as the variable infiltration curve defines the variation in point infiltration capacity with respect to fraction of area under saturation. In unsaturated conditions, the change in Evapotranspiration (ET) was directly proportional to the change in parameter b. Though runoff was influenced by all the selected parameters, a higher sensitivity to parameter b was observed. The analyses showed that the trends in the variation of parameter b and Ws had a direct bearing on the runoff simulation, whereas simulated runoff exhibited a decreasing trend with increase in value of Ds. Model simulated base flow was sensitive to Ws, an increase in the Ws decreased the baseflow, as the threshold of soil moisture for initiation of non-linear baseflow is increased.

Keywords: Base flow; Climatic condition; Evapotranspiration; Runoff; Soil parameters

spatial & remOte sensing technOlOgy in Water

resOurces

61


stream flOW preDictiOn using artificial neural netWOrk anD suppOrt vectOr regressiOn

prOf. shreenivas lOnDhe, Dr. praDnya Dixit anD Dr. preeti kulkarniVishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune

abstract

Stream flow is a highly complex and highly non-linear process and its forecast few time step ahead is important in many activities associated with planning and operation of the components of a water resources system and to plan for future expansion or reduction. As a result, researchers always try and devise alterative techniques to forecast stream flow with relative ease and reasonable accuracy though traditional deterministic and conceptual models. The present work uses two data driven techniques namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) to forecast river flow one day in advance at two stations (Rajghat and Mandleshwar) in the Narmada Catchment of India. The results are further compared and it indicates that the models performed reasonably well as far as accuracy of prediction is considered. It was found that ANN and SVR perform at par with each other, however SVR performed better than ANN though marginally as far as prediction accuracy in extreme events is considered.

Keywords : Stream flow, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Regression

62


applicatiOns Of remOte sensing anD Dgps technOlOgy in Water resOurces Department in maharashtra

sunil gaikWaD, santOsh Wagh, makaranD kulkarni, sanjay Deshmukh anD nagenDra shiDeMaharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra

abstract

Remote Sensing and DGPS technology has potential to provide valuable information on various aspects of water management. Remote sensing from space, which can regularly provide objective information on the agricultural and hydrological condition of irrigated area and has a great potential for enhancing the water management. Remote sensing and DGPS technique applications in water management ranges from water availability studies in the catchment to the assessment of irrigated crops in the command area. The remote sensing technique has favorable advantageous for water management such as wide and repetitive coverage of area, high resolution, multispectral and temporal data availability. Due to this advantageous remote sensing technique is having important applications in water management such as assessment of water availability in reservoirs for optimal management to cater the irrigation demand, Identifying, inventorying and assessment of irrigated crops, Determination of irrigation water demand over space and time, Estimation of crop yield to some extent, Study on water logging and salinity problems in irrigated lands, Change Detection in command area and Land use land cover survey etc. The GPS technology provides accurate and precise geographic and topographic information in all weather condition hence it becomes popular surveying tool. Considering this, GPS technique is helpful in the following applications such as capacity assessment of reservoir, canal alignment and Command area survey of projects, village level co-ordinate survey and Gat area measurement. This paper presents above mentioned applications of Remote Sensing and DGPS technology in Maharashtra Water Resources Department.

Keywords - Assessment, Alignment, Capacity, Command, Coordinate, Detection.

63


Online irrigatiOn benchmarking services (Oibs) anD systematic asset management system (sams) tOOls fOr irrigatiOn perfOrmance : an OvervieW

upali amarasinghe, herath manthrithilake, thilina prabath paranaman anD alOk sikkaInternational Water Management Institute

abstract

Developing new irrigation schemes and modernizing the existing ones are critical development imperatives to meet the future food and water security. The systematic management of assets and monitoring and evaluation of performance are useful for improving performance and enhancing the resilience of these irrigation systems. However, in spite of huge investments, many irrigation systems have fallen short of the expectations of maintenance and performance. Often, the policymakers and senior water managers require reliable information at short notice for prioritizing investment decisions for improving the operations, maintenance, and the performance of canal irrigation systems. However, compiling the data of performance irrigation systems takes considerable time at present. The improved version of the “Online Irrigation Benchmarking Services (OIBS)” and the newly developed tool “Systematic Asset Management System (SAMS)” for irrigation systems address the information lacuna for monitoring performance. Both SAMS and OIBS are available online. They are useful for irrigation managers to assess the conditions of the assets, flag maintenance or repair requirements, and monitor and evaluate the performance of areas served by the assets. For policymakers and senior managers, the tools offer a quick glimpse of maintenance and repair requirements, and level of performance of irrigation systems under their purview. The SAMS is a system specific tool. The OIBS has data and offers comparisons of performance over time and across irrigation systems under similar hydro-meteorological and management conditions. Both offer safe electronic storage and integrity of data and indicators of irrigation systems.

Keywords : Canal irrigation, operation, maintenance, OIBS, SAMS

64


creatiOn Of Digital elevatiOn mODel & geO-Database

s.v. singhSurvey of India, Dehradun (Uttrakhand)

abstract

Survey of India is one of the Central Implementing Agencies in National Hydrology Project. SOI is creating two types of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in the Project. DEM of 0.5m accuracy is being created for around 58000 sq.km. area covering major rivers of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and portion of West Bengal. It covers the area corridor of 5 km. on either side of the river bank including area between river bank. The latest LiDAR technology is being used to create this DEM.

The second product which SOI will be providing is DEM of 3-5m accuracy of approximately 8.0 lakh sq.km. area. It covers area of Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Parts of the State of Punjab, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. Geo-Database of Spatial features for the same area is also being created. The latest Satellite Imagery is being used for creation of Geo-Database and contours of 1:25K topographical maps are being used for creation of DEM.

To achieve above DEM, a Geoidal Model of the Uttar Pradesh area is also being created to augment the processing of 0.5m DEM. The network of Continuously Operating Reference System (CORS) is also being implemented for the area of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

Apart from the above two major products, SOI is also creating a depth profile of cross-section of all the rivers covering under 8 lakh sq.km. mentioned above at a spacing of around 2-3 km. SOI is also linking all the Hydromet Stations of Surface water and ground water to orthometric (MSL) heights.

During the paper presentation a complete discussion about all the above mentioned products methodology will be discussed in detail.

Keywords : Digital Elevation model(DEM), Geodatabase, CORS, Geoidal Model, Lidar, Orthometric Height

65


estimatiOn Of satellite DeriveD actual evapOtranspiratiOn Over inDia using surface energy balance apprOach

niDhi misra, anurag mishra, chanDrasekar k., mOhammaD ahameD, k. bhargavi, abDul hakeem k., anD v.v. raONational Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO Hyderabad

abstract

Evapotranspiration is a major component of the hydrological cycle. It is responsible for the movement of water from land to atmosphere. Despite its critical importance an operational estimation of spatial evapotranspiration at a daily time step across the country is limited. Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for efficient crop water management, drought assessment and irrigation scheduling. Conventional Penman-Monteith method uses point measurements of weather data to estimate ET which have limited spatial representation. Spatial ET can be estimated using analytical techniques with different energy balanced based models, as a residual of the surface energy (Rn), sensible heat and soil heat flux. In this study the contextual interpretation of remotely sensed surface temperature and vegetation index is used in the modified Priestley-Taylor (PT) algorithm to derive actual evapotranspiration (AET). This paper discusses the approach and data used for generating the near-real-time AET product for India. Using modified PT algorithm, the near real time satellite derived daily AET product is generated along with net radiation and soil heat flux products at 5.5 km2 spatial resolution over India. In this paper validation protocols are also discussed to validate satellite derived AET product.

Keywords : modified PT algorithm, net radiation, soil heat flux, surface temperature, vegetation index

Water Quality anD seDiment management

69


an OvervieW Of surface Water Quality Of five river basins Of maharashtra state in recent years

a.a. DabhaDe anD a.p. khairnarPlanning and Hydrology Project, Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra

abstract

The environment is relative term to nature. God has bestowed Earth Mother nature in various forms of resources to the universe. God has gifted it to us as green environment. But increase in civilization, urbanization and industrialization has made man to go against nature. These aspects have really destroyed our environment. While going ahead towards development and production, we have forgotten that simultaneously we using our natural non-renewable sources to large extent. These all are on the verge of extinction. We are developing without thinking of our future generation. So we should develop considering the term “sustainable development.” Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”The Water Quality data generated by Hydrology Project (SW), Maharashtra for 127 Water Quality Sampling locations through various regional Water Quality Level-II, Laboratories at Nashik, Aurangabad, Nagpur, Pune, Kalwa (Thane) and Kolhapur for the period of June 2013 to May 2018 is considered for preparation of this report.The paper includes location-wise classification as per criteria of CPCB, ICAR for various Water Uses & salinity hazards towards use of water for Irrigation. Basin wise interpretation as per standards specified for water quality assessment along with recommendations for maintaining the wholesomeness of surface water.Keywords : CPCB, ICAR, Salinity hazards, Sustainable development, Water-quality trends.

70


urban hyDrOlOgy, grOunDWater Quality, pOllutiOn & management Of hussainsagar catchment area, hyDerabaD

mahesh kumar kODepaka, raprOlu DevenDra prasaD anD chitram rakesh chanDerGround Water Department, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad

abstract

Urban Hydrology, Groundwater Quality, Pollution & Management has become a major challenge. A number of factors like urbanization, industrialization, geology, soil, effluents, sewage disposal and other environmental conditions in which the water happens to stay or move and interact are responsible for this. The study has been made to assess the status of groundwater pollution due to urbanization as well as industrial emissions and quantification of groundwater resources (with special reference to dynamic resources) in Hussainsagar Catchment. Catchment area is about 287 sq. km. The study area is underlain by granites. Groundwater level and groundwater quality monitoring was carried out at 133 observation wells including 25 piezometers. Groundwater flow model was simulated to calculate the groundwater balance in the catchment and to find the groundwater and lake water interaction. The depth to water table shown that there was a meagre improvement during the study. But considerable water quality improvement was not observed. Two scenarios of Mass Transport model are run one with present status and the other to assess the impact of restoration measures which indicated the predicted TDS plume slight reduction of its concentration. The ground water balance for the entire catchment and lake water - ground water interaction in Hussainsagar is also computed.Keywords : Geophysical Surveys; Groundwater Modelling; Isopach; Mass Transport Modelling; Water Table

71


increase in ammOniacal-n level in river yamuna at WaZirabaD reservOir

pOOja tripathi anD suniti parashar Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi

abstract

River Yamuna covering 1376 km through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi & merges into River Ganga at Prayagraj. Important tributaries of River Yamuna are Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sindh (Right bank) and Hindon, Tons, Giri, from (Left bank). Yamuna River is not a continuous river especially during dry months between October and May. Barrages on the river transfer the river stretch between Hathnikund to Agra into three independent segments particularly in dry seasons (almost nine months) due to very little or no release of water from Downstream of Hathnikund Barrage, Wazirabad Barrage and Okhla Barrage. The river Yamuna reaches Tajewala barrage in Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana which is the origin of two important canals. River water is diverted to Western Yamuna Canal and Eastern Yamuna Canal for irrigation and drinking water supply in Haryana & Uttar Pradesh respectively. Discharge of wastewater from the towns/cities (Yamuna Nagar, Karnal, Panipat, Sonepat) located along the river from domestic sources are the main cause of pollution especially increase in Ammonical Nitrogen level in River Yamuna. There are habitations situated between Palla to Wazirabad on the flood plain of river Yamuna, henceforth there is possibility of discharge of wastewater from these habitations through tankers to river Yamuna in upstream of Delhi.

Keywords : River Yamuna; Pollution; Barrage; Habitation; Ammonical Nitrogen

72


assessment Of seDimentatiOn lOaD fOr Different flOOD cOnDitiOns in lOWer reaches Of river ganga anD its tributaries

n.n. rai anD rajesh kumarCentral Water Commission, New Delhi, India

abstract

The phenomenon of sediment transportation, erosion and its deposition is quite complex for a natural river systems especially for a gigantic river like Ganga. Ganga and Brahmaputra are the mighty rivers with very high sediment yield. Natural rivers involuntary tend to attain equilibrium on their own, under the balanced conditions of hydrology, sediment movement and its erosion & disposition. Therefore, the estimation of sediment load and consequently the rate of sedimentation in any of the river reach implicitly has inherent limitations and uncertainties. In order to estimate the sediment load in river Ganga in its lower reaches, the sediment data of river Ganga and its major tributaries viz Ghaghra, Sone, Gandak and Kosi has been analysed. In order to establish a proper relation between discharge and sediment load, concurrent discharge and suspended sediment data of more than 8 to 10 years is essential. In the present paper concurrent suspended sediment and discharge data of more than 10 years, available at different G&D sites of river Ganga and its tributaries has been analysed for fitting the sediment rating curve and to estimate the sediment load for different discharge conditions.

CommuniCation abstraCts

75


VErtiCaL ELECtriCaL sounDinGs to DECiPHEr aQuiFEr ConDitions in miDLanDs anD PLains oF bHima basin

m. majumDEr, swati mukHErjEE, b. umrikar, CH. subba rao, r. baskEy anD C. krisHnaiaHCentral water & Power Research station, Pun e

abstraCt

The occurrence, storage and movement of groundwater in Deccan trap basalt are determined by several factors such as geology, geomorphology and hydrogeology. Improper irrigation practices and excessive use of groundwater for industrial requirements have led to overstressed condition on groundwater. In addition, recurring drought conditions in upper Bhima region of Maharashtra resulted in over exploitation of water resources in general and groundwater in particular. Groundwater is available in this region mainly in weathered zones and fractures in bedrock. Various geophysical methods can be applied to map groundwater potential zones at various stages and scales. Electrical Resistivity method is popular due to its cost effectiveness, simplicity in use and its success rate in all stages. Under purpose driven study (National Hydrology Project), midlands and plains of the Bhima basin which include Ghod, Kukdi and Mina rivers and the command area of the Ghod reservoir was selected to decipher the subsurface geometry of the aquifer. At present, six major watersheds i.e BM-17, BM-18, BM-26, BM-27, BM-35, BM-34 were considered. 16 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out based on geological and hydrogeological reconnaissance. The inventory of dug wells and the results of soundings showed the presence of two to three distinct lithological layers those overlay the impermeable bed rock. The top most unit contains the soil cover having thickness of 1.0 to 4.0 meters with resistivity range of 12 Ω-m to 95Ω-m in some places resistivity range up to 270 Ω-m where dry weathered rock was encountered on the surface. The second unit belongs to weathered saturated/semi-saturated basalts thickness ranging from 2 to 70 meters with resistivity range of 14 Ω-m to 200 Ω-m. In some places, very high resistivity (up to 300-700 Ω-m) was observed where the layer was moderately weathered with dry conditions. Below this bed rock was encountered. In some locations presence of redbole was observed having

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very low resistivity in third layer. Aquifer geometry was mapped at preliminary stage in the area under study by conducting VES surveys. The results corroborate with well inventory. The result will be useful for further investigations for Purpose Driven Study in the study area.

Keywords : Aquifer geometry; Bhima basin; groundwater; Vertical Electrical Sounding; Well inventory;

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nExt GEnEration oF EnVironmEntaL monitorinG aPPLiCations usinG biG Data tECHnoLoGiEs

Giriraj amarnatH, niranGa aLaHaCoon anD surajit GHosHInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka

anju GaurThe World Bank, New Delhi, India

aLok sikkaInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI), New Delhi, India

abstraCt

When a flood or drought is approaching, local decision-makers in planning, water, agriculture and disaster-management departments need tools to help them monitor the situation and quickly take action. Satellite technology offers a valuable means to do this but a problem is the size of files. A one-petabyte satellite image file that a researcher in a well-equipped institute might download with relative ease could take the operator of a standard desktop computer a whopping 2.5 years to download. So how can developers of satellite products make them accessible to the people on the ground who really need them?

A solution has come in the form of Google Earth Engine (GEE). Free for non-commercial use, this geospatial data processing and analysis platform is powered by Google’s data-center infrastructure. It provides environmental data from satellites including NASA/US Geological Survey’s Landsat and MODIS satellite data products, and the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Sentinel 1 and 2 satellites, as well as non-satellite data, such as climate and topography. Experts can develop products within GEE itself, uploading additional data to it if required, and users can then query these within the engine. All they require is computer with an internet connection.

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IWMI, World Bank and the CGIAR Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) research program are combining remote sensing, ground observations using NDVI field sensors, Open Data Kit (ODK) and socioeconomic data to create knowledge products using GEE which uses Artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for applications in agriculture, water scarcity and security. Among early offerings will be flood-mapping product; identifying extreme rainfall events to establish hydromet services, a drought-monitoring package, based on indicators, such as vegetation, rainfall, temperature and soil moisture; land use land cover map and a global map of surface water bodies at 10m resolution. Although these products are new for GEE, they have been created on the back of years of work by IWMI developing similar offline products.

Keywords : Big data, Cloud computing, Google Earth Engine, Environmental Monitoring applications

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sELECtion oF automatED DisCHarGE mEasurEmEnt stations in CanaL nEtworks usinG moDErn tECHniQuEs

Dr. nEEna isaaC, Dr. n.D. atkEkar, P.s. kunjEEr anD V.n. kattE Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune

abstraCt

Spatial and temporal variation in water availability is a main challenge faced by water resources planners and engineers now-a-days. Water supply for irrigation and other purposes are being met with well developed canal networks in many interstate river basins in India. Real time and automated measurement of discharge at key locations along the canal network is of vital importance for water resources planning. The data is required for optimal and efficient utilization and planning of the distribution system of the available water resources.

Recently, automated and advanced techniques for discharge measurement are being implemented in many irrigation canal systems. Traditional discharge measurement methods are being replaced by these modern techniques along with real time telemetry and data transmission system. The location of the measurement stations should be selected with utmost care for ensuring accurate and reliable data.

The criteria for selecting few discharge measurement sites for KRMB canal system in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states is discussed in this paper.

Krishna River management Board (KRMB) has taken up implementation of Telemetry/ Automation data acquisition system in Krishna basin of Andhra Pradesh and Telengana States for the purpose of real time data acquisition of inflows and out flows to maintain proper water accounting using Side Looking Laser Doppler Current Profiler(SLDCP).

Following factors are also equally important for efficient operation of SLDCP.

(a) The instrument should be installed in straight reach of the canal.

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(b) Uniform flow in the canal in all stages and approach to the site should also be ensured.

(c) Lining at both banks of the canal with suitable slope to fix the SLDCP is recommended.

(d) It is to be ensured that the unaccounted outlets such as unauthorized pumps, drinking water schemes etc should be minimum.

(e) No obstacles like bushes, sea crops etc. in the canal under the water.(f) It should be ensured that the SLDCP site gets sufficient discharges in all stages

without variations of the velocity, meets no backwater and there is no stagnant water in the canal.

(g) The sensors should be regularly calibrated with the actual discharges.(h) There should not be any high voltage installation, transformer, overhead electric

lines etc near the SLDCP.

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FLow mEasurEmEnts in CanaLs to VaLiDatE non ContaCt tyPE sEnsors witH aDCP

b.surEsH kumar, Dr. s. samPatH anD Dr. (mrs) nEEna isaaC

abstraCt

Techniques for the determination of water discharge in canals usually rely on mechanical, electromagnetic or acoustic velocimetry instrumentation requiring contact with the flow. As a consequence, safety and logistic issues limit the applicability of conventional methods to gauge the flow in canals. Noncontact methods based on remote sensing of water surface velocity using Doppler radars or image sequence analyses have been developed in the past two decades.

The two main canals Carrier Lined Channel (CLC) and Delhi Sub Branch (DSB) of Delhi Jal Board are the main source of potable water in Delhi. Delhi Jal board has installed Non contact radar type discharge measurement sensor to measure the flow in the canals. The flow measurements were performed simultaneously with the two methods to present a comparison of discharge measurement made by non contact type radar sensor and moving boat ADCP to validate the non contact type sensor. Results show that the relative error is less with the ADCP over the non contact type. Besides the total value of discharge, the ADCP method also offers detailed information about velocity distribution over the cross section.

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instaLLation oF automatED FLow mEtEr witH Gsm tELEmEtry at DamoDar VaLLEy CorPoration maitHon

t.k. swain, s. ajai, P. m. a. raHiman, P.k. DorLE, j. PrakasH anD Dr. k.kumar Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune, India

abstraCt

Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) is the custodian of water bodies stored in the dams and the tributaries of the Damoder river in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The coal, steel, municipal corporations and power industries are mainly located along the river in these two states and are drawing water on chargeable basis. However there are lots of disputes regarding the water consumed by the various consumers. Because of the topography of the consumer locations along the Damodar river basin, it is not possible by DVC to physically monitor the water consumptions at all the consumer locations on a regular basis. Hence the DVC is in the need of accurate measurement of water usages by the consumers and availability of flow consumption data at its Maithon Dam Headquarter, Maithon, Jharkhand. Thus the Corporation has sought financial and technical assistance from Govt. of India through National Hydrology Project(NHP) for procurement and installation of electronic flow meters and necessary hardware for GSM/GPRS telemetry for water supply to all its consumers.

The investigation found that all the water withdrawal sites/pump houses are unique in flow delivering and water metering method. It was thus felt imperative to inspect all the sites of pumping locations. The 50 locations along the Damodar River basin in Jharkhand and West Bengal stretching over 400km have been inspected to collect the technical details of the pump houses such as pump capacity, size, material, number of delivery pipe lines and existing water flow measurement method. Based on the site assessments from the collected data and requirements at different sites, CWPRS suggested the technical specification of electronic flow meters with latest technology with automated electronic sensors and data transmitting equipments for 36 major locations along the Damodar river basin. The technical specification supplied by CWPRS also has covered the latest electronic data receiving and processing

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equipments to be installed at Maithon dam to determine the actual water usages of individual consumers.

The installation of the proposed automated flow meters, data transmitters-receivers and processing equipment will enable DVC to monitor and register the daily/monthly consumption of water usages by different consumers along the river basin. The implementation of this technological up gradation will save the pilferage of water from the river, give huge financial benefit and avoid water usage dispute between DVC and its consumers.

Keywords : Technical specification, Electronic Flowmeter, Processing Equipments, Data Acquisitions.

84


sPatiaLLy VaryinG irriGation watEr DEmanD For narayanPur CanaL CommanD arEa

ronaLD sinGH, anniE maria issaC, raju P.V. anD rao V.V.National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad, India

abstraCt

The irrigation releases in canal command areas, in general, are on the basis of pre-notified cropping pattern and mean meteorological conditions. Due to changes in croptype, extentand seasonal meteorological conditions, the actual irrigation demands vary from the envisaged/planned. This study attempts to estimate the field level irrigation requirement, using satellite data derived in-season crop information. Thespatial crop map generated using in-season satellite data has been used to generate crop coefficient (Kc) spatially, which later used to calculate crop water requirement. The crop water requirement, which is the crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) is estimated by two methods, Hargreaves and Samani method, and Penman Montieth Method. The irrigation requirement is estimated as the ETc in excess of effective rainfall. The study was conducted for Narayanpur command for the Kharif seasons of 2017 and 2018 and spatial maps of ETc and Irrigation Water Requirement was generated for both the years.Left bank canal irrigation demand is higher with significant area under paddy when compared to right bank canal which is mostly dominated by ID crops.The irrigation demand estimatedvaried with the method adopted. Hargreaves and Samani method provided irrigation demand of 800Mm3 and 1103Mm3 for 2017 and 2018 kharif seasons, respectively. Penman Montieth method provided irrigation demand of 1041Mm3and 1241Mm3, respectively. On validation with the canal release data from the field, it was observed that there was a higher release of water in the year 2018 as compared to 2017, which was similar to the trend of estimated infield irrigation requirement.

Keywords : Irrigation demand, Potential Evapotranspiration, Hargreaves and Samani Method, Penman Montieth Method.

85


in-sEason CroP maPPinG For sELECtED irriGation CommanD arEa usinG muLti-DatE satELLitE Data

sobHan misHra, anniE maria issaC, raju P.V. anD rao V.V.National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad, India

abstraCt

Estimation of crop extent and crop type information during the irrigation season provides opportunities for in-season irrigation demand estimation and its spatial-temporal variation among irrigation units. Cloud cover during Kharif (monsoon) season constraints the use of optical sensor satellite data. The study attempts synergistic use of microwave and optical data sets for deriving crop extent and crop type information during the crop season. Temporal microwave data was used for obtaining paddy cultivated area by image segmentation in the beginning of the season, when cloud cover is predominant. Time composition of temporal optical datasets was used to eliminate cloud (partially) after which it was were subjected to haze correction. Classification was carried out on the time composited image, in conjunction with the prior ground truth to identify the non paddy crops in the study area. A combined crop map was generated which illustrated the crop extent of major crop groups including paddy. The major crop groups categorized were rice, bi-seasonal (cotton, chilly), dry crops (Jowar, Red gram and Sunflower). The paddy crop extended for 35 % of the total crop area, whereas bi-seasonal and dry crops contributed for 23% and 38% respectively, when remaining 4 % was annual crops like sugarcane orchards etc. Accuracy of the classification was analyzed by computing kappa value which showed fair degree of agreement with ground truth. The latency in deriving crop specific information varied with crop type, its spectral emergence and signature establishment. Paddy with its ponded condition in transplantation facilitated classification by 30 to 45 days from start of the season using temporal microwave data, because of which paddy crop transplantation variation was also identified. Other crops extents are derived at later stages of the season from cloud eliminated time composited images. This latency has significant bearing on use of crop extent and crop type information for estimating in-season irrigation. Creating such inventory for different years representing varying rainfall (monsoon) conditions would provide systematic database for in-season irrigation demand estimation. Keywords : Irrigation demand, Microwave Data, Classification, Kappa, Image Segmentation

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FunCtionaL tEstinG oF raDar anD uLtrasoniC watEr LEVEL sEnsors usinG soLiD surFaCE tyPE rEFLECtor at CwPrs, PunEDr. n.D. atkEkar, Lata GuPta anD roCky Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune

abstraCt

CWPRS is identified as a Nodal institute for providing technical expertise in the field of Hydro meteorological and Water Quality Instrumentation used by various State Implementing Agencies within the overall framework of World Bank aided National Hydrology Project. In this endeavor, it was planned to develop Testing, Calibration and Certifying Facilities (TCCF) at CWPRS.

As a part of this effort an attempt has been made to test the Non Contact type water level sensors viz Radar and Ultrosonic using solid surface Reflector at CWPRS. The sensors were mounted on the trolley and the reflector was placed in perpendicular direction at the pre measured distance from the trolley. The beam angle of the Radar type sensor is taken into consideration for deciding the dimensions of the reflector. The testing set up is shown in the schematic below.

Figure: Schematic set up for testing

During testing, the trolley was set to initial reading as a datum level. Then trolley was moved at pre specified length intervals from 0 to 15 m for Radar type water level sensor and 0 to 10m for Ultrasonic type water level sensor. Simultaneous measurements of the distance travelled by the trolley and water level sensor (Radar/Ultrasonic) were made. The readings of the Radar sensor (15m) and Ultrasonic Sensor (10m) were taken at different locations. The readings of sensor display and the distance travelled by trolley were noted and a table was prepared. It can be seen that the reading obtained on the Sensor display and by the distance travelled by trolley are matching very close. This method may be used for initial functional testing of Radar and Ultrasonic type water level sensors.

Keywords : CMRT; Radar; Rreflector; Testing; Ultrasonic

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strEam FLow simuLation anD watEr baLanCE oF snow anD GLaCiEr FED mountainous basin usinG swat moDEL

sanjay k. jainNational Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

sanDEEP sHukLa anD m.L. kansaLIndian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

abstraCt

The flow regime of Himalayan rivers is dominated by monsoonal rainfall and melt water from snow and glacier during the non-monsoon months. Satluj is a major tributaries of the Indus river system in western Himalaya. They supply a large quantity of freshwater to the downstream areas which is considered as the lifeline for millions of people in various ways. The rivers’ watersheds experience extensive snowfall during winter and snow/ glacier melt runoff substantially contributes to the streamflow in the spring and summer months. In the upper part of the Himalayan catchments, major source of inflow is from snow/glacier melt runoff. In order to understand the hydrologic response of the headwaters of Satluj river up to Rampur, hydrological modeling is carried out using the semi distributed hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The Sequential Uncertainty Fitting algorithm is used to calibrate and validate the model against observed daily streamflow and incorporate uncertainties in the analysis.

The model has been used to evaluate the water balance in the catchment and quantify the contribution of snow/glacier melt runoff at the outlets which is having significance in the light of climate change also. From the results, it is found that the average contribution of snow and glacier melt runoff in the Satluj river at Rampur is about 68-71% of the annual water yield of about 600 mm. The actual evapotranspiration for the basin comes out to be 13% of the total precipitation. The water yield for the basin is about 58-62% of the precipitation. The major part of the total runoff is obtained during early summer period, however glacier melt contributes during later monsoon period. The contribution of snow/glacier melt runoff was found to be quite reasonable as compared to the earlier studies.

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swat as a tooL For watEr manaGEmEnt at riVEr basin LEVEL- a CasE stuDy on tunGabHaDra basin

k. usHaWater Resources Department, Karnataka Engineering Research Station, Mandya District, Karnataka

abstraCt

Hydrological models like SWAT is a river basin or watershed model which are used to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment and agricultural chemical yields in large, complex watershed with varying soil, landuse and management conditions over long period of time. This is a physical based model which uses available inputs ansd is computationally efficient. Tungabhadra basin in Karnataka was selected for the hydrological modeling of the basin using SWAT model. The Arc swat tool was used to generate the sub watersheds from the carto-dem. Ten sub basin outlets were chosen which corresponds to the gauging sites of CWC and reservoir locations with in the basin. HRU analysis was carried out, wherein, the land use land cover, soil and slope map were given as the inputs and HRU analysis report were generated. The weather parameters such as precipitation, temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind velocity were given as inputs to the model. After successful updation of swat input files the model was run for 20 years i.e., from 1995-2014 and first five years data was used as warming period and the output files were generated for the year 2000 onwards. SWAT model was used to assess the discharge in the basin at the specified outlets which are also the gauging sites maintained by CWC. The ouput discharge obtained from model was then compared with the observed discharge. The sediment yield in the basin was also obtained from the model.

Keywords : computationally efficient; complex watershed; discharge; HRU; sediment yield.

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usE oF satELLitE rEmotE sEnsinG tECHniQuE in rEViEw oF irriGation ProjECts

karambEErCentral Electricity Authority, New Delhi, India

CHEtna anD karisHma bHatnaGar maLHotraCentral Water Commission, New Delhi, India

abstraCt

India has about 48.8 percent of irrigated area of the total 140 Mha of agricultural land in the country, that includes a network of main canals, branch canals, distributaries, minors and watercourses from SW projects, groundwater based systems, tanks, and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities. India has so far achieved an irrigation potential of 89.4 Mha against the ultimate irrigation potential of 139.5 Mha. A key constraint in bridging this gap are the incomplete major/medium irrigation projects that can create additional irrigation potential in the country but have been abandoned at an advanced stage or delayed due to resource constraints faced by the State Governments. To tackle this problem, Government of India came up with the Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) that was launched during 1996-1997 for providing financial assistance to the States, to help them expedite completion of ongoing Major/Medium Irrigation (MMI) including Extension, Renovation, and Modernization (ERM) of irrigation projects and Surface Minor Irrigation schemes, as well as Lift Irrigation Schemes (LIS). In 2015-16 another scheme called Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) was launched in which 99 irrigation/multipurpose projects out of 297 AIBP projects were included for funding under it. Twenty-five States got benefitted from the programme. This paper attempts at assessing irrigation potential created under AIBP using Satellite imageries in 15 major/medium irrigation projects located in 6 States namely Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh. Satellite Remote Sensing provides a means of observing and quantifying total area under cultivation using pre-project and post-project satellite imageries. It has been observed that considerable irrigation potential has been created under AIBP in these command areas, some of the projects have achieved their target irrigation potential, while others have shown increase in area under crop that range from 278ha to 123.20 Kha.

Keywords : AIBP, Crop Area estimation, Irrigation Potential, PMKSY, Satellite Remote Sensing

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soFt ComPutinG tECHniQuEs in HyDroLoGiCaL moDELLinG

Dr. aniL kumar LoHaniNational Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

abstraCt

Artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic techniques have become popular in hydrological modeling due to the noisy or random nature of the data. The research in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) started with attempts to model the biophysiology of the brain, creating models which would be capable of mimicking human thought processes on a computational or even hardware level. Humans are able to do complex tasks like perception, pattern recognition, or reasoning much more efficiently than state-of-the-art computers. They are also able to learn from examples and human neural systems are to some extent fault tolerant.

Recently use of fuzzy set theory has been introduced to interrelate variables in hydrologic process calculations and modellling the aggregate behavior. Further, the concept of fuzzy decision making and fuzzy mathematical programming have great potential of application in water resources management models to provide meaningful decisions in the face of conflicting objectives. Fuzzy Logic based procedures may be used, when conventional procedures are getting rather complex and expensive or vague and imprecise information flows directly into the modeling process. With Fuzzy Logic it is possible to describe available knowledge directly in linguistic terms and according rules. Quantitative and qualitative features can be combined directly in a fuzzy model. This leads to a modeling process which is often simpler, more easily manageable and closer to the human way of thinking compared with conventional approaches.

The present paper describes the concept of ANN and fuzzy logic. Furthermore, this paper also presents a general review of the applications of ANN and fuzzy logic in hydrological modelling and its applications in hydrological modelling and flow forecasting.

Keywords : Artificial neural networks; fuzzy logic; conventional procedures; decision making; hydrological modelling; flow forecasting

91


sEa waVE simuLation tECHniQuE usinG sCaDa For PHysiCaL waVE moDEL stuDiEs

s.D. ranaDE, (mrs) r.s. EranDE anD V. PrabHakara CHary Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune

abstraCt

Central Water & Power Research Station (CWPRS) is specialized in the field of physical model studies to deal with various coastal related design aspects like port development, design of offshore structures etc. Random Sea Wave simulation and Data Acquisition facility is one of the unique facilities developed and used for the same. Testing of models of coastal structures in wave basin and flume requires realistic simulation of sea waves in order to evolve the safe and economic designs.This paper describes the methodology for model simulation of sea wave spectrum derived from wave data collected on site of the port/harbor under study or theoretical spectrums derived by scientists’ viz. Scott, Johnswap, Pierson-Moskowitz, Bretschneider etc . CWPRS has developed experimental methodology for the same along with full operational setup which is detailed in this paper. The sea wave simulation and data acquisition system envisages hardware comprising electronic, mechanical, electrical and Servo hydraulic system components and software for wave synthesis, data acquisition and wave data analysis etc. The state of art servo hydraulic system is operated with sophisticated servo-drives, PLC, HPS and controlled by SCADA system. The wave synthesis and simulation software comprises various modules such as Generating theoretical spectra, Converting proto spectrum to model spectrum, Synthetic Generation of the wave envelope called ‘Smooth Instantaneous Wave Energy History’ (SIWEH) and obtaining its spectral density function etc. The wave generation and acquisition of model wave data is carried out simultaneously during experiment. The driving spectrum and acquired model spectrum are matched to validate the entire wave simulation process.

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Simulation of sea waves in laboratory is effective method for economic and optimum design of marine structure and port layout. The RSWG facility is used for various major and minor ports which will help in evaluating design of Ports and Harbours.Keywords : PLC- Programmable Logic Controller, HPS – Hydraulic Power Supply, SCADA – Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, RSWG- Random Sea Wave Generation

93


GrounDwatEr EVaLuation usinG isotoPE traCErs

tirumaLEsH kEEsariIsotope Hydrology Section, Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai

abstraCt

Management of water resources is a challenging task due to the considerable variations in its availability and utilization. Significant advances have been made through application of isotope techniques which have provided better insights into factors and processes affecting surface water, groundwater and precipitation characteristics. Environmental stable isotopes (2H, 18O, 13C, 15N, 34S etc.) have been applied in many parts of the world to infer the source of groundwater recharge, interconnections between aquifers, surface water - groundwater interactions. On the other hand environmental radioactive isotopes (14C, 222Rn, 36Cl, 81Kr, 85Kr, 39Ar, 3H, 3He etc.) are used to determine the groundwater ‘ages’ or ‘travel times’, to evaluate the sustainability of water resources, contaminant input histories, its transport and degradation rates. Injected isotopes are very handy for localized studies to determine the groundwater velocity, recharge contribution and migration of contaminants in subsurface. With the advent of laser based techniques, which are cheaper and faster, the isotope hydrology would gain wider applicability to even remote regions and contribute enormously in the years to come. This paper presents both principles and application of isotopes in different facets of hydrological cycle.

Keywords : water isotopes; groundwater contamination; water management; rainwater harvesting; paleochannels

94


watEr sECurity : a GEosPatiaL aPProaCH For watEr manaGEmEnt in PunE City

jyoti jain tHoLiyaPhD Research Scholar, Faculty of Engineering (Geospatial Sciences), Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Gram: Lavale, Tal: Mulshi, Dist: Pune, India

Dr. naVEnDu CHauDHaryAssociate Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Geo-informatics, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University (SIU), Model Colony, Pune, India

abstraCt

Rapid unregulated urbanization, outdated urban water management models, and climatic uncertainty threaten future water supplies in terms of quality and quantity. Cities are overwhelmed with water related challenges, facing a perpetual shortage of water which gets amplified by summers. It is necessary to solve challenges of scarcity of water and to optimize and conserve local resources to build resilient cities. Pune water supply system is affected due to the fast and chaotic development in and around the city. Quantity of per capita water supply varies substantially, the marginal parts of the city receive water in insufficient quantity, pressure and distributed over few hours per day. On the contrary some central parts of Pune are benefited by large availability and adequate pressure. The current research shows proposed areas of interventions to achieve urban water sustainability through advanced geospatial techniques i.e. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information systems (GIS) in Pune City. This paper recommends protection and use of local water sources before planning for long-distance transportation of water. Local area plans can help decision makers and water managers identify opportunities to devise regulations specific to an area where water conservation options can be taken into consideration. Remote Sensing and GIS have introduced a new dimension in building water resilient cities, hence geospatial approach can be accepted as a standard methodology for water management.

Keywords : GIS; Remote Sensing; Urban Water Sustainability; Water Conservation; Water Resilient Cities

95


rELiabLE rEaL timE Data aCQuisition in watEr rEsourCEs manaGEmEnt

annaPurna Patra, ujjaL CHowDHury anD s.D. ranaDECentral Water and Power Research Station, Pune, Maharashtra, India

abstraCt

Water is the essential asset for socio economic development of any country. So it is imperative that water issues are considered in an integrated manner and long lasting solutions are to be provided. Hydrometeorological instruments and water quality instruments provide much needed measurement tools to achieve advance water resource management. In this context, Automatic Weather Station (AWS) are in huge demand for varied reasons. The advance technology, real time data reception and transmission with minimum human intervention are putting it in the front line of reliable surface weather data acquisition system than its conventional counterparts. These are effectively used to provide both online and offline data to estimate the quantum of flood, flood forecasting, severe weather warning such as cloud burst, flash floods, low pressure cyclonic precipitation, storms etc.

The rain fall depth, evaporation potential, sunshine duration, wind, humidity etc. are the major meteorological parameters that are taken into account for water budgeting i.e. to estimate the amount of water a landscape will require. All these parameter are essential for flood estimation, flood forecasting, and water availability in the reservoirs. Hence accurate reliable data acquisition of all these parameters can only be achieved with proper knowledge of handling of weather station. The present paper attempts to highlight the challenges faced in obtaining reliable estimates of real-time weather parameter and to aware users of meteorological data to the potential pitfalls of blindly accepting sensors readings. Points of potential concern include proper calibration; maintenance and installation of sensors with proper leveling. The importance of data quality control is also highlighted. The key factors that includes the proper site selection, the various standards and it importance for getting the reliable data for water management is also discussed elaborately.

Keywords : Water Management, AWS, Weather data, Flood, Rainfall.

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PErFormanCE tEstinG oF riVEr surVEyor anD siDE LookinG aCoustiC sEnsor - a CasE stuDyr.P. GuPta, (mrs.) k.G. bHonDE, H.r. kHanDaGaLE anD m. somEsHwaraCentral Water and Power Research Station, Pune, Maharashtra, India

abstraCt

Discharge measurement is of prime importance for management and distribution of water resources. Since decades current-meters are used for measurement of stream velocity. Nowadays instruments like River Surveyor or Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and Side Looking Acoustic Sensor for measuring the stream flow and profile is becoming very common. These instruments have higher edge in accuracy, consistency, reliability. Quantitative information on performance, validation and accuracy of these instruments in the field environment is rare. The objective of study is to ascertain the accuracy in speed measurement of these instruments with the standards. The River Surveyor RS- M9 specifically designed to measure the stream flow and the discharge. The ADCP transmit constant high frequency sound wave into the water that ricochet off particles suspended in the moving water and reflect back to the instrument with slightly lowered frequency due to the Doppler Effect. The ADCP measures water stream velocity covering total water column depth and also across complete cross section of the canal or river. The Side Looking Acoustic Sensor instrument works on the similar acoustic principle. It is mounted on bridges, canal walls and river banks. It comprises of an acoustic velocity probe and a data collection and processing unit. The conventional rotating element current-meters are calibrated as per ISO 3455: 2007 and IS 13371: 2014 in a Current Meter Rating Trolley (CMRT). It is therefore not unusual to carry out the performance testing of these sophisticated instruments using the CMRT facility. The instruments under test are suspended at the rear side or at the central portion of the trolley by a rigid rod suspension. The sensor mounted on trolley is towed at a number of steady trolley speeds. The speed of the trolley and the corresponding velocity indicated by the sensor is recorded and percentage deviation is calculated. Performance testing of the River Surveyor and the Side Looking Sensors has indicated that the maximum deviation by the sensor is within the specified accuracy 0.25% and 1.0% respectively. Periodical testing of these sensors is recommended to maintain precision and consistency in performance.

Keywords : Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler; Current Meter Rating Trolley; Doppler Effect; River Surveyor; Side Looking Acoustic Sensor.

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introsPECt into rEsErVoir sEDimEntation in somE CHotanaGPur PLatEau DrainaGE basins

b.C. barman, abHijit saHa, s.s. DE DaLaL anD b. sinHaRiver Research Institute & Advance Planning, Project Evaluation & Monitoring Cell, Irrigation & Waterways Department, Govt. of West Bengal

abstraCt

Number of reservoirs have been built in India since independence under several multipurpose river valley development projects. As a natural process over the time domain, the upstream sediments are gradually being carried over by the stream network flowing towards these reservoirs from its adjoining catchments, which in turn are being gradually filled up by the same. The less is sediment inflow into the reservoirs, the more will be their useful life and storage capacity. Reservoir survey has revealed that most of the reservoirs in the eastern fringe of Chotanagpur plateau is significantly losing their capacity. There are in total 41 large, medium and small dams in West Bengal. In the present investigation, out of the total, five dams have been examined in regard to the sedimentation aspect at large, critically probing into the rate of sedimentation and the nature of sediment, along-with the morphogenetic changes of the concerned catchments. The reservoirs Kangsabati-Kumari, Massanjore, Hanumata, Barabhum and Extension of Bandhu have been considered in the present study. Modern instruments, methods and software have been used in computation of Area-Elevation-Capacity Curves. Soil sample analysis has been done on the samples collected from the reservoirs. Present data have been compared with the design pre-dam reservoir capacity and subsequent earlier post reservoir construction data. Land use land cover (LULC) pattern of the catchments has been analyzed on RS-GIS platform. It transpired that small dams are susceptible to sediment deposition within a span of 20-30 years whereas the large ones within a period of 50-60 years. It appears that less vegetated catchment of the reservoir contributes more sediment to the reservoir. To combat these problems, traditional solutions like catchment area treatments, afforestation of upper catchments may prove to be beneficial. Some other innovative measures are suggested herein by the authors for restoring the reservoir health and lengthening the service life of the reservoirs.

Keywords : area-elevation-capacity curves; LULC; morphogenetic changes in catchment; reservoir-capacity; RS-GIS.

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CoastaL rEsErVoir - imPortant asPECts to bE ConsiDErED From CoastaL EnGinEErinG Point oF ViEw

Dr. jaGottam Das aGrawaLCentral Water and Power Research Station Khadakwasla, Pune

abstraCt

A coastal reservoir is a fresh water reservoir in the seawater near a river mouth to capture the sustainable river flow. It provides water by storing it from the river discharge and runoff which otherwise will flow in the sea. The water in the coastal reservoir can be used for drinking, irrigation or industrial purposes. Such coastal reservoirs have been constructed in countries such as Netherlands, South Korea, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, United Kingdom, etc. According to the data collected from research papers and technical knowledge of coastal engineering, there are some important aspects, which need to be taken care while planning for the coastal reservoir. This research paper highlights few points that need to be considered for the proposed dam from coastal hydrodynamics point of view: Height of the coastal reservoir dam should be such so that the sweet water does not mix with salt water in extreme environmental situations. Therefore, if the dam is built somewhat away from the sea, the coastal reservoir can be used to raise ground water levels in coastal areas and increase the availability of water. Site should be chosen in such a way so that the amount of sediment is small or when it is reduced, water should be collected at that time. There should be less industrialization in the surrounding areas, which collects clean water and that river is not used for transportation. Keeping all these things in mind, an effort is needed in this direction so that the scarcity of potable water in the coastal areas can be reduced.

Keywords : Coastal Reservoir, strategy, coastal, future trend, water crises

99


maHarasHtra iswP - basin aPProaCH For sustainabLE watEr rEsourCE DEVELoPmEnt

PraVin koLHE, mr. rajEnDra moHitE anD sHiLa jaDHaVWater Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra

abstraCt

Maharashtra is first state in India having independent statutory water resources regulatory authority. The concept of same was initiated in State Water Policy, 2003 and enacted through Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) Act, 2005. This Act advocated the concept of preparing Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP) to develop & manage water resources in the State in a systematic, systemic & river basin-wise manner, by setting up River Basin Agencies (RBAs), State Water Board (SWB) & State Water Council (SWC) for its implementation. ISWP is a multi-sectoral water plan, which includes river basin plans prepared by five Irrigation Development Corporations of the state. ISWP is not only meant for prioritizing ongoing and taking up new projects, it goes beyond that & sets the things in a broader & right perspective considering the river basin-wise location specificity arising out of natural parameters like geology, soils, climate & hydrology and deals with issues like supply side & demand side management of Water Resource on one hand & socio-economic & legal aspects on the other hand. At present the River Basin Plans of Godavari, Krishna, Tapi, Narmada, Mahanadi and West Flowing Rivers in Konkan Basin are approved and ISWP consisting of all these river basin plans is also approved. In these six basins, there are sixty-nine sub basins, which are further divided into 1524 watersheds in the state. The total population (Urban+ Rural) of Maharashtra in the year 2016 was 1192.15 Lakhs. The probable/estimated Population for the year 2030 is considered as 1561.21 Lakhs. The water needs for food security, drinking, industrial purpose are considered in this plan for present condition and for 2030 scenario. Execution of ISWP will ensure balanced and sustainable development, management of the available water resources (both surface and ground) of the state. This paper provides an overview of IWSP for ensuring basins approach for sustainable water resources.

Keywords : Water Resources Regulatory Authority, River Basin Plans, Integrated State Water Plan, State Water Policy.

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stuDy oF sEEPaGE watEr LEaCHED tHrouGH Dam boDy anD suGGEst rEmEDiaL mEasurE in ContExt oF watEr manaGEmEnt

DiGambar ParkHE anD sanjay DEsHamukHMaharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik, WRD, Govt. of Maharashtra, India

abstraCt

India is faced with challenge of sustaining water availability due to global threat of climate change. This causing severe stress on available surface and ground water. So it needs to ensure integrated water management helping to conserve water, minimize wastage and ensure more equitable distribution across the country. Now seepage water leaching through masonry and concrete dams is a matter of great concern to the engineers responsible for dam safety. This may in turn reduce the life of dam, which could be a matter of serious concern. This paper deals with concept of seepage and leaching of lime Oozing out through dam body. The chemistry of leaching of lime, Causes and effect of seepage water on dam safety, estimation of leached cement, preventive measure to stop leakages and quality of water of reservoir and seepage are also discussed here. These study inferences that out of 23 dams in Maharashtra state most of dam’s seepage water has high value of pH, Calcium and Dissolved solids; it indicates that there may be possibility of scale formation. Due to leaching in large extent will indirectly reduce the weight of dam and thereby reduce the density of the dam considerably. Seepage increase with increase in water level, so cumulative figure is worked out at the end of each year for the leaching of Ca(OH)2 and corresponding quantity of leached cement has been calculated. This would suggest approximate requirement of cement grouting at any stage during the life of the dam. This calculated leached cement values are purely theoretical and restricted to the volume of seepage at particular reservoir level only. This paper also trying to suggest some viable and implementable water management practice.

Keywords : leaching in dams; leached cement; Seepage water; water management; water quality.

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PotEntiaL For inCrEasinG watEr usE EFFiCiEnCy anD ProDuCtiVity in CanaL irriGation systEms. EViDEnCE From tHE sina irriGation systEm in maHarasHtra

uPaLi amarasinGHE, aLok sikka anD ViDya manDaVEInternational Water Management Institute

suniL GorantiwarMahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri

suniL k. ambast anD r.k. PanDaIndian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar

abstraCt

Water use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity (WP) are two critical indicators of benchmarking of performance in the irrigation sector. The general perception of low efficiencies and productivity of water use is the primary driver of investment for increasing WUE and WP in the canal irrigation sector. The WUE and WP are the ratios of crop consumptive water use (CWU) to water withdrawals and production per unit of CWU, respectively. Two issues intensely focused on discourses in India are: whether these indicators are really low and what potential exists for an additional increase. This paper provides evidence from the Sina medium irrigation system in Maharashtra, a microcosm of water-scarce systems in India. Often, the irrigation agencies assess WUE of surface irrigation diversions to the designed command area. However, return flows from canal irrigation, and reservoir storage recharges a substantial groundwater supply in and around the command area. Therefore, the analytical framework in the paper considers a larger water influence zone (WIZ) that also includes a buffer zone outside the command area. In the Sina, WUE of irrigation is substantially low as per official estimates but is close to 100% when accounting all process CWU from both the surface and groundwater irrigation in the WIZ. However, water allocation

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patterns show a substantial scope for increasing economic water productivity ($/m3). The analysis leads to the following policy implications for investments in the canal irrigation sector : (1) Reassess the method of WUE estimation to include groundwater irrigation in the WIZ, (2) Focus on increasing economic WP in water-scarce systems.

Keywords : canal irrigation system, water influence zone, process consumption, water use efficiency, economic water productivity

103


inDiGEnous HyDroLoGiCaL moDELinG tooLs For riVEr basin PLanninG anD manaGEmEnt

manmoHan kumar GoEL, sHaraD kumar jain anD DEEPa CHaLisGaonkarNIH, Roorkee, (Uttarakhand) India

abstraCt

Water is taking centre stage, especially in India, due to the increasing social & environmental needs, industrialisation, pollution and over-extraction of ground water with the added manifestation of climate change. Burgeoning competition for water among domestic, agriculture, industry and environmental needs, calls for judicious management of this precious natural resource for sustainable development. Water seldom flows according to administrative boundaries and sharing of water among the administrative units is always challenging. River basins have been identified as the most appropriate units for planning, development, and management of water resources for ensuring optimal benefits to the society. Some of the important aspects of river basin planning and management include understanding of the hydrological processes, identification and projection of diverse demands and analysis of different alternatives within the economic, social, and political constraints. For river basin management, presence of appropriate data and tools are important.

In view of the large number of reservoir systems in India and non-availability of indigenous software for reservoir analysis, continuous efforts have been made at the National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee to develop modeling tools for various kind of reservoir analyses such as sequent-peak analysis, storage-yield analysis, reservoir routing, hydropower analysis, rule curve derivation, reservoir sedimentation analysis, inflow estimations, and operation of a system of reservoirs for conservation and flood control purposes. A WINDOWS based Graphical User Interface (GUI) named “NIH_ReSyP – Reservoir Systems Package” has been developed at NIH to provide a user-friendly environment for carrying out various reservoir-related analyses. This package has been used to develop operation policies for many Indian systems including the highly complex Krishna river basin, having more than 70 projects, falling in four states.

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Further, effective management of water resources in a river basin requires proper assessment of spatial and temporal availability of surface and ground water and its demands for various purposes so that different scenarios of integrated and co-ordinated planning and utilization of available water can be analysed. With this need in view, a spatially distributed model names NIH_BASIN has been developed at NIH to assess various components of the hydrological cycle (such as actual evapo-transpiration, overland flow, groundwater recharge, and residual soil water content) in a river basin. GIS is employed to analyze and link the spatial data with the simulation model and for easy visualization of results. The model brings out total water availability in the basin; water consumed by different uses; and water storage in different hydraulic structures, in soil water zone, and in groundwater aquifer in a river basin. By taking repeated runs of the model for longer time periods, sustainability of various water resources management plans can be examined. Recently, a WINDOWS interface of the NIH_BASIN model has been developed. The model can be used to: a) visualize impact of land use or cropping pattern change, climate change (in terms of rainfall, temperature, humidity etc.), and population and industrial growth on the basin water resources, and b) analyze various management options like inter-basin transfer of water, development of new water resources projects etc.

Based on the experience gained by working with the available datasets in Indian conditions to solve real-life problems and use of modelling tools, such as RIBASIM, MIKE BASIN, HEC-RESSIM etc., these tools are being continuously upgraded. This paper briefly describes these indigenous developed tools for water resources analysis at the scale of river basin. Some of these tools have been uploaded on the NIH website for wider usage by the modelling community while others are in the process. We look forward to work with NHP Implementing Agencies to apply these tools to the problems being faced by them and find practical and workable solutions.

Keywords : Hydrological models, reservoir operation, river basin planning, management, demand, climate change, conservation, flood control

105


intEr basin watEr transFEr to mitiGatE DrouGHt – anDHra PraDEsH PErsPECtiVE

a.Vara PrasaDa rao, n. sriniVasu anD k.PaDma PrasaDGround Water and Water Audit Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

abstraCtSeventy percent of global freshwater withdrawals are used for agriculture. Irrigation areas have doubled over the last fifty years and are likely to continue increasing (IWMI 2007). Even though agricultural productivity has increased over time (“more crop per drop”) its development presents a major threat of over-abstraction in many regions and is a major driver for planning and constructing IBTs(Inter basin transfer). In dryland environment like Andhra Pradesh, where rainfall is unevenly distributed and unpredictable, inter-basin water transfers (IBTs) are frequently perceived as the most feasible solution to the problems associated with the skewed distribution of available aquatic resources in relation to human population centres and human needs. Using empirical data on the current patterns of flow via Andhra Pradesh Water Resource Information Management System, it becomes easy to understand the demand and supply equation to mitigate drought, and enable us to Increase supply to meet growing residential and commercial demand; Increase supply to meet new and additional agricultural demands; Increase supply to meet growing hydropower demands; Increase flow to increase the assimilative capacity of the water body; and Protect urban and agricultural land from flooding. The Govt. of AP (GoAP) has embarked on solutions related to Integrated WaterResources Management across all 13 districts, all the basins present in the State ofAndhra Pradesh covering 5 Basins, 40 Sub-Basins & 748 Micro Basins. The inter basin transfer was across Godavari Basin to Krishna Basin (Pattiseema), and Krishna Basin to Penna Basin (HNSS). The impact was visible in terms of agriculture production and productivity, groundwater levels improvement, bridging gap ayacut, restoration of storage etc., The future expansion or limitation of the use of inter-basin transfers will center on several key policy considerations.

Keywords : Inter Basin Water Transfer; Inter linking; APWRIMS; Lift Irrigation; Groundwater

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FramEwork oF DECision suPPort systEm For watEr rEsourCEs PLanninG anD manaGEmEnt

a.k. LoHani, anuPma sHarma anD D.s. ratHorENational Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

amit GarGDHI, India

abstraCt

Decision making for surface water resource planning and management is a daunting challenge, as it requires not only an in-depth understanding of physical flows, human activities, socio-economic conditions, societal, political and cultural contexts, but also of how they interrelate with each other. In India, as most river basins are quite large, the spatial heterogeneity of all these factors, as well as their scaling-up, are critical issues that need to be addressed. Water management is becoming increasingly complicated in relation to our society’s requirements and needs. A decision support system is generally designed to allow the integration of various aspects of water resources analysis scenarios and development measures.

A Decision Support System (DSS) provides the Water Management Authorities a well-structured, user-friendly, practical and complete water resources management information system. It may assist the decision makers in taking the right decisions on the basis of good comparison of different strategies under various scenarios, and combine the benefits of Geographic Information Systems, expert systems and simulation models. Moreover, modern visualisation techniques enable the managers to get a quick insight into the various options and trade-offs. In that respect a DSS can also be quite useful for priority ranking of master plans. In this paper a conceptual frame work of surface water planning and Management DSS initiated under National Hydrology Project with the consultancy support of DHI, India is presented. The frame work includes models on water allocation, hydrologic/ hydraulic, water quality and reservoir simulation to help user in water allocation and development, and managing water quality and floods. Drought scenario are represented through water/ biomass indices.

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EmPowErinG basin stakEHoLDErs tHrouGH inFormation sHarinG

tarika GuLati, simon tiLLEarDAlluvium Consulting

abstraCt

Decision-making for river basin management is a complex process. The management decisions have direct impacts on people and communities that use and depend upon the water resources of a basin for social, cultural and economic purposes.

In other countries the closure of a river has led to major reforms in how water is managed in a basin, for example the Murray Darling Basin in Australia. These reforms are often driven by communities within the basin. In India, for example during the closure of the Krishna River, this push for change has not occurred or has not affected change. This is partly because of the prevailing societal view in India that river water flowing to the sea is unproductive. This view is formed due to a lack of water related information and capacity available to community stakeholders.

Therefore, in India, community engagement, capacity, information availability and leadership are critical to both driving the need to reform how water is managed in a basin, as well as achieving sustainable and broadly accepted management plans. Community stakeholders can play an important part in driving reforms, but they need to be empowered through scientific and traditional knowledge as well as effective involvement in decision making.

In this context, this paper outlines the importance of engaging and empowering stakeholders in basin management in India, and describes water information sharing approaches that can be adopted to achieve effective engagement of stakeholders including communities.

Keywords : communication; closed basins; non-consumptive uses; participation; reforms; stakeholder engagement

108


monitorinG krisHna FLows in uPPEr krisHna basin to ForECast rEsErVoir inFLows Down strEam

kumar.tVnar , VEnuGoPaL. k, raDHa krisHna. a anD sriniVasu.nGround Water and Water Audit Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh

abstraCt

Internet of things (IOT) is playing crucial role in forecasting inflows in to River/Reservoirs. Now a days many agencies like IMD, CWC, State Governments, International Organizations, NGO’S and othersare collecting real time data by installing sensors. The information from various sources need to be gathered and compiled to make it as information at regular frequencies to enable decision makers to take decisions in real time. There are sensors installed in Krishna and Bhima basins of Maharashtra and also flows measured at different points in River Krishna by CWC. Inflows and outflows are measured at reference reservoirs to know in advance the likely inflows in river to make advance planning in downstream reservoirs on releases to canals, power generation and other uses from downstream projects. A case study of upper Krishna outflows are presented from Almatti for two monsoons during 2018 and 2019 by taking daily rainfall, cumulative rainfall as given by IMD and inflows and outflows from Almatti by KSNDMC. Cumulative rainfall of about 400mm and above results in Outflow from Almatti to facilitate filling up of reservoirs downstream. Three-year study gave insights, so as to use this approach for other basins for effective use of inflows in rivers as a result of monsoon rains which vary from year to year. The IOT is of great help to take advantage of data from sensors placed in sub basins by converting data in to information. Integration of data is one of the objectives of National Hydrology projects. Data integration from different agencies have to be explored now for decision support.

Keywords : IOT, Rainfall, Inflow, Outflow, Flood hydrograph,

109


sustainabLE rEsErVoir sEDimEnt manaGEmEnt in riVEr basins

amrEnDra kumar sinGH anD anuj kanwaLCentral Water Commission

abstraCt

Dams have always been envisaged as the lifelines of modern development and it is now felt that these are encountered with the major problem of Siltation. Siltation poses a big question on the sustainability of Basin Management. The paper describes the basin sedimentology and for the first time analyses and projects data on sedimentation of the reservoirs on the Basin scale. The basin wise data for India is being compiled for around 370 reservoirs which make up for around 8% of the total reservoirs in India. The data predicts the state of affairs in various basins in India and provide comparative position of the sedimentation of reservoirs in the Basin. An analysis is being done to link urbanization of the basins with the sedimentation of the reservoirs. The results are being complied for making policy level changes for sustainable Basin management practices.

Keywords : sedimentation, reservoirs, siltation, basin, sustainability

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riVEr basin moDEL DEVELoPmEnt For Dss sEnErio simuLation in sHiPra riVEr basin oF mP

r.V. GaLkatE anD r.k. jaiswaLNational Institute of Hydrology, Central India Hydrology Regional Centre, Bhopal, MP

a.k. LoHaniNational Institute of Hydrology, Jalvigyan Bhawan, Roorkee, Uttarakhand

abstraCt

Making decisions on water resources management and planning is a complex task due involvement of multiple social, economic and environmental issues. An appropriate Decision Support System (DSS) tool capable of handling huge temporal and spatial data, equipped with reliable hydrological and statistical models, analyze multi-criteria optimal scenarios and have user-friendly interfaces could be the facilitating tool for decision-makers to address water resources related issues, solve problem and make appropriate decision. The present paper describes the development of DSS applications in the Shipra river basin of Madhya Pradesh to support decisions to address the range of water resources problems in the basin. The MIKE 11 NAM rainfall-runoff model has been first calibrated and validated using long term rainfall, evapotranspiration and observed discharge data of Ujjain G/d site. The NAM model thus developed has been used in the MIKE BASIN model. The DSS scenarios have been developed using Mike Basin Model of Shipra basin to study the impact of interventions made in the Shipra river basin such as Khan Diversion, Narmada-Shipra river interlink project and Gambhir water supply project on water availability in the river.

The coefficient of determination (R2) values for NAM Rainfall-Runoff model calibration and validation were 0.685 and 0.642, indicating good agreement between the simulated and observed runoff. Scenario analysis of MIKEBASIN results indicated that the Khan diversion, which was executed to avoid entry of contaminated Khan river water into Shipra has reduced the water availability in the Shipra river. However, the simulation results indicated that the water availability in Shipra has been improved due to Narmada-Shipra link, a minimum of 1.7 m3/s flow has been found available at

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Ujjain even during the low period. Gambhir reservoir DSS scenario was developed to evaluate how demand deficit can be fulfilled through proper reservoir operation during a drought period. The information thus derived from various scenarios generated in MIKE BASIN can be helpful for planners and decision makers to understand prevailing hydrological conditions in the river basin and to prepare plan for optimal utilization of water resources.

Keywords : NAM RR Model, MIKE BASIN, DSS Scenario, Shipra River, Decision making

112


QuantitatiVE assEssmEnt oF rEGEnEratED FLows anD irriGation manaGEmEnt in a CommanD

raHuL kumar jaiswaL, kuLDEEPak PaL, raVi GaLkatE anD aniL k LoHaniNatioanl Institute of Hydrology

abstraCt

Irrigated agriculture is the dominant global user of freshwater, accounting for nearly 70% of consumptive use. India is an agrarian country uses its major portion of surface and groundwater resource for irrigation. The losses through conveyance and application are the major losses in irrigation and a significant portion of supplied water from reservoir may emerge in the downstream of river called regenerated flow. The computation of regenerated flow coming out of command in the form of surface water is useful for Water Resource Department for assessment of water availability in downstream projects. Presently in Madhya Pradesh state, a fixed 10% of water storage is used as regenerated flow from command which need to be verified using scientific assessment for optimal utilization. In the present study, a simple water balance of different components of hydrological process in the command have been carried out to compute regenerated flow and its percentage in Sanjay Sagar Command situated on Bah river in Madhya Pradesh. The Sanjay Sagar project has a reservoir by constructing a dam (Construction Year: 2014) on river Bah with gross storage capacity of 86.40 MCM and 9398 ha wheat in the command. In hard rock areas of Madhya Pradesh, surface runoff and horizontal flow are more predominant in irrigation and can be computed by field observation and measurement. In the study, daily flows from reservoir for irrigation, crop water requirement and river flow downstream of reservoir on Bah river from the year 2015 to 2018 have been analyzed in a water balance model to compute regenerated flows due to irrigation in the command. The computed regenerated flows in different years found more than the amount fixed for computation of flows to downstream reservoirs in Madhya Pradesh.

Keywords : Command, irrigation, regenerated flow, return flow, water balance

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simuLation oF ujH rEsErVoir usinG ribasim

m k sriniVasNational Water Development Agency, New Delhi

Dr. r n sankHuaNational Water Development Agency, Hyderabad

abstraCt

To support the process of planning and resource analysis, an attempt has been made in this paper for optimal reservoir operation of Ujh reservoir, J&K by using RIBASIM 7.0(RIver BAsin SIMulation) model, which is a generic model package for analyzing the behaviour of river basins under various hydrological conditions and it is a comprehensive tool linking the hydrological water inputs at various locations with the specific water-users in the sub-basin. In this study the data for 16 years (1985-2001) have been used maximizing the net benefits from hydropower generation in the system and release pattern to be adopted to maximize energy generation subjected to various constraints. The flow in the Ujh river changes seasonally and from year to year, due to temporal and spatial variation in precipitation. Thus, the water available abundantly during monsoon season becomes scarce during the non-monsoon season, when it is most needed. Without proper regulation schedules, the Ujh reservoir may not meet the full objective for which it was planned and may also pose danger to the structure itself. The Ujh reservoir operation becomes very important part of planning and management of water resource system in the sub-basin. Water in the reservoir can be used for agricultural purpose as well as hydropower generation. An integrated approach to the water system and its surroundings has been the basis for long-term, sustainable management of environment. Multi sector planning to allocate scarce resources at the Ujh river sub-basin is increasingly needed in the water sector, as water users and governmental agencies become more aware of the trade-offs occurring between quantity, quality, costs and reliability.

Keywords : RIBASIM; Reservoir Operation, optimization;

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intEGratED watEr rEsourCE manaGEmEnt in uPPEr GoDaVari basin usinG E-sourCE moDEL

D.D. tawarIWRMUGB, CAD,WRD, Auragabad

jaisinG HirE anD sonaLi r naGarGojECommand Area Development Authority, Aurangabad

abstraCt

The Godavari river basin is the second largest river basin in India and is a key area for irrigated agriculture in Maharashtra. Most of regions in India, the river systems are dominated by the kharif/monsoon rains (July to October). Due to urbanization, rapid growth of industrialization, recent water shortage in the Upper Godavari basin increased pressure on the sharing of water between the upstream water users and downstream water users and this resulted in legal action. The state water policy formulated by Government of Maharashtra states that the distress in water availability during deficit period shall be shared equitably amongst different sectors of water use and also amongst upstream and downstream users. Upper Godavari Sub-basin includes the entire catchment of the Godavari river from its source to Jayakwadi dam including the catchment areas of the Pravara river, Mula River and that of all other tributaries which falls into the Godavari river in this reach.In this perspective to develop a scientific and computer based modelling system in Upper Godavari sub-basin The Government of Maharashtra, India, established a Sister State relationship through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of New South Wales (NSW), Australia.Currently NSW, eWater, Australia has provided UG River Basin Baseline Model; Management Model, and Forecast Model. The present study compares the performance of forecast model which is based on historical trend of climate scenarios. Aim of forecast model is to assess reservoir operating rules for equitable distribution amongst Upper Godavari basin. e-Source forecast models for UGB will help as decision support system to access the equitable distribution of water in Upper Godavari basin as per the strategy adopted in Table-6 of MWRRA order Date 19-09-2014. The developed scenarios in forecasting model is useful for calculation of water to be release since from 15 August onwards.However, it is found that the performance of e-Source Management and Forecast Model

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is more appropriate in terms of prediction and computational efficiency compared to other River Basin management models as DSS.

Keywords : decision support system; equitable; forecast; regulation of reservoirs; state water policy; operation rules; water governance;

116


iwrm in murray DarLinG basin anD its sCoPE in inDian sCEnario

suniL kumar, s.k HaLDHar anD PaDma DorjiCentral Water Commission

abstraCt

“Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems and the environment” (Global Water Partnership, 2000). Water resources in India face numerous challenges such as highly uneven in space and time, nearly 80% of the annual rainfall takes place in only 3 to 4 months, Brahmaputra - Barak - Ganga system accounts for about 60% of total surface water resources, western and Southern regions experience severe deficit in water availability during lean season, drought - Flood - drought syndrome is witnessed years after years. Due to above, there is a pressing need to explore and evolve a framework for efficient management of Indian water resources in a natural boundary. The approach of IWRM is mainly suitable for India and other developing countries as it envisages maximization of much needed social benefits equitably. Further, there is an adequate focus on economic development and protection freshwater ecosystems for ensure sustainability of measures. Aforementioned development is concerned with identifying structural and non-structural measures which will ensure availability of water overcoming its spatial & temporal variability to meet development objectives, subject to various technological, social and financial constraints. Murray Darling Basin (MDB), Australia is amongst very few basins in the world where various attributes of IWRM have been successfully implemented. MDB covers an area of 1,061,469 km² which includes longest and biggest rivers of Australia. Around 2 million people reside in the Basin & 4 million reliant on its water and its 80% of land lies in arid and semi-arid regions. Until 1980s, MDB was suffering from widespread degradation due to deforestation, soil erosion, river siltation etc. and as a result water scarcity & loss of flora and fauna. In mid 1980s, all concerned State Governments joined hand and formed the Murray-Darling Ministerial Council and then Murray-Darling Basin Commission in 1988. They have promulgated Water Act in 2007, constituted Murray-Darling Basin Authority in 2008 and given significant importance to participatory approach and water use efficiency. This paper explores the scope of IWRM in Indian context vis-à-vis the same implemented in Murray Darling Basin.

Keywords : IWRM, River Basin Organisation, Regulatory Framework, Participatory Approach

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buiLDinG oF watEr rEsiLiEnCE For kaLyan DombiViLi City usinG on rooF toP runoFF

sHaiLEsH CHanDrakant kuLkarni anD Dr. Vikas b. VarEkarVeermata Jijabai Technological Institute Mumbai

abstraCt

Fulfilling the demand of water with available resources is a major issue facing by the developing countries. Precipitation in the form of rainfall is the source water in tropical regions. However, the existing surface and ground water resources in this region are failing to cater the demand of water in non-monsoon season. Hence there is a need to explore the alternative measures for satisfying the demand of water. Water resilience act as promising solution to fill-up the gap of supply and demand. Till date, various attempts have been made to achieve the water resilience by recycle and reuse of wastewater. But it is found to be ineffective under Indian scenario. Whereas use of rooftop runoff may encouragingly use for building water resilience of urban area. Therefore in present study attempt is made to explore the application of roof top runoff for building water resilience of Kalyan Dombivali city. The present piped water supply of the city from Ulhas River is 320 Million Liters per Day (MLD) to cater the demand of 370 MLD for population of 1.9 million. City is facing acute shortage of 50 million liters per day. Based on past twenty year’s data, it is found that city is receiving average annual rainfall of 2454.60 mm. The land use land cover (LULC) map of the city for year 2019 is delineated which shows that, the roof top available for collecting the runoff is 12.99 Km2. The water resilience could be built by using the 31898 million liters of fresh rain water collected by this roof top. The roof top runoff could be the effective solution for growing urban water demands.

Keywords : Kalyan Dombivali City; Roof Top Runoff; Urban Water Resilience; Ulhas River; Water Demand;

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HyDroLoGiC anD HyDrauLiC moDELLinG oF a riVEr rEaCH unDEr non-stationarity in rainFaLL Data

jaGaDisH PrasaD Patra anD rakEsH kumar National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India

Pankaj maniNational Institute of Hydrology, Patna, India

abstraCt

Estimation of design floods is very much essential for design of drainage systems, bridges, embankments, dams and flood risk assessment etc. The traditional assumption of stationary in flood frequency analysis is being questioned by various researchers in the scenarios of climate change. In this study, three approaches are used to estimate design flood hydrographs for stream joining river Ganga in Uttarakhand. The estimated peak flood for 100 year return period using the three methods are 1058.75 m3/s, 1152.55 m3/s and 1386.27 m3/s respectively. Further, various combinations of time dependant EV1 (Gumble) and GEV parameters (location and scale) are estimated using the Maximum Likelihood method. The Gumble distribution with linear time dependant location and scale parameter is select to be the best model based on lower Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The estimated peak flood for 100 year return period using non-stationary frequency analysis of 1-day annual maximum rainfall and convolution eith unit hydrograph are found to be 1351.6 m3/s and 1580 m3/s for near (2050) and far (2100) future. The result shows a decreasing trend for lower return period flood (5 year) and increasing trend for higher return period flood (50 year). Further, the river reach of about 4.5 km with embankments is modelled using HEC-RAS to analyse water surface profile and flood inundations. The increase in water surface is up to 17 cm in far future scenario (2100) considering non-stationary in time series. However, it is to be noted that at some sections simulated flood water over tops the existing embankment due to this increase in water level. This emphasis the need for analysing impacts of climate change on our existing infrastructures and future developments.

Keywords : Design flood, Flood inundation, HEC RAS, L-moments, Unit hydrograph,

119


rainFaLL trEnD anaLysis in jamwa ramGarH CatCHmEnt, rajastHanrajat aGarwaL, L.n. tHakuraL, D.s. ratHorE anD sanjay kumar National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

raHuL kumar jaiswaLCentral India Hydrology Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Bhopal

m.k. josE anD t. CHanDramoHan Hard Rock Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Belgavi

sanjay aGarwaL anD sHaiLEsH awastHiState Project Management Unit, Water Resources Department, Rajasthan

abstraCtTrend analysis of rainfall pattern on different spatial and temporal scales, had been a great concern among the scientific community, who had been working on global climate change studies. This study, attempts to investigate the rainfall trend analysis in the catchment areas of Jamwa Ramgarh dam, which was created in year 1904 across Banganga, a tributary of Chambal. The catchment area of the lake mainly lies in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. The dam had recreation and water supply as main uses in past and supplied water to Jaipur city. Inflow to the lake has slowly declined since 1986 and ceased since 2006. The trend analysis of annual and monthly (monsoon months) precipitation data of raingauge stations within and around the basin is being investigated as one of the possible cause for dryness of the lake. In this study, rainfall trends have been evaluated using the non-parametric methods i.e., Mann-Kendall (MK) and Sen’s slope estimator during the period 1980 to 2017 at 17 rain gauge stations. The statistical analysis of the annual time series indicates that the trend is increasing in twelve stations and decreasing in the remaining five stations. These trends are not significant at 95% confidence interval, except for Neem Ka Thana station, which showed increasing trend. Monthly rainfall data of selected 7 stations for monsoon months in the catchment area of the dam shows (1) increasing trend in month of June; (2) decreasing trend in month of July; (3) increasing trend in 5 stations and decreasing in 2 stations; (4) increasing trend in 4 stations and decreasing in 3 stations. These monsoon months’ trends are not significant at 95% confidence interval, except for Amber station in month of June, which showed significant increasing trend.Keywords : Climate Change; Mann-Kendall; Ramgarh Dam; Sen’s Slope; Precipitation

120


iDEntiFiCation oF HistoriCaL ExtrEmE HyDroLoGiCaL EVEnts From LonG tErm watEr baLanCE ComPonEnts simuLatED usinG ViC moDEL

VisakH s., saksHam josHi, anniE maria issaC, raju P. V. anD rao V.V.National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, India

abstraCt

Droughts and floods can have devastating consequences on hydrological cycle, ecosystems, and economies. Hydrological models are useful tools for assessing the impact of climate change at regional scale. In this study Water Balance Components are simulated in Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for a time period of 1986-2013 at a resolution of 5.5km (3 minute) for entire India. The long term average of evapotranspiration varied from 2 to 164mm with highest ET was observed in the Western Ghats (parts of Kerala and Karnataka) and forested region of North Eastern parts of India and lowest ET was observed in the arid regions with dessert, barren or sparsely vegetated lands in India (parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Odisha). The long term average runoff varied from 0to 144mm. A higher long term average of runoff was observed in the frequent flood prone areas of the country. The cyclone induced floods of the year 2013 in the east coast of India was depicted in the model simulated runoff. The model derived soil moisture was translated into percentage available soil moisture (PASM); available soil moisture as fraction of water holding capacity. The spatial variation of the PASM indicated severe drought condition for the years 1986, 1987, 2002 and 2009, which was in match with the IMD drought report 2016. This study if extended for future climate scenarios can be used in decision making for sustainable water management.

Keywords: Drought, Evapotranspiration, Flood, Hydrological model, Surface Runoff

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ComParison oF 6 rEFErEnCE EVaPotransPiration mEtHoDs For stations LoCatED in HumiD anD sub-HumiD rEGions oF wEstErn GHats

VEnkatEsH b.Scientist F, National Institute of Hydrology, Belagavi, Karnataka

tHomas t.Scientist D, National Institute of Hydrology, Bhopal, Madya Pradesh

nayak P.C.Scientist D, National Institute of Hydrology, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh

abstraCt

Potential evapotranspiration is an important index of hydrologic budget at different spatial scales and it is a critical variable for understanding regional biological processes. Several models have been used in computing reference evapotranspiration. This study aims at identifying a suitable alternative method to FAO-56 PM method for estimating the RET in Western Ghats region covering the state of Goa and Northern part of Karnataka. In the present analysis, performances of 3 radiation based methods (Makkanik, Turc and Priestly-Taylor) and 2 temperature based (FAO-56 based Hargreaves and Hamon) methods were compared with the FAO-56 PM method using the daily climatic data of 2 locations namely Pajimol in Goa and Santibestwad in Karnataka for a period of 3 (2010-2012) years. ET0 estimation of all these equations was statistically compared for daily time step. Among the ET0 methods evaluated, estimates obtained by the TURC (radiation based) method was closest to the FAO-56 PM method at daily time step. In order to provide simpler ET0 estimation tools, regression equations were developed for preferred FAO-56 PM ET0 estimates in terms of ET0 estimates by the simpler methods and validated for each climate. Overall, these results indicated that, the simpler equations have yielded better estimates of ET0 with smaller error for daily time step in this part of Western Ghats.

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simuLation oF LonG tErm HyDroLoGiCaL ComPonEnts at rEGionaL sCaLE

VisakH s., saksHam josHi, anniE maria issaC, raju P.V. anD rao V.V.National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad

abstraCt

Hydrological models are useful tools for simulating long-term trends in hydrological components resulting from climate and anthropogenic factors. In the present study long-term hydrological components are simulated using a process based model (Variable Infiltration Capacity - VIC) for a time period of 1986-2013 at a resolution of 3 minute (~5.5km) for entire India. Against 1133 mm Long Period Average (LPA) rainfall, the evapotranspiration and surface runoff were 674 mm (59%) and 399 mm (35%), respectively. The average surface runoff to rainfall ratio varied between 0.32 to 0.39. The spatial variation in the LPA of ET showed that highest ET was observed in the Western Ghats (parts of Kerala and Karnataka) and forested region of North Eastern parts of India and lowest ET was observed in the arid regions with dessert, barren or sparsely vegetated lands in India (parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Odisha). A higher long term average of surface runoff was observed in the frequent flood prone areas of the country. The model derived soil moisture was translated into percentage available soil moisture (PASM); available soil moisture as fraction of water holding capacity. The spatial variation of the PASM depicted drought condition for the years 1986, 1987, 2002 and 2009, which is in agreement with reports (IMD, 2016). Extension of model simulations to using climate scenarios would provide future hydrological components and resulting variations in water availability, use and demand.

Keywords : Evapotranspiration, LPA, Long-term, Soil Moisture, Surface runoff

123


buiLDinG CaPaCity to CoPE uP bEttEr witH tHE HyDroLoGiCaL ExtrEmEs

Dr. sraVan kanukuntLa anD Dr. asHokE basistHaTAMC, National Hydrology Project

DEEPak kumarNational Hydrology Project

abstraCt

India had rich water culture that helped it to grow through the centuries. Even though disasters brought miseries, the societies continue to prosper. The ancient tanks in the Deccan plateau stand witness to the efforts towards drought resilience. The unplanned developmental spree led to habitations in lower flood plains. Fuelled by climate change, hydrological extremes are on the rise, and so are associated losses. The current approaches in the country are mostly of the reactive type - disaster relief to large dams. Moving away from the earlier concept of disaster mitigation, it has now been recognized globally that disaster resilience holds the key for the empowered societies of the future. Capacity building of the communities across the boundaries of States and Departments will play a key role in disaster resilience. Concerted efforts are needed for this paradigm shift. The National Hydrology Project provides platform for enrichment of the state implementing agencies through national and international training, as also workshops and conferences. For collective adoption of a host of measures that lead to optimisation at a country scale, it is necessary to bring the divergent communities together to the table. It is recognized that the philosophies which are imbibed in the early days of one’s life continue to mould his thought process throughout. So the concept of integrated management for improved resilience should be taken to schools. Improvement of water culture through nationwide cross-sector capacity building may help us to survive, not on the knees, but with the heads held high.

Keywords : hydrological extremes, climate change, disaster resilience, capacity building, cross-sector learning

124


stratEGiC aPProaCH For intEGratED FLooD manaGEmEnt in kEraLa : CombininG soFt anD HarD EnGinEErinG soLutions

soumya r. CHanDran, suDHEEr PaDikkaL anD josHy k.a.Chief Engineer, Kerala Water Resources Department, Kerala State

abstraCt

Owing to the extreme climate variability and change, frequency of devastating floods tends to be higher and is further exacerbated by inadequate flood planning and management strategies. Increased population pressure and enhanced economic activities in floodplains further increase the risk of flooding. An integrated and adaptive approach with a view of maximizing efficient use of flood plains and minimizing loss of life and property is primarily required to battle against these extreme climatic variations. The State of Kerala, which boasted steady monsoons and salubrious climate, is now facing the combined after effects of climate change, population pressure and unscientific land utilization and it looks like climate-change-induced floods are becoming an annual affair in the state. The State is now on a massive mobilization drive, Rebuild Kerala Initiative (RKI). Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) based on principles of “room for river” and “living with water” has been identified as one of the four pillars of recovery strategy, based on the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) studyconducted by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. Accordingly, the State is on a mission to adopt a strategy of Integrated Flood Management (IFM), through a balanced approach of Structural and Sustainability Engineering solutions and mainstreaming an Ecosystem based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) into development. This paper broadly highlights a potential approach for flood control in Periyar basin, which was one among the worst affected during August 2018 floods, through hard engineering solution of Flood Control dams at two locations.Keywords : Extreme climate change; Flood control reservoirs

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ExtrEmEs rainFaLL VariabiLity in taPi to taDri basin, inDia

V. D. LoLiyanaMechatronics Systems Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India

Priyank j. sHarmaDepartment of Civil Engineering, SVNIT Surat, Gujarat, India

abstraCt

Present study assesses the changes in extreme rainfall characteristics across the Tapi to Tadri river basin, India. The high resolution daily gridded rainfall dataset of India Meteorological Department (IMD) at 0.25° - 0.25° resolution have been analyzed for period of 116 years (1901 – 2016) at annual scale. The changes in frequency of rainfall events, such as, number of light, moderate, heavy and extremely heavy rainfall days were evaluated using aforesaid rainfall data. The changes in frequency of rainfall events were also studied for four non-overlapping time slices, viz., 1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2016. The application of statistical non-parametric trend detection tests for aforesaid indices showed rise in frequency of extremes in the recent period vis-à-vis the earlier periods. The outcomes of present study would be helpful to identify the areas susceptible to severe storm hazards across Tapi to Tadri basin, wherein, ecologically sensitive Western Ghats are located.

Keywords : Rainfall variability; Extremes; Non-parametric tests; Tapi to Tadri basin

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DrouGHt -LikE situation in biHar: stuDy anD tHouGHt oF sustainabLE stratEGy

arti sinHa anD mD. PErwEz akHtarFMISC, Water Resources Department, Bihar

abstraCt

Agriculture has a significant role in India’s economy. Most of the cultivated area of the country is rain-fed and thus Monsoon rainfall is crucial for agricultural operations and food security of the country. Among all states of India, Bihar is one of the most climatesensitive states due to its geographical setting, hydro-meteorological uncertainties, dense rural population and high level of poverty. Agriculture contributes one fifth of Bihar’s gross domestic products and prime source of livelihood for ninety percent of the population. Drought is the recurring climate event due to delayed monsoon onset and uneven distribution of rainfall. Over most parts of the state especially northern Bihar which is prone to flood are also facing drought-like situations during last few decades. This article describes a study on drought-like situation in Bihar analyzing South West Monsoon Rainfall deficiency (June to September) from 2000 to 2018. The results show that the Rainfall deficiency has temporal and spatial variability throughout the state during monsoon. Some sustainable strategies can be thought in the policy framework of water resources management has also been suggested in this article.

Keywords: Monsoon, Rainfall Deficiency, Drought, Bihar, Sustainable, and Strategies

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ProbabiLity basED ruLE LEVELs For kEraLa rEsErVoirs

isLy issaC anD risHi sriVastaVaCentral Water Commission, New Delhi

abstraCt

Since time immemorial, floods have been responsible for untold misery in major portion of the World and India is no exception. Valuable property, crops, human beings and livestock etc, continue to get washed away during floods. Due to ever increasing pressure of population and economic considerations, encroachments of flood-plains have gone almost unabated, resulting in progressive increase in flood damages. On the other hand, droughts in most parts of the country also cause damage to crops on account of water-stress in addition to even failing of drinking water supplies. The irony, sometimes, is that both Floods and droughts do occur in same hydrologic year in monsoon and leaner months respectively.

The operation of a multi-purpose reservoir is a tricky affair where the dam operator has to ensure the fulfilment of various demands envisaged to be met from its reservoir, but also has to ensure that the reservoirs provide some incidental benefits such as relief from floods over and above the dedicated flood space between MWL and FRL. This obviously, necessitates formulation of Rule Levels – both from flood moderation angle as well as deriving the scheduled conservational benefits at desired reliability of fulfilment.

In this paper, the Rule Levels for three main reservoirs (derived by CWC) have been discussed for Kakki reservoir (Pamba basin), Idukki reservoir (Periyar basin), and Idamalayar reservoir (Periyar basin). As these reservoirs are multi-purpose, a balanced approach has been adopted wherein all aspects such as: reliability of fulfilment of designated demands; probability of filling the reservoir by the end of monsoon; and moderation of flood have been considered. In view of very less time of concentration available in almost all basins of Kerala (due to steep terrain and heavy rainfall) - making flood forecasting a tricky affair – the operation of reservoirs on probability-based Rule Curves, would provide some relief from floods (if not totally eliminate) to this heavy rainfall State.

The study suggested that dynamic flood cusion can be created during monsoon season in case of all the three reservoirs while ensuring that reliability levels of fulfilment of demands are not affected.

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DEVELoPinG watEr inFormation sErViCEs For manaGinG HyDro-CLimatiC ExtrEmEs

robErt VErtEssy FtsEGlobal Change Advisory and University of Melbourne

abstraCt

Around the world, communities are experiencing declines in their water security, through greater exposure to and impacts from droughts and floods. As time elapses, we discover that the relatively short historical climate series we have used for hydrologic design do not adequately capture the inherent climate variability of the places we inhabit. We have also learnt that our climate is non-stationary due to global warming. Meanwhile, populations and infrastructure continue to expand, increasing our exposure risk to extreme hydro-climatic events. Remarkably, extreme floods and droughts still often surprise communities and hence government-led recovery strategies tend to be more expensive and more socially painful than they would be had careful planning been undertaken. So how might societies better prepare themselves to anticipate and deal with hydro-climatic extremes? In Australia, we have concluded that strategic investments in developing high quality water information services is the best place to start. In this talk I will profile a selection of services that have been implemented in Australia to improve our preparedness for hydro-climatic extremes. I will also discuss the factors that make water information services successful.

Keywords : Water planning; Water security; Institutional arrangements; Water data.

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Dwr basED riVEr sub-basin CatCHmEnt anD run-oFF anaLysis aDoPtinG PrimitiVE HyDroLoGiCaL EQuations

n. mEEnatHCHinatHan, ram kumar Giri anD o.P. srEEjitHIndia Meteorological Department

b. aruL maLar kannan anD maDHusooDanan m.s.Amity University, Noida

arun babuCWR, Anna University, Chennai

abstraCt

The paper describes on the utility of calibrated Doppler weather radar (DWR) Chennai precipitation data, for water management and planning. DWR being an in-situ-remote sensing device operated in S-Band Microwave frequencies has better rainfall estimates with higher temporal and spatial resolution. For the study, Adyar River basin had been delineated from high resolution CARTODEM data sets, and from the DWR data hourly rainfall accumulation on each of the sub-catchment has been arrived using Python codes. The Adyar River is the largest river flowing through Chennai (length 42.5km, area 808.5sqkm) and also fully covered by DWR, making it a viable choice for study. The river ends up at creek, mostly caters water from city drain and is stagnant except from usual discharge during North-East Monsoon rains (October to December). The slope map and soil/land-use maps generated by using ArcGIS at Anna University has been used in the final calculation to convert water accumulation into run-off adopting basic Burkli-Zeiglar rational formulae. Chennai floods 2015 and November 2017 Heavy rainfall event have been case studied for the run-off for each of the zones and is presented. The work is supported by India Meteorological Department, MoES, and the findings presented in the paper are the views of the authors.

Keywords : Doppler-weather Radar; Precipitation, River run-off, flood, water-management.

130


Dam brEak stuDiEs For kanHar Dam unDEr LEVEL PooL sCEnario usinG HEC-ras soFtwarE

s.D. maruLkar, abHa GarG, DHEEraj tamrakar, P. VijayaGoPaL anD r.s. jaGtaPCentral Water and Power Research Station, Pune

abstraCt

The water resource structures are constructed across the river which creates storage (reservoir) on the upstream side of the structure. The stored water is utilized for different purposes of society in lean season. These structures are also used for controlling floods generated due to heavy rainfall in the catchment. The inflow in the reservoir generally depends on the rainfall occurred in the catchment. The water level in the reservoir sometimes rises in very short period of time as catchment of the reservoir receives extreme rainfall. The water level in the reservoir is controlled by releasing discharge through spillway to the downstream side of the dam. In the case the catchment of the dam received extreme rainfall, it results huge inflow in the reservoir. Faulty spillway operations or insufficient capacity of spillway are responsible for breach of dam due to overtopping. The overtopping results the breaching of the dam structure within short period of time. It creates flood disaster in the reach of river downstream to dam structure. As the part of the storage directly exposed to downstream side due to breaching, creates massive flood wave which propagates on downstream reach of the river in short period of time depending upon type of the dam and time to breach. The dam break analysis is carried out to estimate the magnitude of the dam break flood wave and it’s routing through the reach of the river on the downstream side of the dam using universally acceptable HEC-RAS software. In present paper, a case study on the dam break analysis carried out for Kanhar dam using HEC-RAS software is discussed. Kanhar dam is being constructed on the downstream of the confluence of rivers Pagan and Kanhar near village Sugawaman Dist. Sonbhadra, Uttar Pradesh. The work of this dam is commenced in 1980-81. This project envisages irrigation to an area of 33100 ha of Dist Sonbhadra through 121 km long main canal and 150 km long minors and distributaries. Dam Break analysis of Kanhar dam included the estimation of dam break flood hydrograph and routing of the hydrograph through downstream channel of River Kanhar. Predicting the dam break flood hydrograph can be further

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subdivided into predicting the breach characteristics (e.g., shape, depth, width, rate of breach formation) and routing the reservoir storage and inflow through the breach. The routing of flood hydrograph through the downstream valley is carried out using one-dimensional model. The flood inundation map used as a input in the preparation of Emergency Action Planning (EAP) is prepared

Keywords : breach; dam break flood hydrograph; routing; HEC-RAS; flood inundation map

132


CritiCaL GLaCiaL LakEs iDEntiFiCation in inDus riVEr basin usinG satELLitE DEriVED ParamEtErs

ankit GuPta, nibEDita Guru, ruHi maHEsHwari, swEta, b.s. rao, P.V. raju anD V.V. raoWater Resources Group, National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad

abstraCt

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in deglaciating environment represent significant threat to downstream livelihoods and infrastructure, and are potentially increasing in all mountainous regions. The present study represents the quantitative evaluation of Potentially Critical Glacial Lakes (PCGLs) in the Western Himalayan and Karakoram Range that are susceptible to GLOF. A comprehensive updated inventory of lakes in the Indus river basin was carried out (up to Indian administrative boundary) using high resolution satellite data. A total of 6,692 features (>0.0025 km2) has been inventoried in the Indus river basin consisting of 5,334 glacial lakes (79.3%) and 1,358 water bodies (20.7%), covering a total area of 3,383 km2 (0.98% of the Indus river basin). On the basis of lake type, area, glacier association, and lake’s draining into big water bodies (without any settlements along its reach), a total of 614 glacial lakes are selected for further analysis. Six parameters of selected lakes viz., lake type, area, distance and slope b/w glacier snout and lake, distance and slope b/w lake and nearest settlement, has been quantified and used for selecting PCGLs. To quantitatively evaluate weightage of parameters, Equal Weights Approach (EW) and Unequal Weights Approach (UEW) are applied on selected lakes, so as to obtain weighted composite index. This index has been further categorized into five different classes of potentiality using logarithmic beta distribution, which results in 34 and 19 lakes under very high potential category using EW and UEW respectively and 16 lakes are found to be common in both the methods. Among these 16 lakes, 3 end-moraine dammed glacial lakes with estimated storage volume of >10 MCM could be highly critical in case of static mode of failure. Whereas, remaining 13 lakes are also critical in case of external triggering events, such as heavy precipitation.

Keywords: End-moraine Dammed Lake; Equal & Unequal Weight; GLOF; Himalayas; Inventory.

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tHE ViabiLity oF FLooD inDEx insuranCE in manaGinG FLooD risk amonG smaLLHoLDEr FarmErs in biHar, inDia

Giriraj amarnatH, niranGa aLaHaCoon anD moHammED aHEEyarInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka

anoj kumar anD aLok sikkaInternational Water Management Institute (IWMI), New Delhi, India

abstraCt

Protecting against floods and providing risk cover against losses due to floods has been a major area of concern for the governments around the world. Insurance is an important component in managing agricultural risks from these disaster events. In India, nearly 30 million smallholder farmers are affected by floods every year. For example, Bihar with a population of 100 million, 80% of whom living below the poverty line and mostly depended on agricultural sector lost between 0.5 to 120 million USD to floods every year. While in the agricultural sector, flood insurance is often included as a peril in Multi- Peril Crop Insurance (MPCI), flood insurance so far is not offered as a standalone insurance product in the agriculture sector anywhere in the world. Given the recent experience with designing and implementation of index based insurance products such as Weather Index Based Crop Insurance (WIBCI), an index based flood insurance (IBFI) product with similar features appears most appropriate for insuring crop losses due to floods.

In 2016, IWMI launched its Index-Based Flood Insurance (IBFI) for India and Bangladesh, which is designed to safeguard farmers in locations at high risk of flooding. IBFI combines hydrological modelling and new and freely available high-resolution satellite images from ESA and USGS. Rainfall data for the relevant catchment is added to the model, which shows how runoff will travel and collect. If a trigger level is reached (calculated using 35 years of hydrological data), satellite images are used to verify the depth and duration of the flood. This accurately identifies the farmers that are eligible for compensation. We are testing a subsidized public-private partnership

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business model at micro level, where individual farmers buy the insurance, and also at meso level, where a group of farmers is insured jointly and receives subsidy support from the government. The insurance scheme is currently being introduced to the communities, with the pilot set to run during the monsoon season from June to October. The scheme went live from 2017 to 2019 covering 1,200 households with a total insurance payout to eligible farmers of appox. INR 12,94,030. IBFI initiative promotes a closer linkage between risk transfer and risk reduction could make this a more sustainable and robust tool for flood affected communities and reducing the burden of post-disaster relief funds for government. IBFI has the potential to be a part of a more wide-ranging and multi-faceted approach to make sure that India remains flood resilient in years to come.

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DEVELoPmEnt oF inFLow ForECastinG moDEL : a CasE stuDy oF Goi watErsHED in narmaDa basin

tEjram nayak, mukEsH kumar sinHa anD D. iLanCHEzHiyanNarmada Control Authority, Indore, M.P.

abstraCt

The reservoirs are constructed to store water primarily for irrigation, industrial and domestic uses, and it also acts as flood mitigation structure during heavy precipitation. The water released for irrigation is generally passed though turbines to generate electricity to get additional benefits from the project. The excess water is allowed to flow through the spillways provided in the dam to pass the design flood. Sudden release of excess water through spillway during the heavy precipitation in the catchment sometime creates flooding in the downstream reaches. If the incoming flood from the catchment is computed accurately prior to its actual arrival into the reservoir, the stored water in the reservoir may be released slowly and the reservoir water level may be lower down to absorb the impinging flood. Forecasting of inflow into the reservoir can be made by the rainfall-runoff model developed for the catchment area. One of the rainfall-runoff model is the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model that has a wide range of applicability. The present study is aimed at application of the SCS model to compute the direct surface runoff resulted from the rainfall in the catchment of the Lower Goi dam located in the Goi river, a tributary of the Narmada River. The modeled direct surface runoff combined with the base flow has been used for computation of inflow into the Lower Goi reservoir. The estimated quantum of flood peak and time of its arrival helps in reservoir operation.

Keywords: SCS-Curve Number, Inflow Forecasting, Rainfall-runoff Model, GIS, Narmada River

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FaCiLitatinG soLution to urban FLooDinG

(ms.) jaya sooD, (ms.) sHuVra sanGEEta anD Dr. sraVan k. kanukuntaLaTAMC National Hydrology Project (NHP)

abstraCt

In recent times India faced frequent urban flooding in many of its major cities. The natural rainfall-runoff process is altered due to fast expanding urbanization. Most of the urban land surfaces are covered by impervious material like paved roads, rooftops allowing far less surface infiltration and retention. Encroachment of natural water bodies, land use and topographical changes has resulted in increased in storm water runoff causing frequent flooding in the cities. Moreover, new man-made unplanned drainage facilities added to the existing drainage system, and indiscriminate garbage disposal obstructing drainage systems has worsened the situation further. In order to overcome the inundation and plan for solutions, the storm water drainage system has to be properly designed based on short duration rainfall data, high quality DEM, future land use information and detailed drainage network. Authorities should reassess the existing drainage network in the context of changed scenarios. Suitable rainfall runoff model along with 1D -2D hydraulic model can be set up using various available popular software like SWMM, HEC HMS – HEC RAS, Info-works CS, Micro drainage (UK), MIKE Urban, TUFLOW, Civil 3D etc. to deal with the challenges of surface flow and subsurface drainage interaction, manholes and other inlets flooding and overland flooding. National Hydrology Project (NHP) is facilitating the implementing agencies to conduct such studies by helping them in setting up RTDAS systems (Real Time Data Acquisition System), providing historical time series data and high-quality satellite data. NHP is also building capacity of water engineers in such modelling by organizing various trainings and workshops.

Keywords : Changed scenarios, Drainage; Model; Runoff; Urbanization

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no morE FLooD DEatHs

Dr. asHokE basistHa anD rakEsH kasHyaPNational Hydrology Project

abstraCt

Floods have been known to occur since the prehistoric times. Out of all the natural disasters, the affected population is greatest for flood, amounting to 47.5% of the total for all the disasters taken together. Over 1900 to 2019, the number of flood occurrences show an increasing trend at a global scale. As a consequence, flood-affected population and flood damages show an increasing trend as well. However, globally, flood-related deaths show a decreasing tendency over the same period. Data from India are available over the period 1953 to 2017. Over this period, flood deaths in India show a rising trend, in contrast to the falling global trend over the same period. Considering an estimate of the value of statistical life as Rs. 4.469 crores (which is only one-sixteenth the value considered in the US), the cost of life loss due to floods in India over the period 1953 to 2017 is about Rs 4,80,574 crore. The cost of life loss over 2017 alone amounts to Rs 9220 crores. As a part of building flood resilience, flood deaths should be stopped with immediate effect with concerted efforts that cuts across boundaries of Departments and States. While strict imposition of floodplain regulatory zoning and associated displacement may provide the long term solution, advanced flood warning systems driven by quantitative precipitation forecast and hydrodynamic modelling may hold the key to some immediate relief. As a rising nation aspiring for global leadership, actions to stop flood deaths is not an option but a necessity.

Keywords: flood-induced mortality, Sendai framework, hydrodynamic-modelling, quantitative precipitation forecast, value of statistical life

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ComParison oF ForECastED anD satELLitE basED rEaL timE rainFaLL witH obsErVED rainFaLL For HEaVy rainFaLL EVEnts in tHE raPti riVEr basin in inDia

PrataP sinGH, rEVatHi narayanan, VisHu m., sanwar bajiya, aVinasH kumar anD PusHPEnDra joHriRMSI Pvt Ltd, Noida (UP)

abstraCt

Accuracy of forecasted rainfall is crucial for forecasting of flood and inundated area in a river basin. A network of about 50 automated rain gauges exist in the Indian part of Rapti basin and provide reliable spatially distributed rainfall over the basin. In the current monsoon season, Rapti basin experienced one day maximum rainfall over the basin on 13th July 2019, followed by second maximum rainfall on 9th July 2019. Rainfall forecast using Global Forecast System (GFS) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) models are used extensively for research and real-time forecasting throughout the world. These models are numerical weather prediction system designed to serve both atmospheric research and operational forecasting needs. For study area, WRF data was available at a resolution of 3kmx3km and GFS data was available at 25kmx25km resolution. Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) (10kmx10km) data, which is satellite based precipitation information, and represent real time rainfall, has also been extracted for the same dates. A comparison of observed rainfall, forecasted rainfall generated through WRF andGFS, and real time satellite based GPM rainfall has been made. Results show that GPM rainfall reasonably matches with observed rainfall for both events. In case of forecast rainfall, WRF rainfall was relatively closer to observed rainfall for 13th July 2019, but did match with rainfall occurred on 9th July 2019. GFS data performed very poor for both rainfall events. This study highlights that accuracy of forecasted rainfall is still a serious concern as input in the hydrological models to generate reliable flood forecast. There is need to generate more accurate rainfall forecast for Indian basins.

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assEssmEnt oF FEasibiLity oF artiFiCiaL rECHarGE struCturEs For GrounDwatEr auGmEntation

sHiVaji G. PatiL anD Dr. raVinDra k. LaDJSPM’s RSCoE, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, India

abstraCt

Real problem of groundwater management starts from its easy accessibility to the users. It is obvious for all the persons, who are in need of water, to explore all the possibilities to get it. Extracting the groundwater by various means is a process compelling humans to fulfil their needs and returning the water to the earth is another process which balances the act of extraction. In natural phenomena, the infiltration of rainwater returns some of the part of groundwater extracted and natural recharge process takes place, which depends on the various factors but mainly on rainfall. To augment the groundwater recharge process to balance the groundwater extraction, artificial recharge structures becomes a best choice. To choose the locations and artificial recharge structures for augmentation of groundwater; feasibility check needs to be done before implementation of construction of any artificial recharge structure for proper location and appropriate recharge structure. The main objective of the study to conduct an assessment of the studies carried out in the past by various researchers, focussing the suitable conditions for locations and structures for artificial groundwater recharge structures. The study suggests the set of favourable conditions for proper augmentation of groundwater recharge with artificial recharge structures considering various influencing factors for groundwater recharge.

Keywords: Groundwater, artificial recharge, augmentation, feasibility.

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bEyonD GEC : ExPanDinG tHE Horizons oF GrounDwatEr assEssmEnt in inDia

PEtEr raVEnsCroFt, k.j. ananDHa kumar anD r.r. PuroHitNational Hydrology Project

abstraCt

The methodologies and assessments of the Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC) in 1984, 1997 and 2015 have been landmarks in the development of hydrogeological practice and continue to dominate thinking about ground water resources in India. However, since the 1980’s the scope of water resources management has expanded so greatly that the scope of the GEC assessment needs to expand to include a broader environmental perspective and the participation of water users in converting assessment into management. The historical development of the GEC methodology has involved progressive refinement of a unit annual water balance, the so-called Safe Yield concept, which focuses on the proportion of recharge abstracted. This remains essential but it is not sufficient to address the challenges of the 21st century. The Safe Yield concept should evolve into the more nuanced Sustainable Yield concept, inter alia recognising the complex and dynamic surface water – groundwater interactions and the integrated assessment of water quantity and quality. An updated methodology should explicitly accommodate natural water quality hazards (e.g. arsenic and fluoride), saline intrusion, the sustenance of groundwater dependent ecosystems, the accessibility of water in layered aquifers, and a time-framed approach to the use of renewable and non-renewable groundwater. The benefits of attempts to annually update the GEC assessments are unclear given the slow rates of change in groundwater systems and the 2015 recommendation of triennial revision appears to remain adequate, with the intervening periods better used to improve the quality of information, its analysis, and stakeholder engagement. In parallel with developing an expanded methodology, monitoring and modelling must be updated to measure, visualise and explain these issues to multi- stakeholder platforms who may collaborate to find workable solutions to the country’s water problems.

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GrounDwatEr monitorinG For sustainabLE watEr manaGEmEnt

DHirEnkumar CHaVDa anD PEtEr raVEnsCroFt Technical Assistance & Management Consultancy, National Hydrology Project

abstraCt

Rapid reduction in per capita water availability in the country is an alarming situation for population and upsurges for sustainable water management. Groundwater is major resource for all usage in the country and become a backbone of development. The national estimation of groundwater use drastically varies due to diverse hydrogeological conditions of the states and within the state offer the challenges for local level groundwater resource estimation and management. Periodical estimation of the invisible and three-dimensional groundwater resources require monitoring of groundwater development, depletion and degradation of water quality is essential part of sustainable water management in administrative units irrespective of present groundwater development status. Setup criteria for the monitoring network and its optimisation are immediate need to generate the valid data for periodical estimation; defined objective, monitoring of single aquifer, proximity analysis, watershed and altitude, water level and quality analysis. Valid estimation of groundwater resource only facilitates sustainable water management with other resources to sustainable development. Paper explains the various essential criteria for the optimising ground water monitoring network in general including data gaps and the scope for further research in respect of local hydrogeological conditions.

Keywords : groundwater; sustainable water management; water availability; monitoring; optimisation

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sustainabLE GrounDwatEr DEVELoPmEnt : nEED For rEGuLation anD DEVELoPmEnt oF irriGation sECtor in rajastHan

sayELLi tEmbHurnE anD s.k. ParEEkCentral Ground Water Board, Western Region, Jaipur

abstraCt

Groundwater is a vital component of the Rajasthan State’s water resources due to limited availability of perennial source of surface water. With depleting resources due to extensive use of groundwater in the semi-arid region especially for irrigation, industrial and domestic use, there is need to review the approach for groundwater sustainability. This study examines the constraints in present socio-economic scenario which relates to agricultural based economy and increasing population as well as their water demands. The management strategy should focus on groundwater regulation with regular check on water consumption by irrigation and industries. Erratic and scanty rainfall with changing climate is a major factor that restrains supply side management techniques. On the ground level, the scenario is altogether different where people have unavailability of sufficient drinking water but still practicing water intensive crops with prevailing traditional irrigation techniques. Groundwater can sustain only if the ongoing water consuming irrigation practices shift to water saving measures with effective monitoring on ground level. Optimistic approach of regulatory setting is a key for sustainable groundwater management. Review of policies and schemes is an important element which should also change according to changing groundwater availability and demands. Economic stability of farmers should be taken care of, and then only people will show adaptability towards suggested water conservation practices. Thus for the state like Rajasthan, sustainable groundwater management should be substantiated with scientific irrigation and cropping techniques concurrent with laws and regulations for socioeconomic development of people.

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a stuDy on bEHaViour oF muLti-aQuiFEr systEm & aQuiFEr maPPinG For an EFFECtiVE GrounDwatEr manaGEmEnt in GunDEru sub-basin, wEst GoDaVari DistriCt, anDHra PraDEsH

a.Vara PrasaDa rao, n. sriniVasu, V. Vijaya babu anD a. DiLEEPWater and Water Audit Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

s.V .Vijaya kumarNIH, Kakinada

V.s.r. krisHnaCGWB, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

abstraCt

The groundwater is a potential resource and can be safely developed within its seasonal recharge from various sources, major being from rainfall and other surface water impoundments to the aquifer. But, in areas with large groundwater draft, the groundwater levels are recording falling trend over years. Gunderu Sub-basin occupies a variety of geological formations from Achaean crystalline rocks to recent alluvium. About 90% of the basin is occupied by the Sandstone formation of Gondwanas and Mio-Pliocene sandstones. Ground water is the main irrigation source in this area and utilization of ground water is very high. The main crops grown in this area are Paddy, Maize and Horticulture. Intensive irrigation using groundwater and the long term water levels are in depleting nature. In view of the increasing groundwater dependency, declining groundwater levels and stress on aquifers, suitable ground water management strategies are to be evolved for sustainable water resources planning in Gunderu Sub-basin. This multi aquifer system is complex from upper to lower parts of basin. As

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groundwater flow is mainly controlled by the continuity and interconnectedness of the aquifers. Thus, the geological insight and interpretation is must, especially, for representing the complex aquifer systems in 3D. In this study it is attempted to map the multi aquifer system by suitable hydro-geological, geo-physical and geo-chemical investigations. The study also focus on sources of water as it is important to quantify for reliable additional source for recharge which is possible though inter inter-basin transfers, diversion and other engineering interventions. These field problems in upland aquifers like the extent of multi aquifer system are being studied as a purpose driven research study under National Hydrology Project. The outcome of this case study may be extended to such formations extensively appearing as outcrops on the flanks at the head of Godavari and Krishna delta and elsewhere.

Keywords : Aquifer, Groundwater, Gondwanas, 3D model, Recharge, Management.

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awarEnEss aCtiVitiEs on watEr ConsErVation, auGmEntations anD manaGEmEnt tHrouGH PartiCiPatory aPProaCH in tELanGana statE unDEr nationaL HyDroLoGy ProjECt

Dr. PanDitH maDHnurEGround Water Department, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad

abstraCt

As a part of Awareness programme under National Hydrology Project, Ground Water Department, Telangana has organized (23) programmes on the theme “Ground water issues, Management and Augmentation” in 23 districts of Telangana by selecting Over Exploited villages with active involvement of the farmers, schools, colleges, and the community. During the programs the farmers, water users and NGO’s were enlightened on the importance of groundwater, hydrologic cycle, different types of wells, Groundwater estimations (budgeting), categorization of mandals, notified villages, Water quality affects, rainfall recharge practices by means of watershed activities, rainwater harvesting, artificial recharge to groundwater, adoption of Participatory Groundwater management and low cost artificial recharge techniques for Groundwater augmentation,

Keywords : farmers; groundwater management; issues; over exploited; sustainable management

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ConjunCtiVE usE oF surFaCE anD GrounDwatEr in LEFt bank CanaL CommanD arEa oF naGarjun saGar ProjECt - a CasE stuDy From kHammam DistriCt, tELanGana statE

ramEsH kumar, rakEsH kumar anD PanDitH maDHnurEGround Water Department, Government of Telangana, Hyderabad

abstraCt

In order to optimise the utilization of surface water and groundwater resources for maximum agriculture production in canal command areas, pilot studies were taken up at 15 major under Sripuram major of NSP under Water Sector Improvement Project (WSIP) funded by World Bank. The total command area of the project is 7694 Ha but due to limited availability of surface water only 4290 ha is irrigated covering 24 villages from Thallada and Kallur mandals of Khammam district. During the implementation period of project (2015 and 2016) no surface water was released and the entire irrigation was based on groundwater. In the project both supply side and demand side interventions are implemented along with peoples participation. As part of the activity technical group was formed, base line surveys were carried out along with social assessment, IEC, infrastructure creations, preparation and implementation of conjunctive action plan, policy framework and exit plan or post project strategies. From the studies it is observed that nearly 67 % of population is from weaker sections and 60 % is illiterate with 5.4 % ground water usage. The results also reveal 55% farmers are aware of importance of management of water resources but only 34% are adopting it. As part of IEC activities, ~2800 farmers were exposed under different types of activities and 18 progressive farmers were taken to exposure visit to WAGHAD Project in Nashik district of Maharashtra state. As conjunctive measures, ~400 sites were identified for construction of bore wells and farmers came forward to drill bore wells by themselves and thus there was an increase in BW by 300%. Total 16 ARS structures were taken up as water conservation measures.

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The interventions resulted into an increase in paddy crops by 300 % and by ID crops by 1400%, it also resulted in creating awareness among farmers to go for conjunctive use of groundwater during the no release of surface water, it also resulted institutional aspects from Govt managed to farmers managed, from release from tail end to head reaches and ensured equitable distribution. The results from the pilot can be upscaled to similar areas.

KeyWords : awareness; conjunctive use; equitable distribution; farmers; pilot studies

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marVi – an innoVatiVE aPProaCH For ViLLaGE LEVEL GrounDwatEr manaGEmEnt

basant maHEsHwariWestern Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Penrith, Australia

abstraCt

The MARVI project, Managing Aquifer Recharge and Sustaining Groundwater Use through Village-level Intervention, is about village level communication and participatory research for improving groundwater productivity. It focused on two multi-village watersheds, the Meghraj watershed in the Aravali district of Gujarat and the Dharta watershed in Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Both watersheds have hard rock aquifers. The MARVI project involved developing a village level participatory approach, models and tools to assist in improving communication of water science, thereby securing groundwater supplies. The project examined ways to reduce groundwater demand through the direct involvement of farmers and other affected stakeholders, including local schools. A unique feature of MARVI is the use of scientific measurements by citizens through the engagement of Bhujal Jankaars (BJs), a Hindi word meaning ‘groundwater informed’ volunteers. With appropriate training and capacity building, BJs monitor groundwater levels and quality, rainfall and check dam water levels and make sense from a village perspective of what is happening to village groundwater availability and use. BJs convey this information to farmers and others in their own language. Farmers were motivated enough to change their water management and cropping practices enabled through collaborative learning and collective action in their social contexts. They have now come together continue to work together and have formed Village Groundwater Cooperatives (VGC) to recharge and manage groundwater use more effectively. The MARVI approach developed in this study is now ready for outscaling in other parts of India.

Keywords : Capacity building; Citizen Science, Groundwater Monitoring; Groundwater recharge; Participatory approach; and Transdisciplinary research.

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inLanD GrounDwatEr saLinity anD its moVEmEnt towarDs FrEsH watEr aQuiFErs –inDiCators oF saLinE watEr intrusion For tHE mEwat, HaryanaGoPaL krisHan, C.P. kumar, GokuL PrasaD, m.L. kansaL, b.k. yaDaV, surjEEt sinGH anD mamta bisHtNational Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee (Uttarakhand)

L.m. sHarmaSehgal Foundation, Gurgaon

abstraCtGroundwater salinization occurring locally or regionally as a result of (i) geogenic sources and (ii) initiated or facilitated by anthropogenic activities have become a very serious and widespread groundwater contamination issues throughout the world. It is very common along the coasts and in island systems which has been identified more than a century ago but inland groundwater salinity is also posing threats to population living in these areas. Inland groundwater salinity arising as a result of geogenic sources taking place on regional/local scales and is controlled by factors such as source of groundwater recharge, aquifer characteristics and discharging areas. Interface of freshwater/saltwater may be of variables thickness and positions influenced by high extraction rates of freshwater or pumping by plentiful wells at the same time. If recharge and extraction rates are equal it will remain stable otherwise in cases of heavy extractions or changing hydraulic gradients, saline water will intrude fresh water aquifers towards inland causing severe degradation of groundwater. To identify saline water intrusion a number of indicators have been proposed by the researchers. In this purpose driven study under National Hydrology Project, few of these indicators have been used to identify saline water intrusion in freshwater aquifers in Mewat region of Haryana with an objective to assess the strong and most justifiable indicators those can be applied to identify salinity impacted wells or progression of salinity towards these. This study is very much useful in monitoring of important baseline salinity parameters to trace the salinity intrusion at an early stage for implicating timely and relatively economical water management measures.Keywords : Inland groundwater salinity; salinity parameters; indicators; Mewat; Haryana

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oVErExPLoitation oF DEEPEr aQuiFEr For aGriCuLturE anD its manaGEmEnt in bEmEtEra DistriCt oF CHHattisGarH statE, inDiaDr. Prabir kumar naikSUO, Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi

rajiV triPatHy anD GuLab PrasaDSER, Central Ground Water Board, Bhubaneshwar

sambit samantrayRGNGWTRI, Raipur E

abstraCtBemetera district of Chhattisgarh state is having 4 community development blocks and geographical area of 2,855 sq. km. It is part of Chhattisgarh basin and underlain by hard rocks such as shale, limestone and dolomite of Precambrian age. Net ground water resource available in Bemetera district is 0.38834 bcm (CGWB, Ground Water Resource Estimation Report 2017). There are around 39,000 bore wells in Bemetera district. Agriculture is intensively practiced in the region which is totally based on bore well irrigation. Kharif and Rabi crops are common in the area which include paddy, wheat, sugarcane, soyabean, pulses, blackgram, banana, papaya and different types of vegetables from time to time. Maniari shale, the youngest formation of Chhattisgarh basin is highly gypsiferous and forms a productive aquifer having yield upto 18 lps. As the deeper aquifer is high yielding in nature it is heavily exploited by bore wells varying from depth 60 to 100 m depth and there is decline of water level. Water level of bore wells in pre-monsoon varies from 8.93 to 42.35 mbgl. The unscientific practice of filling of pond from bore well water should be immediately stopped. Different artificial recharge measures such as Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting (RTRWH) should be made mandatory in the area. In the study area all out effort should be made to conserve rain water and recharge to ground by making gully plugs, nalah bunds, check dams, recharge shafts, injection wells/ recharge wells. Different demand side management measures has to be adopted and proper ground water management policy has to be implemented scientifically by State Government involving stakeholders, farmers, PRIs, village shelf help groups, social organisations by participatory approach. Keywords : bore well; hard rocks; Precambrian; recharge; resource

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CritiCaL roLE oF GrounD watEr-basED naturaL inFrastruCturE in suPPortinG watEr sECurity anD rEsiLiEnCE in inDia

Dr. ratan C. jainFormerly Chairman,Central Ground Water Board & Central Ground Water Authority, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt. of India

abstraCt

During the recent years, the dialogue on water and the environment has significantly shifted towards ways in which the environment can not only be conserved but managed to meet human needs sustainably, with a focus on working with nature to produce co-benefits for both people and nature. Nature-based Solutions for Water has contributed importantly to the dialogue. As part of this shift, groundwater and the subsurface environments that contain it, i.e. aquifers are increasingly seen as strategic and integral resources for providing water supplies and other natural ecosystem services that support human development and resilience]. In a complex situation influenced by population growth, climate change, and demographic and environmental changes in India, it is increasingly important to enhance, manage and sustain services derived from groundwater and the sub-surface. In the light of extensive experience gained in the country, technological advances and increased knowledge and expertise related to groundwater, and the subsurface and environmental processes to develop a broad portfolio of approaches like enhancing recharge of groundwater aquifers, mandating water harvesting and artificial recharge in urban areas, ground water governance, incentivising to promote recharging of ground water, intelligent power rationing for irrigation,optimising water use efficiency, conjunctive management that permit better management of these natural resources and services in India have been examined at great length in terms of the technical feasibility as well as social relevance of implementation

Keywords : sub-surface environment; managed aquifer recharge; energy-irrigation nexus; intelligent power rationing; conjunctive management

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bEttEr inFormation For PoLiCy PLanninG in tHE CanaL irriGation sECtor : an iLLustration From tHE sina irriGation systEm in maHarasHtra, inDia

uPaLi amarasinGHE, aLok sikka anD ViDya manDaVEInternational Water Management Institute

suniL GorantiwarMahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri

r.k. PanDa anD suniL k. ambastIndian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneswar

abstraCt

Widening gap between the irrigation potential utilized (IPU) and created (IPC) and low land productivity are two major issues in the canal irrigation sector in India. Huge investments with insufficient information for addressing the two performance challenges often yielded low returns. This paper assesses the irrigation performance of the Sina irrigation system in Maharashtra, which is a microcosm of water-scarce medium irrigation systems. The analysis based on satellite data shows: First, the actual water influence zone (WIZ) of Sina irrigation system is substantially larger than the designed canal command area. Second, satellite data based estimate of the ratio of IPU to IPC is considerably larger than the official estimate, primarily due to conjunctive use of groundwater. Third, although the land productivity ($/ha) is lower, the existing cropping patterns generate a substantially higher value of output than that based on the designed cropping patterns. Often, farmers prefer cropping patterns to increasing value of output than maximizing land productivity. Increasing economic water productivity ($/m3) is a better strategy for water scarce systems. The analysis raises the following important issues for policy planning: refocus assessment strategies of actual WIZ zone of canal irrigation systems and investment for bridging the gap between IPU

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and IPC. In water-scarce systems, generating more value of output than enhancing land productivity in water scarce irrigation systems, and maintain a cropping pattern that provides a reasonable income even under extreme dry weather conditions. Policy promoting conjunctive water use with innovative water and energy supply management is a crucial component.

Keywords: Canal irrigation, Irrigation potential, Land productivity, Water productivity, Policy planning

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watEr inFormation : kEy to EmPowErmEnt oF stakEHoLDEr- inDia-wris, an initiatiVE oF CEntraL watEr Commission

karisHma bHatnaGar maLHotra, asHisH awastHi anD amrEnDra kumar sinGHEnvironment Management Organization, Central Water Commission, New Delhi, India

abstraCt

India has an average annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm but still struggles to make its water resources safe and accessible in all parts of the country. Sustainable and efficient water resource management is a highly complex task that requires comprehensive, consistent, and up-to-date water related information. A well-developed information system for water-related data in its entirety, at the national/state level, can help to a large extent in developing, operating, managing, and conserving the scarce water resources in an integrated and environmentally sustainable manner. One such Initiative to bring all the water related data at a single platform is India-Water Resources Information System (popularly abbreviated as India-WRIS) developed jointly by Central Water Commission, Ministry of Jal Shakti and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space, Govt. of India. India-WRIS Web-GIS was launched in the year 2009 with a vision to generate, analyze and disseminate water resources related information in the public domain using advance GIS processing systems. It helps to serve the nation through research, capacity building, linkages, outreach, and governance in water sector. This paper describes the advantages and need of robust Indian Water Resources Information System (India-WRIS), its history, vision, goals, scope and database generated for the users along with potential of its use in various water resources aspects. A robust and accessible database of water and land resources is essential for effective and sustainable management of water resources considering the socio-economic angle associated with the water. The paper also includes brief description of National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC) created during March 2018, under the Ministry of Jal Shakti to take up maintenance, updation, and management of India-WRIS project.

Keywords : GIS, India-WRIS, Information system, NWIC, Water Resources

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anDHra PraDEsH watEr rEsourCE inFormation & manaGEmEnt systEm – watEr inFormation in PubLiC Domian

a. Vara PrasaDa rao, n. sriniVasu anD k. PaDma PrasaDAndhra Pradesh Ground Water and Water Audit Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Viajayawada

abstraCt

Andhra Pradesh Water Resources Information Management System (APWRIMS) is a real-time comprehensive integrated system that helps the Stakeholders of water resources to gain the last mile visibility of water supply & demand and provide decision support towards planning and management of water resources. APWRIMS is created to implement state’s vision of taking a data driven and scientific approach towards drought proofing the state, providing water security to all and creating a Smart Water Grid for transfer of water from surplus to deficit basins. APWRIMS is developed and enhancing under National Hydrology Project as per the envisaged objective of creating water resources information system and accessible to the stakeholders. APWRIMS uses emerging technologies like IoT Sensors, Geo-informatics, Geo-Analytics, Big Data, Machine Learning, Satellite Imagery, cloud computing, scientific models (hydrology and crop) etc. to have a dynamic system that provides all water related information and decision support via easy MIS dashboards and interactive live Geoportal. Policy makers and governmental officials in the state of Andhra Pradesh are making use of the system in planning and management activities like Real-time water availability, Water Budgeting, Water Audit, Water conservation and Recharge, Groundwater Management, Crop planning, Irrigation Management, etc. APWRIMS is web enabled and make use of best of open source technology to bring together Geo-Database, Geo Servers, GIS computations. In the system an attempt has been made to simulate the water cycle seamlessly and comprehensively at various geo-boundary levels like State > District > Block > Village or River Basin > Sub Basin > Micro Basin, lots of spatial layers are used in both static and dynamic forms.

Keywords : Geo-portal; Spatial data; IoT Sensors; Hydrological models; Hydro met; DEM

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stanDarD oPEratinG ProCEDurE For sustainabLE sEDimEnt manaGEmEnt in rEsErVoirs - kEraLa sCEnario

Dr. santHosH kumar P.t.Construction Materials Division, Kerala Engineering Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala

josHy k.a. Kerala Water Resources Department, Kerala State,

abstraCt

Reservoir sedimentation is a growing problem faced by the reservoirs across the globe. The reservoirs are designed and operated to fill with sediment in a controlled manner, while harnessing the benefits from remaining storage over a finite period of time. Sedimentation in reservoirs causes severe negative impacts on environment such as reduction of reservoir storage capacity, damages for infrastructures, reduction of biodiversity for aquatic species and so on. Desiltation of reservoirs is prime responsibility of owners of dams and the State of Kerala has constituted a Technical Committee and an Empowered Committee for monitoring the same and has made an effort for formulating a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the assessment, removal of sediments, utilization of sediments of reservoirs, giving due consideration to the environmental implications. As a pilot project, Mangalam dam has been chosen and sediment samples were collected using gravity core collector, separated and tested in Soil mechanics laboratory of Kerala Engineering Research Institute, Peechi in Kerala. Out of the total samples assessed, it was observed that the sediments cannot be directly used for construction. Hence the State also puts into practice, the segregation of these sediments into fractions and making use of these fractions for value added purposes such as for construction, brick making, farmlands etc which is first of its kind in India. Hence, this paper is highlighted as a roadmap towards a sustainable sediment management in the reservoirs of the State of Kerala.

Keywords : Desiltation, Sediment Segregation, Value added purposes

157


stuDy oF LuLC CHanGE in aCaDEmiC CamPus by anaLysinG rainFaLL - runoFF ProCEss For sustainabLE DEsiGn : a CasE oF iit bombay, inDia

aman sriVastaVa, aman LonarE anD PEnnan CHinnasamy Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

abstraCt

In the present study, the LULC patterns are investigated by analyzing the rainfall-runoff process in order to determine the impact of the urbanization on ecosystem services for the academic campus of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. The forest cover has increased within the campus in the past few decades. On the flip side, it is observed that the infrastructural development has taken a phenomenal rate in the view of constructing new hostels, academic buildings, etc. This study thus aims to identify the parameters affecting the LULC change from 2000 to 2018. Based on the data obtained through field survey and secondary sources, the rainfall-runoff process was studied. Remote sensing images were used to generate the KML file which was exported as shapefile using QGIS. The shapefile for the years 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, and 2018 was processed to develop legends in classifying LULC using ArcGIS. Results showed an increase in built-up cover by 28%. This could be attributed to the decrease in the barren land cover by 91%. Despite the increase in built-up cover, the runoff remained comparatively less affected. In fact, runoff-coefficient showed a fluctuating decrease from 0.40 to 0.36. Water hyacinths in Powai Lake, at least on the Hiranandani side, is periodically removed because of the efforts to enhance tourism whereas it is still prevalent in Powai lake at the side of IIT. In total, the eutrophication cover has decreased up to 57%. The infrastructural development may not be attributed to deforestation because the forest cover increased by 9%. The study concludes that sustainable design approach of the institution has balanced the hydrological phenomena without disturbing the environmental services.

Keywords : Land Use Land Cover; Rainfall-Runoff Process; Sustainability; Remote Sensing; GIS;

158


inVEntorization oF naturaL watEr sPrinGs oF raVi riVEr CatCHmEnt oF HimaCHaL PraDEsH unDEr PurPosE DriVEn stuDy oF nationaL HyDroLoGy ProjECt

s s rawat, suman Gurjar, P G josE, suDHEEr kumar, stanzin CHEnLak anD G raina National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India

abstraCt

Natural water springs are one of the most cost effective ways to provide relatively pure water for about 50 million people of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) as rivers flow in deep valleys and glaciers are far flung, making these two sources economically non-viable. However, increasing population and unplanned development have adversely affected the recharge processes and resulted in depletion of these prime water sources. Lack of primary database (inventory) is the major hurdle in the development of these water pygmies as sustainable water resources. Therefore, a purpose driven study (PDS) has been formulated to inventorize the springs of Ravi River catchment of Himachal Pradesh under the National Hydrology Project (NHP). Till date, more than 400 perennial and seasonal springs have been geo-tagged using GPS based information system comprising 20 parameters including hydro-geological, physical, social, demographical and springshed characteristics. Additionally, 14 water quality parameters viz. pH, EC, Ca+2, NO3+, SO4-, F-, SiO2, K

+, Fe, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, CO3-2

and alkalinity have also been quantified. A comprehensive database of spatial and non-spatial data has been created based on the collected springs information, which is being updated with new data regularly. A web based spring information system is being developed to visualize and get the information of springs along with geotagged photo and other basic map functionalities. The web information system is developed using open source technologies like Open layers, GeoExt, PostGIS, and PHP. This web information system will be hosted in public domain and will be accessible across the world. This will give insight to common stakeholders and water resource managers to analyse the present situation of springs and scope to rejuvenate the drying springs.

Keywords: groundwater quality; Himalayan springs; National Hydrology Project; purpose driven study; spring Inventory

159


FramEwork For GrounD watEr rEsourCE GoVErnanCE systEm usinG PartiCiPatory aPProaCH For osmanabaD DistriCt

tayyabaLi sayyaD, DiPLaV DonGrE, Fauziya ansari, (ms.) anGELa PErEira anD roHan sHarma Don Bosco Institute of Technology , Mumbai, University of Mumbai

abstraCt

Drought has been consistently affecting many parts of India and Maharashtra is one of the states among it. Specifically, the Marathwada region has been witnessing severe droughts from the last ten years and is getting worse year after year. To tackle this situation, we need efficient water resources allocation, planning and management. Overcoming the water-related issues would be easy if we have a good understanding of the existing groundwater availability. We present a participatory approach to report water availability and depth levels of wells and borewells. Having a record of this data will not only allow us to monitor but also better understanding, plan and control over groundwater extraction and its use. We propose an open source-based spatial data infrastructure, which will then be used to calculate the demand and supply of the water. We will also be doing a simulation of various effects of the policies on water availability. Time series analysis will help us to do the future prediction of water availability.

Keywords : Drought, Spatial Data, Open Source, Policy, Regulation, Stackholders, Accountability

160


intEGratED FarmEr inFormation anD irriGation nEtwork manaGEmEnt inFormation systEm (inmis)

b. kHaPrE, asHok karVa anD V.D. LoLiyanaMechatronics Systems Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India

abstraCt

The National Water Mission of Government of India developed a framework to optimize water use by increasing water use efficiency by 20% through regulatory mechanisms with differential entitlements and pricing. Due consideration of Indian socio-economic condition, the smart digital irrigation management system must integrate supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) based automation from Dam to farmer delivery outlets supported by a robust data communication system, farmer information system with GIS based Irrigation Network Management Information System (INMIS). The smart irrigation management system developed and implemented for improving water use efficiency and crop yield in Narayanpur left bank canal (NLBC) command area in Karnataka state of India by efficiently managing and distributing water judiciously as well equitably. To manage the extent of entire canal network among the three zones and several other sub juridical systems of NLBC, farmer information system implemented and provided details of farmers, water demand requirement, irrigation schedule, soil health, weather details, commodity rates, digital library, etc. in multilingual languages, viz., Kannada, Hindi and English within canal command jurisdiction. The farmer information system was integrated with INMIS for regulating and controlling the information at master control room for effective management within command area. INMIS provides canal structure with all the design details, data of all the stakeholders at each section of canal network, water user co-operative society (WUCS) implementation, handling of crop water requirement collected from end user, water supply and demand schedule for canal automatic operation and water billing for revenue generation to the authorities.

Keywords: Farmer Information System; Integrated; water management; INMIS

161


stuDy on tHE HyDroCHEmiCaL ELuCiDation oF tHE GrounD watEr ComPosition unDEr DomEstiC anD irriGatED LanD in assam, inDia

kEisHam raDHaPyari, sniGDHa Dutta, rinkumoni barman anD biPLab rayCentral Ground Water Board, North Eastern Region, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Guwahati

suParna DattaCentral Ground Water Board, Eastern Region, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Kolkata

abstraCt

The irrigation development for water abundant Assam could be termed as scarcity in the midst of plenty owing to its peculiar situations in a cycle of one agricultural year i.e excess water from natural sources like rain and streams specially during wet Kharif season and less water rainwater during dry Rabi season. Although Assam has many sources of water, only a small fraction of total water resources has been utilized in gainful economic activities. Thus making the state dependent on ground water for irrigation. The paper attempts to examine the hydrochemical elucidation of the ground water composition under domestic and irrigated land in Assam, India. In order to know the suitability of groundwater samples (premonsoon and post monsoon) were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. The physicochemical parameters of groundwater participate a significant role in classifying and assessing water quality. A preliminary characterization, carried out using the piper diagram, shows the different hydrochemistry of the sampled groundwater. The ground water of the state is mostly of HCO3+CO3 type, mix Ca-Mg-Na dominating type and Na-SO4 type. Data are plotted on the US Salinity Laboratory diagram, which illustrates that most of the groundwater samples fall in the field of C1S1 and C2S1, which can be used for irrigation on almost all type of soil with little danger of exchangeable sodium. Based on the analytical results, chemical indices like %Na, SAR, and RSC were calculated which show that most of the samples are good for irrigation and SAR value of less than 10 is observed in all water samples of Assam.

Keywords : Hydrochemical; Ground water; quality assessment; Irrigated land; Assam

162


businEss moDEL For sustainabiLity oF watEr QuaLity LaboratoriEs in inDia

Dr. srikantH raGHaVaCHari Water Quality Expert, TAMC (NHP)

abstraCt

Sustainability of the implementing agencies run water quality laboratory across India is a major concern . These laboratories are grossly incapacitated due to lack of trained human resource and logistics involved in Sample collection and analysis from the sources. Apart from human resources there are also issues related to data management, equipment that are either unavailable or underutilized or remain non –functional. Although Outsourcing of human resource is presently being practiced by various implementing agencies working under NHP as interim solution but concern has been expressed on the sustainability of the laboratories beyond project duration and in the long run. There are issues related sample load, manpower, recurring cost of consumables, minor repairs, space etc that need to be resolved. The present paper tries to addresses these challenges and provides a sustinable alternate business model to overcome these concerns and to bring efficiency, modernization of the laboratory functioning in terms of quality output.

Keywords : water quality laboratory, human resources, Modernization, sustainability, Business model

163


EnVironmEntaL anaLysis oF DaLVoy LakE watEr For aGriCuLturaL PurPosEs in mysorE City, inDia

maHEsHa Production Assistant, Educational Multimedia Research Centre, University of Mysore, Manasagngothri, Mysore

n.r. rajEnDra PrasaDAsst. Regional Director, IGNOU Regional Centre, Pune, Maharashtra. India

abstraCt

Environmental Evaluation of water quality in lakes located near major cities is of primary concern for sustainable development. This paper intends to assess the quality of water with reference to agricultural uses in the Dalvoy Lake, located in the southern parts of Mysore city. Mysore is a globally known tourist spot with many historical sites. The city is enriched with six notable lakes, of which the Dalvoy lake is under severe environmental threat. The water from this lake is primarily used for agricultural purposes. In order to understand the water quality variations within the lake, samples were collected from various points based on input, output and storage. The depth of the water ranges 4 to 10 meters towards downstream end. The water samples were analysed for major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), anions (Cl, CO3, HCO3, NO3, SO4), Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity and pH. The hydrochemical data was processed using a comprehensive methodology adopted in the computer program HYCH. In this program, numerical steps are adopted for the classification of hydrochemical facies of water using the criteria of Handa, Piper, Stuyfzand, USSL and Wilcox. According to Stuyfzand classification these waters are of Magnesium bicarbonate type. A major percentage of the water samples belong to C3S1 type, when evaluated using the USSL diagram for classification of irrigational waters and it indicates that the water is of moderate salinity and low sodium hazard. The level of environmental threat is increasing year by year. However, this lake water can be used for agriculture practice at present. This paper discusses the results of chemical analysis of water samples and the method of evaluation adopted.

Keywords : Hydro-geochemistry, USSL, Wilcox, Water Quality, Lake, Mysore city.

164


assEssmEnt oF watEr QuaLity anD EFFECt oF totaL orGaniC Carbon in GrounD watEr in mursHiDabaD DistriCt oF wEst bEnGaL

manasHi bHattaCHaryya anD suParna DattaCentral Ground Water Board, Eastern Region, Kolkata

abstraCt

Water is one of the most important Compounds that profoundly influence importance of life. Unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in developing country. The quality of water is usually described according to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Rapid high rise buildings, discharge of industrial effluents without proper treatment and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture are causing heavy and varied pollution in aquatic environment leading to detoriation of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. Due to use of contaminated water human population suffers contaminated water borne diseases. It is necessary to check the water Quality parameters at regular interval. Parameter that are tested Alkalinity, Fluoride, nitrates, phosphates, Total hardness, Electrical conductivity, Arsenic, Iron, (WQI) Water quality Index, TOC (Total organic Carbon). Maximum Arsenic is found 160ppb. More than 90% locations are Arsenic polluted. Maximum TOC is found 186ppm. In Maximum wells TOC is found more than 25ppm. The use of alternative sources, improvement of water supply structures and water treatment are the possible solutions for the improvement of water quality of drinking water in Murshidabad.

Keywords : Physical-Chemical Quality; Drinking water sources; Alkalinity;, Water Quality Index (WQI) ; Arsenic;

165


imPaCt assEssmEnt oF urbanization on GrounDwatEr QuaLity anD its PotabiLity : a stuDy ininDo banGLa borDEr DistriCts oF triPura, inDia

suParna Datta Central Ground Water Board, Eastern Region, Deptt.of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (WRRDGR), Ministry of Jal Shakti, Kolkata

kEisHam raDHaPyari anD sniGDHa DuttaCentral Ground Water Board, North Eastern Region, Deptt. of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (WRRDGR),Ministry of Jal Shakti, Guwahati

abstraCt

The ground water quality of semi urban area of Tripura, India was studied to determine the suitability of their use for drinking and irrigation purposes. Ground water quality depletion by anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization and agricultural activities is a major problem in Agartala, the capital of North-Eastern states of Tripura and its surroundings. During the study, efforts have been made to evaluate a total number of 74representative groundwater samples (C1 to C74) collected from Dhalai, North Tripura, South Tripura and West Tripura Districts during Premonsoon period. The physicochemical parameters such as Fluoride (F-), Nitrate (NO3-), Carbonate (CO3-), Chloride (Cl-),Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+), Sulphate (SO42-), Iron (Fe), Potassium (K+), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Potential of Hydrogen (pH) and Total Hardness (TH) have been assessed to evaluate the potability and irrigation potential in the study area. Very high concentration (14.18 mg/L) of Iron was found at Fulsingpara in South Tripura District. 52 wells out of 74 wells have been found to have Iron concentration more than permissible limit as prescribed BIS (0.3 mg/L). 70% of the samples were found to be unfit for drinking purposes due to high Iron content. Suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes was determined using of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly Ratio (KR), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Sodium (%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). Groundwater in the region is suitable for irrigation.Keywords : Ground Water; Tripura; Anthropogenic; Irrigation, Drinking; Semi urban

166


watEr buDGEt Estimation For GEotaGGED PoLytanks in HiGHEr HiLLs oF uttarakHanD : a CasE stuDy

utkarsH kumar, jitEnDra kumar, sHEr sinGH, j.k. bisHt anD a. PattanayakICAR-Vivekanandra Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan Almora,Uttarakhand, India

abstraCt

Agriculture in hill and mountain ecosystem is predominantly rainfed with common occurrence of moisture stress. This increase risk to success of hill farming in general and cultivation of high value crops like vegetables in particular. Development of water harvesting structure is the key to higher production by mitigating water stress and meeting its requirement particularly during critical growth stages. This leads not only to the conservation of water but also its efficient distribution in the field .The cost of creating water resources in hills is very high, thus storage and application losses should be reduced to utilize scarce water efficiently. Pond line plastic sheet can make significant contribution towards fulfilling this goal. The purpose of this study was to estimate the increase in water availability due to the additional polytanks made under Jal Shakti Abhiyan Programme of ICAR-VPKAS, Almora, specific to the Darima village of Nainital district of the state of Uttarakhand which falls in higher Himalayas. The pond was dugout and lined with plastic sheet which is multi-layered cross laminated, U.V stabilized 250 micron thickness. Total no of tanks made in the study area are 65 which was geo tagged for regular monitoring. The average length, breadth and depth of all polytank is 7.1m, 4.4 m and 1.6m respectively. The impact of above work will create additional water storage capacity of approximately 3312 cubic meter, which will enhance the farmers income and water availability throughout the year. Keywords: Jal Shakti Abhiyan, Poly tank, Conservation, Irrigation, Hilly area

167


HyDrauLiC rEsPonsE oF krisHna riVEr witH HiPParGi, aLmatti rEsrVoirs : CasE stuDy oF juLy-auGust 2019 FLooDs

Hanumant DHumaLDr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology Pimpri, Pune, India

Dr. suniL b tHakarE Anantrao Pawar College of Engineering & Research, Pune, India

Dr. sHrEEniVas n LonDHE Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Pune, India

abstraCt

In the months of July and August of the year 2019, Western Maharashtra faced catastrophic disaster due to heavy floods in Krishna and Panchganga rivers. More than 50 % area of Sangli and Kolhapur cities was under submergence almost for ten days. There was inundation in rural areas also. The river Krishna, covering an area of 21,114 km2 in Maharashtra is 282 km long, originating from Mahabaleshwar in Satara district and flowing through Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur Districts. Three of its main tributaries namely Koyna, Warna, Panchganga are East flowing. There are 19 reservoirs in Krishna basin, out of which 10 can be classified as major and remaining as medium. Total storage capacity of these reservoirs is 7500 Mcum. Hippargi and Almatti reservoirs are located in the state of Karnataka at 100 and 265 km respectively downstream of Sangli in Maharashtra. There were unprecedented rains from 25th July 2019 till 10th August 2019 in upper reservoir’s catchments as well as in free catchments. This heavy rain created flood situation in the region. Few print and electronic media concluded on their own that these floods are due to backwater effect of Almatti reservoir and others concluded the mismanagement of upper reservoirs in Maharashtra created floods. To know the exact behavior of flood, the HEC RAS model with Ras mapper with unsteady flow analysis is carried out for finding hydraulic reasons behind the behavior and response of Krishna river along with Hippargi barrage and Almatti reservoir. The model consists of Krishna river reach of 365 km from Karad in Maharashtra to Almatti

168

in Karnataka, Warna river, tributary of Krishna having confluence near Sangli, with length of 53 km and another tributary Panchganga from Kolhapur to its confluence with river Krishna flowing for about 94 km. The river cross section data is actually surveyed. The boundary condition for input is observed stage and discharge at Karad, Sangli, Rajapur, Warna and Kolhapur. The observed stage and outflow form Almatti reservoir is used as downstream boundary condition. The flow from free catchments is used as input in the form of uniform lateral flow. Various alternatives and combinations with observed flood data are analysed and studied. It is found that though there is no exact backwater effect of Almatti reservoirs, the early storage in Almatti has impact on flood situation in Sangli. A need therefore is felt to improve Reservoir Operation System (ROS) of upper reservoirs and need of integrated ROS of all reservoirs along with Hippargi and Almatti.

Keywords : Unsteady flow, backwater, flood, inundation, HECRAS

169


strEam FLow PrEDiCtion usinG artiFiCiaL nEuraL nEtwork anD suPPort VECtor rEGrEssion

sHrEEniVas LonDHE, Dr. PraDnya Dixit anD Dr. PrEEti kuLkarniAssociate Professor, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune.

abstraCt

Stream flow is a highly complex and highly non-linear process and its forecast few time step ahead is important in many activities associated with planning and operation of the components of a water resources system and to plan for future expansion or reduction. As a result, researchers always try and devise alterative techniques to forecast stream flow with relative ease and reasonable accuracy though traditional deterministic and conceptual models. The present work uses two data driven techniques namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) to forecast river flow one day in advance at two stations (Rajghat and Mandleshwar) in the Narmada Catchment of India. The results are further compared and it indicates that the models performed reasonably well as far as accuracy of prediction is considered. It was found that ANN and SVR perform at par with each other, however SVR performed better than ANN though marginally as far as prediction accuracy in extreme events is considered.

Keywords : Stream flow, Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Regression

170


intEGratED aPProaCH to maP tHE aQuiFErs anD DEVisinG manaGEmEnt stratEGiEs For watEr strEssED CHEnnai aQuiFEr systEm, soutHErn inDia

m.sEntHikumar anD D.GnanasunDarCentral Ground Water Board, Dept of Water Resources, Riv. Dev. & Ganga Rejv. India

abstraCt

Chennai, a city of almost seven million people, is one of the most water-stressed cities of India. While the population keeps skyrocketing, the amount of water available for them is dwindling. Scarcity intensifies conflict between Chennai (formerly Madras) and its peri-urban areas, which cannot be resolved while there remains a great institutional vacuum. An integrated aquifer mapping study-involving hydrogeology, geophysics, geochemical and hydrology were carried with an objective to identify the type, number of aquifers, lateral & vertical extent, their characteristics and devise a sustainable management plan. The results of the aquifer mapping studies reveals that the area of 6288 km2 has two main aquifers units, namely 1. weathered zone at the top followed by a discrete anisotropic fractured/fissured zone at the bottom in the western and southern part of the study area. 2. Alluvium in the central and eastern portion underlined compact conglomerates of the Gondwana formation. In alluvial regions the first aquifer unit comprising of sand, gravel has thickness ranging from 5 to 50 m with yields ranging from 68 to 140 m3/hr. Groundwater occurs under unconfined condition in the weathered zone & in the alluvial formation and unconfined to semi-confined conditions in the conglomerates and fractured/fissured zone. The study formulates management strategies for supply side as well as demand side. The supply side measures include construction of artificial recharge structures of 23 Check dams,166 nala bands, 372 recharge shafts in addition to the 273 ponds earmarked for rejuvenation with recharge shafts in all the 38 OE & Critical firkas nand the estimated recharge in the order of 54 MCM Demand side management is also recommended by change in irrigation pattern from flooding method to Ridge & furrow for paddy and flooding to drip for sugarcane and banana crops. This intervention would save 289.12 mcm of water annually. By carrying out both supply and demand side interventions the stage of groundwater development would be lowered from 68 to 45%.

171


assEssmEnt oF watEr QuaLity anD EFFECt oF totaL orGaniC Carbon in GrounD watEr in mursHiDabaD DistriCt oF wEst bEnGaL

manasHi bHattaCHaryya anD suParna DattaCentral Ground Water Board, Eastern Region, Kolkata

abstraCt

Water is one of the most important Compounds that profoundly influence importance of life. Unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in developing country. The quality of water is usually described according to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Rapid high rise buildings, discharge of industrial effluents without proper treatment and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture are causing heavy and varied pollution in aquatic environment leading to detoriation of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. Due to use of contaminated water human population suffers contaminated water borne diseases. It is necessary to check the water Quality parameters at regular interval. Parameter that are tested Alkalinity, Fluoride, nitrates, phosphates, Total hardness, Electrical conductivity, Arsenic, Iron, (WQI) Water quality Index, TOC (Total organic Carbon). Maximum Arsenic is found 160ppb. More than 90% locations are Arsenic polluted. Maximum TOC is found 186ppm. In Maximum wells TOC is found more than 25 ppm. The use of alternative sources, improvement of water supply structures and water treatment are the possible solutions for the improvement of water quality of drinking water in Murshidabad.

Keywords : Physical-Chemical Quality; Drinking water sources; Alkalinity;, Water Quality Index (WQI) ; Arsenic;

172


assEssmEnt oF sEDimEntation LoaD For DiFFErEnt FLooD ConDitions in LowEr rEaCHEs oF riVEr GanGa anD its tributariEs

n.n.rai anD rajEsH kumarCentral Water Commission, New Delhi, India

abstraCt

The phenomenon of sediment transportation, erosion and its deposition is quite complex for a natural river systems especially for a gigantic river like Ganga. Ganga and Brahmaputra are the mighty rivers with very high sediment yield. Natural rivers involuntary tend to attain equilibrium on their own, under the balanced conditions of hydrology, sediment movement and its erosion & disposition. Therefore, the estimation of sediment load and consequently the rate of sedimentation in any of the river reach implicitly has inherent limitations and uncertainties. In order to estimate the sediment load in river Ganga in its lower reaches, the sediment data of river Ganga and its major tributaries viz Ghaghra, Sone, Gandak and Kosi has been analysed. In order to establish a proper relation between discharge and sediment load, concurrent discharge and suspended sediment data of more than 8 to 10 years is essential. In the present paper concurrent suspended sediment and discharge data of more than 10 years, available at different G&D sites of river Ganga and its tributaries has been analysed for fitting the sediment rating curve and to estimate the sediment load for different discharge conditions.

173


PErFormanCE EVaLution oF PrEDiCtiVE maCHinE LEarninG mEtHoDs For statistiCaL DownsCaLinG oF montHLy PrECiPitation : tHE CasE stuDy oF maHanaDi basin

manisH k. nEma, HitEsH P. tHakur anD PrabHasH k. misHra1.National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India

CHanDranatH CHattErjEEIndian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

abstraCt

Global climate models (GCMs) are the course tools for analyzing the future climate. To understand the local impacts of climate change GCMs are needed to be downscaled. A wide range of statistical models have been applied for downscaling GCMs but recent advances in machine learning have not been much explored. In this study, GCM simulated climatic variables (Predictors) were used to predict the future monthly precipitation on a local scale, over the Mahanadi basin. Machine learning algorithms namely Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Wavelet Artificial Neural Network (WANN) were used as predictive models. These models were calibrated and validated using eleven climatic variables from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) data, as they nearly represent the historical pressure, temperature, and humidity. After calibrating the models, GCM’s data were used to predict the monthly historical and future precipitation scenarios. Data transformation and data preprocessing were performed prior to develop the model in order to improve model accuracy. To evaluate the performance of these methods, accuracy measures namely Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2) were calculated. The historical run results reveal that the WANN method performed reasonably well in downscaling

174

the precipitation data as the noises in high-frequency data is being removed during wavelet decomposition. Therefore, the WANN was applied to predict the future scenario using GCM data and the models predict that the annual precipitation will tend to rise in future scenarios.

Keywords : ANN; GCM; Predictors; MLR; WANN

175


CrEEk irriGation, an aLtErnatiVE oF GrounD watEr irriGation in tHE saLinE traCk oF CoastaL oDisHa

niraD CHanDra nayakCentral Ground Water Board, Faridabad

abstraCt

Coastal Odisha, formed by the coalescence of Mahanadi, Brahmani & Baitarini Delta is rich in water resources due to wide spread canal network and good amount of ground water resources. However water quality is a major hindrance in the use of ground water in the eastern part of the state where top saline condition exists. Bhadrak district situated in the northern part of the delta is taken as study area, where around 1120 km2 area is underlain by saline formations. Fresh water bearing aquifer commonly exists between 150 to 195 m below ground level having a recharge area 30 to 40 Km away in the west. Near the coast, the piezometric head of this aquifer has gone down to 4-7 meter below mean sea level and there is a constant threat of sea water intrusion. Water logging and drainage congestion during monsoon season restricts agricultural activities due to failure or poor yield of paddy. Moreover area under Ravi crop is also limited due to the unavailability of ground water. Under this backdrop, coastal creeks which are abundant in the area can be modified and developed into irrigation networks. The river water pushing into the creeks during high tide can be captured by means of sluice systems and can be utilized for providing irrigation for Ravi crop. As the river water remains fresh upto the end of February or middle of March, 8 to 10 fillings are possible which creates immense potential for irrigation and thereby the economic development of the area. CGWB has already completed some demonstrative creek irrigation projects in the area during 2004-05, which have proved highly effective.

Keywords : Creek, Tide, Saline, Ravi

176


sPatio-tEmPoraL GLaCiEr CHanGE anaLysis oF basPa sub-basin in HimaCHaL PraDEsH

swEta, nibEDita Guru, ankit GuPta, ruHi maHEsHwari, bs rao, PV raju anD V.V. raoWater Resources Group, National Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO, Hyderabad

abstraCt

Change in glacier dynamics is a primary indicator of climate change, causing adverse disasters, necessitating temporal monitoring of glaciers. Multi-temporal and spatial remote sensing satellite data is helpful to extract information of glacier change and extent in the Himalayan region. In this present study, Baspa sub-basin of the Indus basin in Himachal Pradesh has been taken to identify the spatio-temporal changes of the glaciers to explore the recent variations. Glaciers have been mapped manually using visual interpretation of multi resolution datasets for 5 intermittent years (2009, 2012, 2013, 2016, and 2018). In 2009, total numbers of glaciers mapped are 67 having a total area of 203.80 km2, whereas 149 glaciers are mapped in 2018 (167.73 km2). It has been observed that, the total area of glaciers from 2009 to 2018 is decreased (17.70%), but the numbers of glaciers are increased (122.39%), due to fragmenting of bigger glaciers in to smaller ones. Result also shows that, all glaciers are under retreating condition (±4.6%), whereas big glaciers like Hania, Bilare Bange and Baspa glacier are retreated by 36.12%, 47.24% and 16.52 % between 2009 and 2018, respectively. Standard deviation of seasonal temperature data provided by Bioclimatic has been analysed for 30 years (1971-2000), which shows variation from 61.9% to 103.9%, indicating greater variability in the temperature.

Keywords : Bioclimatic; Glacier retreat; Himalayas; Multi-resolution datasets; Seasonal temperature.

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assEssEmEnt oF DistriCt wisE watEr ProDuCtiVity anD CroP yiELD usinG watEr aCCountinG PLus (wa+) tooL For subarnarEkHa riVEr basin

P.k. misHra, P.k. sinGH, sHaraD k jain, m.k. GoEL anD suman GurjarNIH Roorkee

abstraCt

In India, for ensuring food and water security, and to cope with the scarcity of water resources, which is expected to further intensify under the pressure of climate change and population increase, there is need of shifting focus to ‘Water Productivity (WP) from Land productivity. In this study, we have applied WA+ Tool for assessing the temporal and spatial variability of WP and Land Productivity at the district level for Subarnarekha basin using satellite based inputs for a period of 12 years, i.e., 2003-2014. The satellite data inputs are derived mainly from MODIS, CHIRPS, TRMM, ensemble ET product, GLDAS and other global datasets. WP varies considerably in a dry year, wet year and average year. Based on the analysis of rainfall data for the periods 2003-2014, the years 2010, 2013, and 2003 have been identified as the dry year, wet year and average year respectively. Accordingly, the WP and land productivity assessment have been made for three different years. The results show that the average WP is found to vary from 0.45 to 0.70 kg/m3 during a dry year for irrigated cereals and 0.19 to 0.38 kg/m3 for rainfed cereals for all the eleven districts in the basin. Similarly, the average WP is found to vary from varies from 0.50 to 0.67 kg/m3 during a wet year for irrigated cereals and 0.31 to 0.46 kg/m3 for rainfed cereals.

For irrigated cereals, the results show that the West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand is found to have the highest WP during dry as well in wet year as compared to the other districts in Subarnarekha basin. The average land productivity is found to vary from 1314.27 to 2285.03 kg/ha during a dry year for irrigated cereals and 1032.49 to 1728.35 kg/ha for rainfed cereals in the basin. likewise, the average land productivity is found to vary from 2145.21 to 2750.77 kg/ha during a wet year for irrigated cereals

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and 2689.46 to 2226.49 kg/ha for rainfed cereals. For the irrigated cereals, the results show that the East Midinapore district of West Bengal has the highest land productivity in a dry year, whereas the Bokaro district of Jharkhand performs better during wet year.

Keywords : Water scarcity; Water Accounting Plus (WA+); Land Productivity; Water Productivity; and Evapotranspiration; Satellite Data; CHIRPS.

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DownsCaLinG oF rEmotE sEnsinG basED CoarsEr rEsoLution aCtuaL EVaPotransPiration Data to CroP LEVEL For usE in irriGation manaGEmEnt

maDHaVi P, niDHi misra, abDuL HakEEm k anD V.V. raoNational Remote Sensing Centre, ISRO Hyderabad

abstraCt

Development of Satellite-based Regional Evaporative Flux Monitoring System for India is one of the components of the National Hydrology project. Evapotranspiration (ET) is important for water resource management, agricultural water supply and irrigation scheduling. Current resolution of the actual evapotranspiration (AET) product is 5.5 km. However for various agricultural applications, higher resolution evapotranspiration data is required. Hence, it is proposed to evaluate different downscaling procedures for their suitability in downscaling of ET products generated under NHP. This paper discusses the relevance of these procedures and its applicability. It also presents the results of downscaling carried out using spatial disaggregation method. This method is used by two different processes, subtraction and regression. The ET estimated from using 375 m resolution data is downscaled to 30 m resolution. Results were analyzed through statistical parameters in comparison with actual Landsat scene acquired on the same satellite overpass date.

Keywords : evapotranspiration; downscaling; spatial disaggregation; irrigation scheduling; regression

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imPaCt oF urbanisation anD sCanty rainFaLL on GrounDwatEr rEsourCEs : a CasE oF maDurai City

aman sriVastaVa anD PEnnan CHinnasamyIndian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India

abstraCt

There are frequent cases of drought in arid and semiarid regions of southern Indian peninsula. To combat this, historically, many water recharge structures have been constructed. The Vandiyur tank cascade (VTCS) system in Madurai is one such structure. However, in recent years, the performance of these tanks is limited due to impacts of external factors that are not scientifically estimated. This study, for the first time, aimed to document these impacts and challenges faced, using the combination of remote sensing data, observed data and survey data. Results indicated the deficiency in annual rainfall percentage departure for 11 years between 2002 to 2017. The depth of tube well and bore well to extract this groundwater resources was found increasing at an alarming rate from 8 meter on an average in 1990s to 200 meter in 2017-18. Using areal imagery, a rapid increase in urban area, up to 300%, was estimated between 2002 and 2018 in peri-urban and urban Madurai. Field survey and groundwater data also indicated that, in the past 15 years, approximately 60% of the groundwater levels have gone from safe to critical status (i.e. extraction rate above natural recharge rate), leading to unsustainable groundwater levels. As a result of erratic rainfall patterns and increased urbanization, the discharge into the VTCS decreased, which lead to a decrease in the natural recharge of groundwater in the areas adjoining the tanks. The study estimated the overall importance of tanks to create awareness towards changing climate patterns and anthropogenic activities, which can limit its efficiency.

Keywords : Tank Cascade System; Groundwater; Sustainability; Remote Sensing; Land Use Land Cover

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a Cost EFFECtiVE tooL usinG tHE VLF Em mEtHoD to imProVE rECHarGE oF GrounDwatEr sourCEs in DECCan traPs, maHarasHtra

kaDari sriniVas raoGeophysicist, Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Groundwater Surveys and Development Agency (GSDA), Govt. of Maharashtra.

abstraCt

Artificial recharge technique is widely used to improve the groundwater potential zones in Deccan trap area, in hard rock terrain streams are having moderate fracture intensity drains the sub surface water and it can be arrested by employing F.S.C. technique, but it is not true in every case. By experience, it is observed that if the bore wells to be blasted or grouted are not properly placed, it may not serve the purpose effectively and may prove uneconomical. Very Low Frequency (VLF) technique was employed to reveal the fracture zones. Based on VLF interpreted data, location of artificial recharge was suggested in village Nerpingalai. The results were encouraging; also the cost of the survey was reduced due to the reduction in number of bore wells, which were on the natural barrier. From the case study it revealed that for the true success of the project geophysical survey must be carried out prior to implementation of artificial recharge.

Keywords: Very low Frequency (VLF), Deccan trap.

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