RIKEN – GRC

Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Observation

from Space: The JEM-EUSO program

M. Casolino, T. Ebisuzaki,

Y. Kawasaki, Y. Takizawa

on behalf of the JEM-EUSO collaboration

UHEAP 2016

Chicago, 29/2/2016

Space Next logical step

Advantages

Statistics:

Several orders of magnitude of active area

Uniform sky coverage

Uniform distance from shower

Expensive, space constraints

Small signal Large optics

Disadvantages

Non-hybrid

Naturally complementary to ground

Observations from Space

Historical notes

Historical notes (2)

Approved by ESA on Columbus.

Canceled after Columbia accident.

Moved to JEM (Japanese) module

Previous space missions

Past Present Future

JEM-EUSO

Limadou – CSES

PAMELA

AGILE

Fermi

Space Stations

MIR, ISS

CAPRICE, MASS, TS93

Balloons

NINA-1 and NINA-2

Satellite

NINA-2 Satellite

Sil-Eye 1

Sil-Eye 2

Alteino

LAZIO

ALTEA

Gamma-400

K-EUSO

ApJ 457, L 103 1996

ApJ 532, 653, 2000

arXiv:0810.4994, PRL,

NJP11,105023

Nature,

Astrop. Phys

Science 2011

arXiv:1103.4055

ApjL 799 4 2015

2008AdSpR..41..168C

2008AdSpR..41.2037D

2008AdSpR..41.2043C

Prl 111 1102 203

PrL 106 1101 2011

PrL105 121101 2010 --

Physics Reports

544, 4, 323-370 Apj 795 91 2013

Apj 770 2 2013

Apj 791 2 2014

Acceleration

mechanisms

are still

unkown even

at GeV-TeV

range

Pamela galactic particles

2006-2008

g30- 1000GV, p = 2.820 +- 0.003 (stat) +- 0.005 (syst)

g30- 1000GV, he = 2.732 +- 0.005 (stat)

+ 0.008 -0.003 (syst)

• Different spectral index

for proton and helium.

• Helium percentage is

growing with rigidity

• Challenges Supernova

only origin of cosmic

ray and/or

acceleration/propagation

models.

• +positron source Science 2011, 332 no. 6025 pp. 69-72

JEM-EUSO

International collaboration

• 16 countries, 200+ researchers

• Science Evaluated positively by ESA, NASA, Roscosmoc and national agencies

• Funding for detectors and precursors ongoing in all countries

12

- pioneer the study of

Extreme Energy

Cosmic Rays (EECR)

from Space

- increase exposure to

EECR by at least one

order of magnitude

- discover the sources of

UHECRs

JEM-EUSO goals

Road to space

Development of novel technologies

- Optics

- Detectors

- Electronics

Construction of precursors and pathfinders

- ground

- balloon

-space

AMS Launch

May 16, 2011

JEM-EUSO: Extreme Universe Space Observatory onboard Japanese Experiment Module

~ 4 ~

JEUSO-110025-01-E-TR-ZZZ

since the mean distance to EAS and atmospheric absorption both increase. First few years of the

then later to

Figure 1-2. Artistic illustration of the JEM-EUSO telescope attached to the Japanese Experiment Module of the International Space Station, under nadir (left) and tilt (right) mode of observation.

The JEM-EUSO telescope can reconstruct the incoming direction of the EECRs with accuracy

better than few degrees. Its observational aperture of the ground area is a circle with 250 km

radius, and its atmospheric volume above it, with a 60° FoV, is ~1 Tera-ton or more. The target

volume for upward neutrino events exceeds 10 Tera-tons. The instantaneous aperture of JEM-

EUSO is larger than the Pierre Auger Southern Observatory by a factor ranging from 65 to 280,

depending on its observation mode (nadir or tilted, Fig.1-3).

JEM-EUSO, planned to be attached to JEM/EF of ISS, will be launched in the JFY 2016 by

H2B rocket and conveyed to ISS by HTV (H-II transfer Vehicle).

Figure 1-3. Area observed by the JEM-EUSO telescope in one shot under mode.

ISS-CREAM

Sp-X Launch 2014

JEM-EUSO

Launch Tentatively

planned for 2019

CALET on JEM

HTV Launch 2014

View from NASA: “Cosmic Ray Observatory on the ISS”

image from Drs. Julie A. Robinson, Program Scientist, ISS, NASA & W. Vernon Jones, Senior Scientist, SMD, NASA

NASA Astrophysics

Roadmap 2014

EUSO in Russia: Klypve

• In the Federal Space Program

• Adding Fresnel lenses increases f.o.v. several times

• Highest ranking in joint 2014 evaluation by NASA and TsNIIMASH (Russia)

1. EUSO-TA: Ground

detector installed in 2013 at

Telescope Array site:

currently operational

2. EUSO-BALLOONS: 1st

balloon flight from Timmins,

CA (French Space Agency)

Aug 2014; NASA Ultra long

duration flight: 2017

3. MINI-EUSO (2017): Precursor from International

Space Station (ISS: 30kg

2017). Approved by Italian

and Russian Space agencies

4. K-EUSO (2019 JFY): ISS Approved by Russian

Space Agency

5. JEM-EUSO (2023): ISS

US-led EUSO-NEXT 2035

The EUSO program Ultra-High Energy

cosmic rays from space

MINI-EUSO

400 km

EUSO-TA (2013-)

EUSO-BALLOONS 40 km

EUSO-TA

JEM-EUSO

(2023+)

1. EUSO-TA

EUSO-TA

First data taking campaign in

March 2015, 6 shifts.

Also used for Auger/Fast tests

• Laser: Mobile (up to 100km)

CLF of TA

• Cosmic ray

• Meteors

Fresnel lens manufacturing,

1.5m Design

Lens Frame

Metering Structure

3rd groove surface roughness measurement

Electrical noise

RMS surface roughness requirement : < 0.0200um (=20nm)

Lens precision: 20 nm

PMT Read-out ASIC：SPACIROC

Now third generation SPACIROC-3

ＬＡＬ/IN2P3: omega-team

Elementary Cell, ASIC Board

Validation of EUSO technology

Optics and electronics can

see cosmic rays

Self-trigger with euso

electronics on laser

Laser: distances of

20,40,60,100 km.

Equivalent to space+atm.

Absorption

(50 mJ laser)

First Cosmic ray event

EUSO, 1 frame, 2.5micros EUSO, 2*2 TA signal

BRM, May 2015

1018 eV, triggered from TA

Cosmic ray event

EUSO, 1 frame, 2.5micros TA signal

Yet another Cosmic ray event

EUSO, 2 frames, 2.5micros TA signal

Meteor candidates

The objects cross ~6 deg in 0.7-2 s, so 8.5 deg/s. This gives full rotation around Earth in ~42 s, so it can't be a satellite.

Meteor candidates

The objects cross ~6 deg in 0.7-2 s, so 8.5 deg/s. This gives full rotation around Earth in ~42 s, so it can't be a satellite.

2. EUSO-Balloon flights

1st flight, Aug 2014 Timmins (CA)

Payload built by JEM-EUSO collaboration CNES (French Space Agency) mission

Balloon payload

Focal surface

Lens 2

Lens 1

IR camera

Crashpad

Floater

Focal surface

Lens 2

Lens 1

Balloon Electronics

Integration in Timmins

11-24 Aug 2014

Xe flasher and Laser events from NASA helicopter

Xe flasher and Laser events from NASA helicopter

Landing and recovery

EUSO-Balloon 2nd flight, March 2017 Wanaka, New Zealand

NASA Mission. 1st Super Pressure Science Flight Payload built by JEM-EUSO collaboration New lenses, Focal Surface, Electronics More than 30 days First UV UHECR shower observation from above

Special Issue on the EUSO Mission • 20+ papers addressing science and technology of EUSO

• The EUSO-Balloon pathfinderThe JEM-EUSO instrument

• Ground-based tests of JEM-EUSO components at the Telescope Array site, “EUSO-TA”

• Space experiment TUS on board the Lomonosov satellite as pathfinder of JEM-EUSO

• The JEM-EUSO observation in cloudy conditions

• Calibration aspects of the JEM-EUSO mission

• JEM-EUSO: Meteor and nuclearite observations

• JEM-EUSO observational technique and exposure

• Ultra high energy photons and neutrinos with JEM-EUSO

• Science of atmospheric phenomena with JEM-EUSO

• Performances of JEM–EUSO: energy and X max reconstruction

• The atmospheric monitoring system of the JEM-EUSO instrument

• The infrared camera onboard JEM-EUSO

• Proposal of a Computing Model Using GRID Resources for the JEM-EUSO Space Mission

3. MINI-EUSO

• Approved & financed by Italian Space Agency

• Approved & financed by Russian Space Agency

• Inside the ISS

• 2 Fresnel lenses and one PDM

• 30W @ 27V

• 30kg not incl SSD

Cad model by F. Capel

Alteino & Lazio detectors inside PIRS module of ISS

To Soyuz

To ISS

LAZIO and Alteino detectors on ISS (2005)

Grounding

28V power

supply

PCMCIA

card

Scheduled for 2017 Paolo Nespoli flight on ISS

• UV emissions from night-Earth 6.5 km resolution, from 2.5mus and above +-51°

Noise from different lightning conditions, moon phase

Noise from different inclinations

• Map of the Earth in UV

• Study of atmospheric phenomena

TLE in the ms range

lightning – cr correlation

• Bioluminescence of Animal and vegetal organisms

white sea

plankton

MINI-EUSO

Scientific objectives

• First use of Fresnel lenses

in space

• Optimization of

characteristics and

performances of EUSO

• Raise the technological

readiness level of the

Hardware

• Ttest new HW in space

MINI-EUSO Technologial objectives

4. JEM-EUSO, K-EUSO

Japan-led

JEM module

Refractor

2.5 t

2kW

10*Auger

Russian-led

MRM module

Reflector (mirror)

600kg

600W

2*Auger

From JEM-EUSO to K-EUSO

Russian Roadmap to

UHECR studies in space

K-EUSO

• In the Russian Federal Space Program

• Passed the stage of preliminary design with Roscosmoc

• Technical requirements, accomodation, operations study performed by Energia space corporation

• Evolution of KLYPVE Russian

detector (reflector)

• Mission of opportunity Launch in FY 2019

K-EUSO exposure

TA*4

Uniform response over both hemispheres

Some (5%)

disuniformity due

to clouds,

continents and

moon phase

Science of K-EUSO

KLYPVE detector goes

from technological

demonstrator to instrument

capable of:

1. Study of UHECR fux

from space with uniform

response

2. flux E>3 1019 eV

north & south

4. Anysotropy

3. Earth observations

Additional Science objectives

105

Search for Strange Quark Matter

Measurement of Meteorites

Study of Transient Luminous effects

In ms range Map of night Earth in UV

Bioluminescence

Possible N-S spectral difference

N_events E>5.7e19 eV 120

Used Auger and TA spectra 2015 in each hemisphere

N_events E>5.7e19 eV 700

1yr sky map assuming TA hotspot

N_ho

t

N_B

G

Significan

ce

Total # of

events

1yr 16.2 3.8 3.1 117.3

2yr 32.5 7.6 4.4 234.7

6yr 97.4 22.9 7.5 704.0

6 years

1 year

Programmatic status of K-EUSO 1. 2013 MSU proposal of KLYPVE included in

Russian space program

2. 12-2013 MSU invited JEM-EUSO collaboration to join KLIPVE

4. 2014 JAXA call mission of opportunity

5. 2-2014 Proposal Submitted

6. 8-2014 passed MDR 7. Roscosmos-NASA joint 9-2014 Signing of

science protocol and role sharing between MSU and Riken, 12/2014 with int. Partners

8. 12-2014 SRR docs submitted to JAXA (>500 pages)

9. passed SRR in April 2015

2015 Funding from JAXA for assessment of

EUSO technology in space 13,200,000円

H27.6.1-H28.2.28

USA-led

JEM module

Refractor

2.5 t

2kW

20*Auger

Russian-led

MRM module

Reflector (mirror)

600kg

600W

2*Auger

Full cylindrical geom Dragon launcher

From JEM-EUSO to K-EUSO … to JEM-EUSO

Space X Falcon-9 rocket

& Dragon spacecraft • Reusable

• Return cargo capability – 3 ton

• Pressurized and unpressurized cargo

• Two flights to ISS

• 6ton upload mass

• 14 m payload volume

• Optional trunk extension for a total of up to 4.3 m length, payload volume 34 m3

EUSO accomodation in Dragon

Cylindrical

Lighter 1200 kg

Easier expansion

Conclusions

K-Euso is a concrete mission of opportunity improving with high international component a factor 10 Russian Klypve with advanced lens and PMT technology.

Fraction of the cost of JEM-EUSO

In one year from launch Address several fundamental physics issues, N/S, hotspot

Next year we will have balloon flight and Mini-EUSO flight

Need to prepare for JEM-EUSO

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