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HOW-TO GUIDE Requesting Funding in the Annual Federal Appropriations Process Designed for the University of Hawaiʻi Aimee M. Grace, MD, MPH, FAAP Director of Health Science Policy University of Hawaiʻi System October 4, 2019

UH Fed. Appropriations How-To Guide 10-4-19 FINAL...bills, it may pursue an “omnibus” or “minibus” bill. – Omnibus bill: one funding bill that includes all 12 subcommittee

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Page 1: UH Fed. Appropriations How-To Guide 10-4-19 FINAL...bills, it may pursue an “omnibus” or “minibus” bill. – Omnibus bill: one funding bill that includes all 12 subcommittee

HOW-TOGUIDERequestingFundinginthe

AnnualFederalAppropriationsProcess

DesignedfortheUniversityofHawaiʻi

AimeeM.Grace,MD,MPH,FAAPDirectorofHealthSciencePolicyUniversityofHawaiʻiSystem

October4,2019

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Relevance

2

• Federalfundingrequestsaremorelikelytobesuccessfulwhentheyaredraftedstrategically.

• KnowinghowthefederalbudgetandappropriationsprocessworkscanenableUHleadershipandfacultytomorestrategicallyandappropriatelytargettheirfederalfundingrequests– tocertainagenciesandusingcertaintypesoflanguage.

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Outline

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1. Basics:TheFederalBudget&AppropriationsProcess(slides4-25)– Typesoffederalspending– Stepsoftheannualfederalbudgetprocess

2. SpecificHow-ToGuide:Tips&StrategiesforEffectiveFederalFundingRequests(slides26-49)

3. PracticalTips:FindingWhatYouNeed

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Keyreferences:•https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending/

•http://crfb.org/document/updated-appropriations-101

4

BASICS:FEDERALBUDGET

andAPPROPRIATIONSPROCESS

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TheFederalBudget

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• Forfiscalyear(FY)2015,thefederalbudgetwas$3.8trillion.– Twenty-onepercentofU.S.economy(measuredbyGDP)

• ThefederalfiscalyearrunsfromOctober1toSeptember30– i.e.,FiscalYear(FY)2020runsfromOctober1,2019toSeptember30,2020

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TypesofFederalSpending

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MandatorySpending

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• Two-thirdsofthefederalbudget.• SpendingthatCongresslegislatesoutsideoftheannualappropriationsprocess.

• Primarilyearned-benefitprograms(i.e.,SocialSecurity,Medicare);alsoincludessafetynetprograms(i.e.,SNAP),federalfundingontransportation,andmore.

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Source:OMB,NationalPrioritiesProject

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DiscretionarySpending

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• SpendinglevelssetannuallybyCongressthroughtheannualappropriationsprocesseachyear.

• Largestspendingonmilitaryprograms.• Manyotherdiscretionaryprograms,including:– NationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)– NationalScienceFoundation(NSF)– U.S.DepartmentofEducation

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Source:OMB,NationalPrioritiesProject

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Puttingallfundingstreamstogether…

Source:OMB,NationalPrioritiesProject

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StepsoftheAnnualBudgetandAppropriationsProcess

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1. Presidentsubmitsabudgetrequest(February)2. TheHouseandSenatepassbudgetresolutions3. HouseandSenatesubcommittees“markup”

appropriationsbills4. HouseandSenatevoteonappropriationsbills

andreconciledifferences5. ThePresidentsignseachappropriationsbilland

thebudgetbecomeslaw

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Source:OMB,NationalPrioritiesProject

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Step1:ThePresident’sBudgetRequest

• ThepresidentsubmitsabudgetrequesttoCongresseachFebruaryforthenextfiscalyear.

• Tomaketherequest,thepresidentworkswithexecutiveagenciestoalignadministrativeprioritieswiththeirbudgets(includingdesiredincreasesandcutsinfederalprograms)

• Thepresident’sbudgetismostlyastatementofhisaspirations;nolegalrequirementonCongresstofollowit.– Congresshasthepowerofthepurse(notthepresident!).

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Step2:TheHouseandSenatePassBudgetResolutions

• TherespectiveBudgetCommitteesoftheHouseandSenateeachwriteandvoteontheirownbudgetresolutions(seenextslide).

• AftertheHouseandSenatepasstheirbudgetresolutions,somemembersfromeachchambercometogethertoironoutthedifferencesbetweenthetwoversions(a“conference”),andtheresultingreconciledbillisthenvotedonbyeachchamber.

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Whatisabudgetresolution?

• AbudgetresolutionprovidesastructureforCongresstomakebudgetdecisions.

• Itsetsoverallannualspendinglimitsforfederalagencies byincludinga“302(a)allocation”(top-levelspendingallowed;“budgetauthority”)foreachAppropriationsCommittee.

• Itisnotabindingdocumentandthepresidentdoesnotsignit.

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Step3:HouseandSenateSubcommittees“Markup”AppropriationsBills

• HouseandSenateAppropriationsCommitteesdeterminethepreciselevelsoffundingforalldiscretionaryprograms.

• Theyset302(b)allocationstodivideamong12appropriationssubcommittees,eachdealingwithadifferentpartofthebudget.

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12AppropriationsSubcommittees

1. Agriculture(Ag)2. Commerce,Justice,Science(CJS)3. Defense(DoD)4. EnergyandWater5. FinancialServicesandGeneralGovernment(FSGG)6. HomelandSecurity7. InteriorandEnvironment8. Labor,Health&HumanServices,Education(LHHS)9. LegislativeBranch10. MilitaryConstructionandVA(MilCon/VA)11. State,ForeignOperations(SFOPs)12. Transportation,Housing&UrbanDevelopment(THUD)

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Step3:HouseandSenateSubcommittees“Markup”AppropriationBills,cont.

• Thesubcommitteesmustthendecidehowtodistributefundswithintheir302(b)allocations.– MembersofCongresssubmitletterswithspecificrequestsforfunding.– Subcommitteemayconducthearingswithexecutiveagencyleaders

abouttheirrequestedbudgets.

• Thesubcommitteechairwritesadraftofthebill;allsubcommitteememberscanthenconsider,amend,andfinallyvoteonthebill.

• Thebillneedstopassthesubcommittee,thenthefullAppropriationscommittee,beforebeingvotedonthefloor.

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ContentofAppropriationsBills

• Appropriationsbills havespecificprogramfundinglevels(i.e.,$42billionforNIH),buttheyalsocomewithsubcommitteereports thatdirecthowthefundsshouldbeused(“reportlanguage”).– Reportlanguagedirectsafederalagencytodosomething,without

necessarilyallocatingfundsforthatactivity.Example:– “TheCommitteeisconcernedthattheDivisionofViralHepatitis[DVH]hasnot

beenadequatelyprioritizingHepatitisBvirus[HBV],sotheCommitteeencouragesDVHtofocusonstrategiesthatfocusontheeliminationofHBVforallpopulations.”

• Bothfundinglevelsand reportlanguageareveryimportantindirectingfederalfunding!

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Step4:HouseandSenatevoteonappropriationsbillsandreconciledifferences

• FullHouseandSenateeachthendebateandvoteon12appropriationsbillsà

• Aconferencecommitteeresolvesdifferencesà

• BothHouseandSenatenowvoteonidentical(reconciled)bills.

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• Tobecomelaw,thepresidentmustsigneachappropriationsbillafteritpassesthroughCongress.

• Thebudgetprocessisdoneoncethepresidenthassignedall12appropriationsbills.

• However,thisfullprocessisrarelydonebyOctober1(thenewfiscalyear)…

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Step5:ThePresidentsignseachappropriationsbillandthebudgetbecomeslaw

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• IfthebudgetprocessisnotcompletedbyOctober1,Congressmaypassa“continuingresolution”(CR).

• ACRextendsfundingforfederalagencies,typicallyatthesameratethattheyhadbeenpreviouslyfunded,intoanewfiscalyearuntilnewappropriationsbillsbecomelaw.

• IfthereisnoCR,afederalgovernmentshutdownmayoccur.

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ContinuingResolutions

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• IfCongresscan’tagreeon12separateappropriationsbills,itmaypursuean“omnibus”or“minibus”bill.– Omnibusbill:onefundingbillthatincludesall12subcommitteebills.

– Minibusbill:onefundingbillthatincludestwoormoresubcommitteebills.

• Forexample,theFY19Labor-HHS-EdandDefenseappropriationsbillswerecombinedintoaminibusbill.

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OmnibusBills

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• Hopefully,thefederalgovernmentisfundedeveryyearinatimelyfashion!

• Ideally,thenewfundinglevelsandplanswouldreflecttheinputoftheAmericanpeople’sprioritiesyeartoyear.

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EndResult?

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SPECIFICHOW-TOGUIDE:TipsandStrategiesforEffective

FederalFundingRequests

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• SenatorsandRepresentativessendletterstoeachofthe12AppropriationsSubcommitteeswiththeirrequestsforwhatshouldbeincludedineachbilland/orreport.– Lettersusuallysentbyspringofeachyear.– RequestsfromMembersofCongressontheAppropriationsCommitteeorsubcommitteeofinterestgenerallycarrythemostweight.

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Recall:HowContentinAppropriationsBillsisDetermined

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• Itdependswhattheyhearfromyou!• YourMembersofCongressaretheretorepresentyou.– Theywanttoknowwhatyou’reworkingon,howyou’releadingtheway,whatfederalprogramswouldbehelpfultoHawai‘i,andhowtheycanhelptobringfederal$$home.

– However,someimportantdetailstoconsider…

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WhatshouldMembersofCongressprioritizeintheirrequestletters?

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• Earmarkban• Appropriatenessoffederalagencyrequestchoice

• Reasonablenessofrequest• Strategy

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ThingstoConsiderWhenSubmittingFederal$Requests

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Earmarks

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• “Earmarks”arespecificfundingallocationsaddedtomovinglegislationforspecialprojectsinacertainlawmaker’sdistrict– usuallyincludedinexchangeforavoteonthatpieceoflegislation.

• 2011-present:Earmarksbanned.– So…MembersofCongresscannot legallyrequestspecificearmarksfortheirhomedistricts.

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Earmarks

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• Reportlanguage:Whichisanearmark?a) TheCommitteedirectsthat$10millionbeusedforthe

establishmentofanewOpioidCenterofExcellence.Thiscentershouldbelocatedinastatethathasahighprevalenceofopioidusedisorderandthatislargelyrural.

b) TheCommitteedirects$10milliontotheestablishmentofanewOpioidCenterofExcellence,tobehousedattheUniversityofNewHampshire.Thecentershouldfocusonfindingsolutionstotheopioidcrisisinruralareas.

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EarmarksQuiz#1:QUESTION

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• (b)isanearmark($10MfortheUniversityofNewHampshire).– ItspecifiesthatacertainamountoffundingshouldgotoaspecificentityinaMember’sdistrict.

• (a)hassimilargoals($10MforanOpioidCenterofExcellencetoaddressruralopioiduse),buttheeligibilitycriteriaaremorebroad(statewithhighprevalenceofopioidusedisorderandrural).– Thisstilllimitseligibility(towhatCongressthinksisapriority),butisnotspecifictooneMember’sdistrict.

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EarmarksQuiz#1:ANSWER

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• Whichfundingrequestisanearmark?a) OftheamountprovidedfortheNIH,theCommittee

provides$6.5millionforresearchconductedattheUniversityofHawai‘iatMānoa ontheimpactofstomachcanceronmulti-ethnicpopulations.

b) OftheamountprovidedfortheNIH,theCommitteedirectstheNIHDirectortoprioritize$6.5millionforresearchonstomachcancerthataddressesthedisproportionateburdenbornebyJapanese-Americans.

34

EarmarksQuiz#2:QUESTION

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• (a)isanearmark($6.5MforUHMānoaresearchonstomachcancerinmulti-ethnicpopulations).

• (b)hassimilargoals($6.5MforstomachcancerresearchinJapanese-Americans),butitismorebroad.– Itwouldbegreatifthislanguagewereincludedinthebill,becauseUH

Mānoa—withitsexpertise—wouldbeagreatcontenderforfundingwhenthenoticecomesout.

– However,UHMānoawouldnotbetheonly eligibleentityforfundingwhenframedthisway.

– Competition/fairnesskey!

35

EarmarksQuiz#2:ANSWER

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1. Agriculture(Ag)2. Commerce,Justice,Science(CJS)3. Defense(DoD)4. EnergyandWater5. FinancialServicesandGeneralGovernment(FSGG)6. HomelandSecurity7. InteriorandEnvironment8. Labor,Health&HumanServices,Education(LHHS)9. LegislativeBranch10. MilitaryConstructionandVA(MilCon/VA)11. State,ForeignOperations(SFOPs)12. Transportation,Housing&UrbanDevelopment(THUD)

37

Reminder:12AppropriationsSubcommittees

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• Noteveryappropriationssubcommitteebillismadeequal.Ingeneralterms:– Somebillstendtobemorebipartisan,lesscontroversial,andhavemoremoneytoworkwith(i.e.,MilCon/VA,DoD).

– Somebillsaremorecontentiousandmayhavetighterbudgets(i.e.,LHHS-Ed).

• Somebillshavespecificaccountsthatmayfityourrequestbest.Forexample:– AprogramaboutchildhoodnutritiongenerallyfitsintheAgricultureorLHHS-Edbill.

38

TipstoConsider

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• Whatsubcommitteedoesyoursenatororrepresentativesiton(increasedinfluence)?

• Fromwhichagency/agencies)haveyou/yourDepartmentreceivedfundingfrompreviously?

• What’sgoingoninthenews?

39

TipstoConsider,cont.

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40

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• Intoday’sfundingenvironment,gettingnewdollarsforaprogramistough.– Notalways impossible,butnottheeasiest.– Becautiousabouthowmuchyourequest…ofteneasierif$0-5million

(versustensorhundredsofmillions).

• Ofteneasiesttorequesta“plus-up”(increase)ofanexistingprogramoraccount,versuscreatinganewprogram.– i.e.,“$2Mmore forHRSA’sNativeHawaiianhealthprogram”better

than“$2Mforanew programonX.”

• Partneringwithnationalgroups(i.e.,theAmericanAcademyfortheAdvancementofScience[AAAS]orFriendsofHRSA)canhelpyoualignyourrequestswiththoseofothersandmakesureyou’renotoff-base.

41

TipstoConsider

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• Reportlanguageoftenhelpstodirectfederalfundingwithoutputtingnewdollarsinthebill.– Powerfulmechanism,andofteneasiertogetincludedinfinalbills.

• Beingspecificcanbehelpful.– i.e.,“TheCommitteedirectsthat$2millionofthefundingprovidedtotheNationalCenterforEmergingandZoonoticInfectiousDiseases(NCEZID)attheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)bededicatedtoratlungwormdisease.”

42

TipstoConsider,cont.

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• Pleaseranktheserequestsinorderofreasonableness.a) $300millionforanewprogramintheU.S.

DepartmentofHealthandHumanServicestoaddresshealthinequalitiesamongPacificIslanders.

b) $3millionforanovelaccountattheCDC.c) Reportlanguagetorequestthatoffundsprovidedto

theCDCforviralhepatitiscoordinators,specialprioritybegiventoentitiescommittedtoaddressingdisparitiesamongPacificIslanders.

43

ReasonablenessQuiz:QUESTION

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• Mostreasonable:(c)ReportlanguagetorequestthatoffundsprovidedtotheCDCforviralhepatitiscoordinators,specialprioritybegiventoentitiescommittedtoaddressingdisparitiesamongPacificIslanders.• Doesn’trequestspecificfundinglevel;specific.

• Lessreasonable:(b)$3millionforanovelaccountattheCDC.• Vague;newprogram;maybehardtoget$3million.

• Leastreasonable:(a)$300millionforanewprogramintheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServicestoaddresshealthinequalitiesamongPacificIslanders.• Veryhighfundinglevel;atlevelofHHSinsteadofsmalleragency(i.e.,

CDC).

44

ReasonablenessQuiz:ANSWER

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• ThinkaboutyourMemberofCongress:– Whatissuesdoesshecaremostabout?– Whatareawillshegetexcitedtochampionforyou?

• WhatsetsUH/Hawai‘iapart?– Islandstate– Diverse,multi-ethnicpopulation– World-classresearch– IntegralpartofAsia-PacificRim

46

TipstoConsider

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ExampleStrategicReportLanguage

• MicrofluidicsandNanofluidics forHealth,Wellness,andCivilInfrastructureSecurity.—TheCommitteerecognizestheimportanceofmicrofluidicsandnanofluidics indevelopingstate-of-the-arttechnologyinadaptablecommunicationsystems,drug-deliverysystems,cancerdiagnostics,andmicroanalytic laboratories,allofwhichservetostrengthentheU.S.militaryandincreasethecompetitiveedgeoftheUnitedStatesinternationally.Technologybasedonmicrofluidicsandnanofluidics canpositivelyimpactmanyareas,includingnationalsecurity,infrastructuremonitoring,andhealthcare.Thecommitteeprovides$2,500,000fortheNIBIBtosupportthedevelopmentandproductionofmicrofluidicsandnanofluidics inlocationsthatcontainvitalmilitaryassetsbutaregeographicallyisolatedfromothernanofabricationfacilities;containdiverseenvironmentstofacilitatetestingofresilientcommunicationssystemsandsensornetworks;andhaveanethnicallydiversepopulationforeffectivetestingofhealthcare-relatedtechnologies.

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• WhichstatesaretheSenateRepublicansontheAppropriationsCommittees(particularlythesubcommitteesyou’reinterestedin)from?• Doyouhaveanycontactsinthosestatesthatcouldasktheirlegislatorstosupportthisrequest?• Doingsogreatlyincreasesthechancesoftherequestbeingaccepted.

48

TipstoConsider,cont.

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• https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending/

• http://crfb.org/document/updated-appropriations-101• https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/1/12/16873520/case-for-

and-against-earmarks

49

References

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PracticalTips:FindingWhatYouNeed

Prepareforappropriations“scavengerhunt”!

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FindingAppropriationsBills/Reports

51

Gotocongress.govonyourinternetbrowser

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FindingAppropriationsBills/Reports

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Clickonthe“Appropriations”link,underBillSearchandList

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FindingAppropriationsBills/Reports

53

ScrolldownforthelistofAppropriationBillsandtheirstatus

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FindingAppropriationsBills/Reports

54

Clickheretobere-directedtotheBillOverviewpage

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FindingAppropriationsBills/Reports

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ClickherefortheCommitteeReport,whichaccompaniesthebill.

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FindingAppropriationsBills/Reports

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ORyoucanalsoclickhere(onthestatustable)fortheCommitteeReport

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ReadingaCommitteeReport

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ThisistheLabor,HealthandHumanServices,Education,&RelatedAgencies(LHHS-Ed)report

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ReadingaCommitteeReport

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ReadthroughforFundingLevels &ReportLanguage!

-UseCTRL+F(cmd⌘ +FonMac)tosearchforkeyterms

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ReadingaCommitteeReport

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Canalsoscrolltotablesthroughout andatendforfundinglevels

- UseCTRL+Ftosearchforkeyterms(maynotworkfortables)

Summarypg.3

Scroll

Pg.36

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ReadingaCommitteeReport

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Canalsoscrolltotablesthroughoutandatend forfundinglevels- UseCTRL+Ftosearchforkeyterms(maynotworkfortables)

Pg.323

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ReadingaCommitteeReport

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ReadthroughforReportLanguage!

- UseCTRL+Ftosearchforkeyterms

Fundinglevelpg.38

ReportLanguagepg.39

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GuidetoUHSystemAppropriationsRequestProcess

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CallforFederalPrioritiesandInitiatives

• SentoutbyVPSyrmos ~Octoberofeachyear• InvitesrecommendationsfromUHcampusesforpriorityfederalappropriationsrequests– Four-yearcampusesmaysubmituptothree(3)proposedprioritiesorinitiativesfromeachoftheircolleges/schoolswitharankingforeach

– UHCommunityCollegesmaysubmituptothree(3)collectively

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Submissionofprioritiesandinitiatives

• Usetheform-fillableMSWordtemplatefornon-defenseanddefenserequests

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KeyDetails

• Program• Fundinglevelrequested• Department• Agency/Account• Description• Reportlanguage

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• Program:PacificIslandsHealthInformationTechnologyandDataCenterofExcellence• FundingLevelRequested:$2,000,000• Department:DepartmentoftheInterior• Agency/Account:InsularAffairs/TechnicalAssistance• Description:AsnotedbyPresidentTrump’sWhiteHouseInitiativeonAsianAmericansandPacificIslanders,theAsianAmericanand

PacificIslander(AAPI)populationisgrowingrapidly,anditisbecomingofcriticalimportancetoincreaseaccesstodisaggregatedAAPIdatatohelppromotetheanalysisandunderstandingofthispopulation.NumerousstateshaveincreasingnumbersofPacificIslanders,butunderstandingofthispopulationislimited.Forexample,intheFreelyAssociatedStates(includingtheRepublicofthe MarshallIslands,Palau,andtheFederatedStatesofMicronesia),electronichealthrecordsystemsareseverelylackingduetoresourceconstraints.Acrosstheinsularareas,therearemanysiloed healthdatasystems.AccesstoandsupportforhealthinformationtechnologyandelectronichealthdataintheU.S.insularareasislimited,whichimpactsqualityofcareandcarecoordination, thusimpactingthehealthconditionoftheseresidentsandstrainingthestate’shealthsystemstowhichtheymove.APacificIslandsHealthInformationTechnologyandDataCenterisneededtoassisttheseregionstoimprovehealthsystemsandcarethroughtheuseofhealthinformationtechnologyandhealthdataanalytics.Theproposedcenterprovidesanopportunitytocollectandanalyzehealthdataintheinsularareastobetterunderstandhealthcarecosts,conditionsanddisparities.Improvementswilldirectlybenefitand DepartmentofDefense(DoD)andDepartmentofVeteransAffairs(VA)beneficiariesinthisregionthatarepoorlyservedandprovidedata on thisminorityhealthpopulationforallfederalagencies.

• BillLanguage:None• ReportLanguage:PacificIslandsHealthInformationTechnologyandDataCenterofExcellence.—TheCommitteerecognizesthatpoor

infrastructure,limitedresources,andinsufficienttechnicalassistancehavelimitedtheabilityoftheinsularareastohavea robusthealthdatacollectionsystem.TheCommitteeprovides$2,000,000fortheestablishmentofaPacificIslandsHealthInformationTechnologyandDataCenterofExcellencetoassistinsularareaswithplanningandimplementinghealthinformationtechnology,includingelectronichealthrecords,healthinformationexchange,andtelehealth,aswellasestablishingahealthdataanalyticswarehouseandprogramtoimproveclinicalcare,populationhealth,carecoordination,andimprovemanagementofhealthcarecosts.Thecentershouldbelocatedinanacademiccenterornon-profitandinastatethathasahighprevalenceofPacificislanders.

ExampleFinalSummaryRequest

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Timeline

• DeadlineforcampusestosubmitrequeststoOVPRIisusuallymid-Novembereachyear(staytuned)

• OVPRIteamvetsrequests,followsupwithlegislators’officesregardingfeasibility,andrefinesrequests

• ~February-Marchofeachyear:OVPRIteamsubmitsrequeststofederaloffices

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– Dr.VassilisL.Syrmos,UHSystemVicePresidentforResearchandInnovation([email protected])

– Dr.AimeeM.Grace,DirectorofHealthSciencePolicy,UHSystem([email protected])

– EricR.Matsunaga,Manager,ResearchandAdministrativeOperations,OVPRI([email protected])

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FurtherQuestions?


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