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AGRICULTURAL LAND DEVELOPMENT

and MECHANIZED RICE PRODUCTION UDTO A

on PALAWAN ISLAND

REPUBLIC of. the PHILIPPINES

Volume IE

Appendix

Prep a red for

THE RICE and CORN

ADMINI STRATION

Republic of the Philippines

AMERICAN FACTORS

ASSOCIATES LIMITED

HONOLULU, HAWAII

63J ~

A I~

V.~

A PLAN FOR

AGRICULTURAL LAND DEVELOPMENT

AND MECHANIZED RICE PRODUCTION

ON PALAWAN ISLAND

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

VOLUME III

APPENDIX

VOLUME III TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I -EXHIBITS

Exhibit A-1 - EVALUATION OF SITES PRE-INVESTMENT SURVEY, American Factors Associates, December 1967

Exhibit A-2 - SITE EVALUATION REPORT, EAST AND WEST PALAWAN

Exhibit A-3 - PALAWAN SOILS

Exhibit A-4 - RICE SOILS - GENERAL DISCUSSION

Exhibit A-5 - CLIMATIC DATA - EAST PALAWAN

Exhibit A-6 - DIRECT DISCHARGE STREAM MEASUREMENTS

Exhibit A-7 - ESTIMATED MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE OF EAST PALAWAN STREAMS USING CORRELATION METHOD

Exhibit A-8 - REPORT OF MATERIAL INVESTIGATION, EAST PALAWAN, Dr. Ta Liang, June 1,1968

Exhibit A-9 - THE INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Los Banos, Laguna, ALABANG PROJECT

Exhibit A-10 - ESTIMATED COST OF RICE DRYING, STORAGE AND MILLING FACILITIES EAST PALAWAN PROJECT SITE

Exhibit A-11 - PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT)

Exhibit A-12 - MANNING REQUIREMENTS - YEARLY BUILD-UP

Exhibit A-13 - CORN: RECOMMENDED CULTURAL PRACTICES

Exhibit A-14 - GROWING THE VERSATILE SOYBEAN

Exhibit A-15 - SORGHUM: A CROP FOR DRY PLACES

PART II -REFERENCES

c3

EVALUATION OO F SISITEST ES

PRE-INVESTMENT SURVEY

FOR

RICE AND CORN ADMINISTRATION

GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

December 1967

American Factors Associates, Limited

Honolulu, Hawaii

q1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Letter of Transmittal

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CRITIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

BASIS FOR COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SITES . . . . . 7

APPENDIX

I. Flight Pattern . ............ 11

II. Government Personnel Interviewed En Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

III. Soils Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

IV. Map #1 - Palawan

Map #2 - Mindanao - Agusan

Map #3 - Mindanao - Cotabato

Map #4 - Mindanao - Malangas

-S

December 12, 1967

Col. Osmundo Mondoffedo Chairman & General Manager Rice and Corn Administration Quezon City, R. P.

Dear Col. Mondoffedo:

The attached memorandum is submitted for your personal and confidential use in pre-screening possible areas for large scale commercial rice development, in accordance with Section B; (1), under Scope of Work in our contract for the Pre-Invest­ment Survey. This is a preliminary report based on an inten­sive four-day aerial inspection from December 7 to 10 of four­teen possible sites, limited review of available published data and documents, and discussions with representatives of various government agencies and others familiar with the con­ditions in each area.

We would like to express our appreciation to you for helping make arrangements for us to meet with appropriate government representatives. Your personal presence during the last two days of the reconnaisance was extremely helpful and greatly appreciated by all of us.

This preliminary evaluation was designed for screening pur­poses only, aimed at narrowing down the choice of sites. The results are presented on a comparative basis, and not as de­finitive evaluations of any particular area.

To enable us to evaluate the different sites in comparison with one another, we have set up a series of parameters to be used in evaluating each site, assigning numerical ratings

Col. Osmundo MondeHedo .2.

which reflect the relative importance of each element. The sum total of these elements give a numerical total for each site, the highest number being the most favorable.

Social and political aspects of site selection have not been considered in our evaluation since we do not believe we are fully qualified for such evaluation. We realize that there may be single over-riding political or social factors which would automatically disqualify any given area as a candidate, no matter how high its rating.

As you will see from our evaluation in the report that fol­lows, the most suitable area for immediate development appears to be West Palawan. This site is immediately available for agricultural development, at a reasonable cost and a minimum of complications compared with other locations; it is now com­pletely undeveloped, will not dislocate settlers or squatters, and lends itself well to integrated agro-industrial develop­ment including rice, corn, sugar, cane, coconuts, and palm oil.

We hope the evaluations as submitted in this report will be helpful to you in screening the alternate sites and selecting the location of the large-scale integrated farming project, the development of which will be the subject of the next por­tion of our pre-investment survey.

We feel honored to be able to play a part in this important and far reaching program, which if successful as you have visualized it, will have world-wide impact and set a pattern for other Asian nations to follow.

Ve truly yours,

AJ& ICAN FA IATES, LTD.

David W. Larsen Vice President

DWL:etn

Encl.

RECOMMENDATIONS & CRITIQUE

Palawan

East Palawan is the outstanding candidate for develop­

ment as a major rice production unit of 20,000 hectares with

ample opportunity for complementary crops in surrounding zones

exceeding an additional 30,000 hectares. Map #1 shows the lo­

cation of suitable lands for an outstanding integrated multi­

crop demonstration which would pave the way for a new agri­

industry approach to farming. Instead of small independent

farm holdings traditionally followed in Asia, ..) agri-industry

approach with its emphasis on large scale operation can under

either a corporate or cooperative approach, offer farmers both

profitable stockholding participation and stable employment op­

portunity. Employment would be diversified, offering the rural

community job opportunity in processing, marketing, equipment

repair and maintenance, credits and management besides farming.

Subsequent to the initiation of West Palawan's develop­

ment, considerable opportunity exists to super-impose the same

pattern on East Palawan. Unlike other sites evaluated, neither

West nor East Palawan has major areas under private control.

Uniquely, the bulk of the island's land is government owned and

even the 38,400 hectares currently assigned to the penal colony

- 1 ­

offers like opportunity for conversion to an agri-industry com­

plex either as part of the penal in-training program or if this

approach proves undesirable or impractical, another alternative

would be to sequester part of the large tracts of unused land

from the colony. Even the NARRA settlement area, now only cas­

ually and sparsely faxmed, can be fitted into the new pattern.

Altogether, Palawan with its sparse population offers a frontier

opportunity for a planned development of a multi-crop complex

exceeding 100,000 hectares with a substantial portion of this

suitable for such important foreign exchange crops as rice, sugar,

oil palm, soya bean, macadamia nut and coconut to name the ob­

vious ones without benefit of detail study. Upon completion of

each increment of the development, it would help solve both re­

settlement as well as land exchange programs.

Marshes of the Cotabato & Agusan River Basins

It is true that large tracts of potentially productive

agricultural land may be reclaimed in the Linguasan and Agusan

marshes but several years lead time would be needed to plan and

construct the complex of dams, 6ykes, stream realignment, outfall

dredging, flood gates, storm gates, and pumping stations. It

would be poor engineering as well as poor economics to do this

on a hasty, independent piecemeal basis by throwing up dykes around

-2 -I

selected parcels with pumping stations. A reclamaiion authority

should be established to integrate overall designs so that in­

cremental and systematic reclamation would conform to it. A

piecemeal dyking approach would eventually create very costly

flood control problems besides significantly increasing the

total kilometers of dykes to be built.

Fundamentally, rainfall intercept on the 30,000 sq. km.

of drainage area require either a great increase in carrying

capacity of the drainage ways (the Mindanao and Agusan Rivers

and their tributaries) plus storage reservoirs in the upper

reaches of these streams to contain and dispose of the tremen­

dous run-offs, or the flood flows must have the vast retarding

capacity of the marshes. To considerably reduce or eliminate

this function of the marshes by dyking out an increasing area

of it without improving or constructing substitute storage re­

tards or disposal wasteways or channels can only lead to very

costly and a high frequency of flood damage to built-up com­

mdnities such as Cotabato and Butuan Cities and established

farms and barrios.

However, if a piecemeal approach is justified for devel­

oping the marshes by reasons other than engineering and economic

considerations, then Lake Lumao which only seasonally serves as

a storage retard (dry most of the year according to local

- 3 ­

observers) would be one of the better choices for development.

It is shown on Map #2, flood protection and drainage would be

relatively straight-forward and having lesser impact on adja­

cent areas than that of other sites especially in the Cotabato

basin. It is said to have a higher invert elevation than the

Agusan River adjacent and below it. Hence, protective dykes

above Lumao to intercept run-offs from the watershed above it

and a series of drainage ways and flood gates discharging into

the Agusan River would, in the main, convert some 20,000 hec­

tares into developable agricultural land. Considering all per­

tinent parameters in our site evaluation approach (which is ex­

plained in a following section) we have, in this preliminary

evaluation of sites placed it second to Palawan and preferred

over seven other sites evaluated in Central Mindanao.

Portions of the north periphery of the Liguasan marsh

which appears to have lesser settlements and according to local

(Cotabato based) representatives of the Forestry Bureau, less

titled encumbrance, also possess certain comparative advantages.

In our overall rating this area follows Lumao in order of pref­

erence for the eight marsh sites evaluated.

Other Sites

The Malangas sites shown on Map #4 are outstanding for

rice, but unfortunately for our purpose they are already so

- 4 - N1

used, hence they can be acquired only by imposing unjustified

hardship on establiched farms through their relocation and prob­

ably at a fairly high acquisition and compensatory cost.

# Kulumann Valley in Southwest Cotabato province (Map #3)

was found to have on the overall, too rough a terrain. While

there are some fairly level areas, these are small and already

cropped, nor are they contiguous. Unsettled areas on the other

hand, are too undulating and rolling.

CONCLUSION

While Exhibit I shows the relative ratings of each site

for each applied parameter and should be referred to for more

detail, we summarize here our rating of the inspected sites as

follows:

(1) West Palawan (2) East Palawan (3) Lake Lumao (4) Malangas - Sibuguey Valley (5) Malangas - Titay Valley (6) Malangas - Molave Val-ey (6) Liguasan Marsh - Portions of North fringe (7) River Agusan - Portion fronting on it (8) Agusan Marsh - Portions lcwland forest (9) Libungan Marsh - Portions (9) Lake Buluan - Fringe pcrtions (9) Kulumann Valley

(10) River Alah - Portions fronting on it (11) River Mindanao - Portions fronting on it

-5­

In order of rapidity of development we consider the out­

standing sites to be:

(1) West Palawan (2) East Palawan (3) Kulumann Valley (4) Lake Lumao

-6­

BASIS FOR COMPARATIVE EVAL17ATION CF SITES

Three guiding principles were kept in mind in selecting

sites for comparative evaluation for potential development as

major rice centers patterned after U.S. large scale mechanized

production techniques.

These are:

1. Availability of large tract(s) of land with least en­cumbrances in terms of private Lwnership and established settlement(s) requiring relocation.

2. Multiple and reciprocal benefits to the national in­terest and for complementary regions which would ac­crue from locating the developaent at the given site.

3. Rapidity and cost of site engineering prior to its agricultural development.

Fourteen proposed sites were evaluated to select outstand­

ing ones. In order to make the comparison as balanced and im­

partial as possible, a set of fifteen parameters was developed

and each site was measured against them and assigned numerical

values based on the air reconnaisance observations, interviews

with representatives of the various government agencies concerned

with land use, settlement patterns and title; and from a limited

review of published reports and memorandums.

The pertinent parameters are:

1. Terrain Suitability for large module irrigated paddies.

- 7 ­119)

2. Existing settlement or population density affecting the

ease of area consolidation and planned development re­

gardless of the official status or classification of

the land.

3. The existing or announced classification of the land,

i.e., its ownership status whether titled, declared

alienable and releasable, concessioned or reserved-.

4. The magnitude of reclamation required both in engineer­

ing planning and construction in order to protect the

site from floods.

5. The impact on adjacent low lying communities or un­

protected farms by withdrawing the tract from its

natural function as storage for ephemeral run-offs.

6. The magnitude of land clearing required based on the

type and density of tree, scrub or other cover.

7. The ease of developing water supply for irrigation

whether from diversion, low lift surface water pump­

ing or from basal supplies.

8. The transport network or proximity of paved roads or

navigable rivers to connect the site to nearest port

facilities.

9. The physical classification of the dominant soil group

and profile characteristics with emphasis on soil

suitability for irrigated rice culture.

- 8 ­

10. Day length is important in tropical rice yields when two

or more crops are to be grown yearly.

11. Agricultural Productivity based on observation of nat­

ural flora, and an evaluation of the area's ecology.

12. The size of the project site and its limitations for

potential expansion as a contiguous unit due to neigh­

boring established land use or physical restrictions.

13. The potential for an integrated and multi-prop complex

which offers better year-round edployment opportunity,

an opportunity for common utilization of logistic and

material handling facilities and organization in pro­

duction, processing and marketing.

14. The risks from floods is ever present in low lying

dyke protected sites reclaimed from natural retards

or storage areas in river basins receiving run-offs

and river overflows.

15. Rapidity in development or how fast agricultural pro­

duction can start depends upon the presence and degree

of both defacto and dejure encumbrances on the land

such as scattered titled holdings and squatters; as

well as the type of engineering planning and construc­

tion required to convert the site to become agricul­

- 9 ­

turally useable. This parameter is based on combining

parameters 2, 3, 4, and 5 relating to established set­

tlements and reclamation needs.

The grading system took into consideration relative impact

of individual parameters by using both weighed factors as well

as a graduated scale of points ranging from minus three (- - -)

to plus three (+ + +). Parameters which essentially determined ­

whether sites meet the three guiding principles controlling ac­

ceptability, such as terrain, and major engineering pre-agri­

culture lead time requirement such as reclamation were weighed

heaviest by applying a factor of 3.

Parameters, which dealt with land ownership encumbrances,

were weighed with a factor of 2. All others were considered

to be of equal weight.

Exhibit I summarizes the comparative rating of each of

the fourteen evaluated sites. It must be emphasized that the

evaluation has value only as a comparative approach for screen­

ing purposes. It has no value and none is claimed for it as a

definitive quantitative classification of each site. Further­

more, other factors not considered, such as political, tradi­

tional or social aims and complexities which we are not compe­

tent to evaluate can have an over-riding impact not only to off­

set, but reverse the relative values shown.

- 10 ­ 1

I. FLIGHT PATTERN

December 7, 1967

The party made up of Messrs. Larsen, Ewart, Thornburg of

American Factors Associates, Ltd. and Mr. Agripino Corpuz of

the Bureau of Soils left Manila at 0630 by private plane and

arrived in Davao at 0930. Here the party was met and briefed

by representatives of RCA, Bureau of Soils, APC and the Bureau

of Lands. We were advised that more accurate information re­

garding the potential development areas in Cotabato Province

should be obtained from the various government offices in

Cotabato. Whereupon the party left Davao at 1035 arriving in

Cotabato at 1110.

Here we were briefed by representatives from the Bureau

,of Forestry and Mr. S. B. Angelo accompanied the party on an

aerial inspection of KulamamnValley, then east to Lake Buluan,

then up the Alah River northwest to Ligusan Marsh, over the

Mindanao River to Libungan Marsh, circling over the dry lake

to Binawingan and back to Cotabato City. From Cotabato City

the party flew to Amptuan to spend the night as guests of the

M & S Logging Company.

December 8, 1967

0745 the party departed from Amptuan and flew directly to

Butuan, Agusan Province, where we were met and briefed by repre­

- 11 - 1X

sentatives of the Bureau of Forestry, RCA, and the Bureau of

Lands. From Butuan we took off with Messrs. Garcia and Bito

to make an aerial inspection of the Agusan River area, to Lake

Lumao, circling the lake area then eastward to the lowland for­

est area and back to Lake Lumao via the town of Talacogon and

back to Butuan.

From Butuan the party flew directly to the Malangas area,

starting at the southeast corner of the mining reserve to

Lapidauan, then due west along the coast to Taba Bay then up

the Sibuguey River northward along the west boundary of the

mining reserve, then northeast to the north boundary of the re­

serve and then back west to Kabasalan and returned to Davao.

December 9, 1967

0900 Col..O. Mondonedo arrived from Manila to continue on

with the party. After a brief review of activities to date, the

party, including Col. MondoRedo left Davao, to again fly over

the rigusan Marsh and the fringes of Libungan Marsh, then di­

rectly to the Malangas area making the same coverage as the

previous day and landing at Kabasalan where we were met by RCA

representatives for a briefing on rice production and general

potentials of the area, including land ownership and settlement

patterns. Upon leaving Kabasalan we flew over Titay Valley

- 12 - I

and Molave Valley and then to Zamboanga for the night. In

Zamboanga we were met and briefed by members of the local RCA

staff and Bureau of Soils.

December 10, 1967

0725 left Zamboanga for Puerto Princesa on the Island of

Palawan. Upon arriving at Puerto Princesa we were met by

Mr. dela Cruz, of the Bureau of Soils, who accompanied the group

on an aerial inspection of potential development areas on the

southern part of the island. From Puerto Princesa we flew

south along the coastline to Island Bay, and then west over

the island to Malanut Bay on the west side, then turned south

along the coastline to Canipan Bay. At this point, we turned

around and flew along the mountain range back to Malanut Bay,

across the island and back up the coastline to Puerto Princesa.

We took off from Puerto Princesa at 1145 to return to Manila

via the northwest side of the Island of Palawan arriving in

Manila at 1330.

- 13­

II. GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL INTERVIEWED EN ROUTE December 7-10, 1967

Donato A. Madulid

Romeo Lacuuian

B. D. Cerioga

P. T. Taleay

Domingo P. Iligan

Jose Calip

D. R. Eugenio

Samuel R. Fortwich

Melanio S. Alconcol

Sixto B. Angelo

Loreto H. Simeon

Clemento B. Regis

Bonifacio Halwot

David Rojas

Segundo M. Reyes

Hermogenes M. Garcia

Fernando S. Bito

Bernabe Arandela

D. Miranda

B. Sabado

R. Gozom

J. pacasin

S. Balason

Romeo Laquian

Juanito Cabolos

Victoriano Sindayen

H. dela Cruz

RCA

RCA

pureau APC

RCA

RCA

Bureau

Bureau

Bureau

Bureau

RCA

RCA

Bureau

Bureau

Bureau

Bureau

APC

RCA

RCA

RCA

RCA

RCA

RCA

RCA

RCA

Bureau

Bureau

of Soils

of Lands

of Forestry

of Forestry

of Forestry

of Lands

of Forestry

of Lands

of Lands

of Soils

of Soils

- 14 ­ 221I

III. SOILS DATA*

1. Lake Buluan and Surrounding Areas

(1) Soils of the Lutayan Series

1. Formation and Origin: - Recent alluvial deposits

2. Profile:

A. Surface Soil: Sandy loam, friable and granular; fair organic matter content; 10 to 20 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay loam, slightly compact, poor organic matter content; lower layer-boundary about 30 to 35 cms. from surface.

Lower Subsoil: Clay, granular, sticky and plastic; lower layer-boundary 55 to 60 cms. from surface.

C. Substratum: Sandy clay loam to light gray sand.

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Fair to poor. (External) Fair to poor.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice:

(Irrigated) 95 cav. of palay/ha. (Unirrigated) 50 cav. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Very adaptable to rice.

(2) Tinambulan Peat

1. Large amount of partly decomposed organic material is mixed with peat. The land is barely above the level of the lake, thus the area is easily flooded. Down to 150 cms. the soil is uniform; spongy.

* Source: Bureau of Soils

- 15­

2. Relief: Level

3. Drainage: (Internal) Very poor. (External) Good to Excessive.

4. Productivity Rating for Upland rice: 50 cavs. of palay/ha.

5. Remarks: Needs some leveling and/or terracing for rice culture.

(3) Soils of the Sibul Series

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils of lime­stone origin.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay, fine granular; with spherical concretions; porous, sticky and plastic; 20 to 30 cms. Opep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, compact, coarse, granular to blocky, with calcareous materials; sticky and plastic; lower layer-boundary about 40 to 50 cms. from the surface.

Lower subsoil: Clay, friable, coarse granu­lar to blocky; with calcareous materials; sticky; lower layer-boundary about 60 to 70 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, with limestone concretions and highly weathered calcareous and tuffaceous materials.

3. Relief: Level to hilly.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Poor. (External) Poor to Excessive.

5. Productivity rating for upland rice: 50 cavs. of palay/ha.

6. Productivity rating for lowland rice: No data.

7. Remarks: Lowland rice is being grown in the area especially where drainage could be effected.

- 16 ­

(4) Soils of the Timaga Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface Soil: Clay loam, fine granular, friable; fairly rich in organic matter; 15 to 20 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Silty clay loam, coarse granular, friable, lower layer-boundary 20 to 60 cms. from surface.

Lower Subsoil: Clay, plastic, slightly compact and sticky; lower layer-boundary 60 to 100 cms. from surface.

C. Substratum: Clay loam, soft, plastic, sticky.

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Poor. (External) Fair.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice:

(Irrigated) 85-90 cavs. palay/ha.

(Unirrigated) 70 cavs. palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Water table is high. Lowland rice is the only crop grown on this soil type.

2. Liquasan Marsh (Northern Fringes)

Liguasan Marsh is a fresh water marsh. It is mostly cov­ered by grass. The soil materials found underneath the water consist of alluvium. In some places where the water is low or has receded, rice is being cultivated. No data on the average production are available.

3. Libungan Marsh

Practically similar as that of Liguasan Marsh.

- 17­

4. Land Along Alah River

(1) Dadiangas Series (loamy sand to sandy loam)

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Loamy sand to sandy loam; structureless; 15 to 25 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Coarse sand with gravels; loose and structureless; lower layer-boundary 40 to 55 cms. from surface.

C. Substratum: Coarse sand with gravels.

3. Relief: Level

4. Drainage: (Internal) Good to very good. (External) Good.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: No data.

6. Remarks: Not suited for lowland rice culture.

(2) Soils of the Banga Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Sandy loam, structureless, slightly compact; fair organic matter content; about 10 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Sand, loose and structureless; lower layer-boundary 55 to 60 cms. from surface.

Lower subsoil: Coarse sand, loose and structureless.

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

- 18 ­ 2-5

4. Drainage: (Int knal) Good. (External) Fair.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice:

(Irrigated) 80 cavs. of palay/ha. (Unirrigated) 40 cave. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Suitabft for lowland rice.

(3) Soils of the Sinolan Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Fine sandy loam to sandy loam, mellow, friable; 10 to 15 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Loam to sandy loam, friable, lower layer-boundary 70 to 90 cms. from surface.

C. Substratum: Coarse sandy loam with gravel and pumice-like materials occasionally present. 4

3. Relief: Level to undulating.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Good. (External) Good.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: None Productivity rating for upland rice: 30 cavs.

palay/ha.

6. Remarks: This soil is highly permeable. During dry spells soil moisture is unavailable for proper plant growth.

5. Land Along Agusan River

(1) Soils of the San Manuel Series (clay, clay loam, loam).

- 19 ­ q 0

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay, clay loam to loam; 25 to 40 cms. deep, fairly rich in or­ganic matter.

B. Subsoil: Silt loam, friable and fine granu­lar, lower layer-boundary 70 to 110 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Fine sandy loam to sand.

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Good to excellent. (External) Good to excellent.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice:

Clay type = 60 cavs. palay/ha. Clay loam type = 45 cavs. palay/ha. Loam type = 40 cavs. palay/ha.

6. Remarks: These soils are some of the most fer­tile soils in the Philippines, adaptable to rice and various economic crops.

6. Lake Lumao and Surrounding Areas

(1) Soils of the Butuan Series (Loam)

1. Formation and Origin: Older alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface Soil: Loam, friable, rich in

organic matter, 40 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, very sticky and plastic when wet, lower layer-boundary 90 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, sticky and plastic.

- 20 ­

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Very poor. (External) Poor

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 15 to 20 cavs. of palay/ha.

6. Lime recommendation: None

7. Aqusan Lowland Forest, North of Talacogon

(1) Soils of Kidapawan Series:

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils devel­oped from igneous rocks like andesite.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Loam, friab.e, fairly rich in organic matter, about 25 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, sticky and plastic when wet, slightly compact, lower layer­bounday 100 to 120 ams. from surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, compact. Underlain by compact sand.

3.. Relief: Rolling to hilly and mountainous.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Good. (External) Good.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 50 cavs. palay/ha.

6. Lime recommendation: None

7. Remarks: Soils of this series need leveling and/or terracing for rice production; for satisfactory yields fertilization and soil con­servation measures should be instituted.

- 21 ­

(2) Soils of the Butuan Series

Please see Lake Lumao and surrounding areas.

8. Western Palawan

(1) Soils of the Tagburos Series

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils from basalt, andesite and quartz.

2. Profile:

A. Surface Soil: Clay, friable and coarse granular; sticky and plastic; fair organic matter content; 20 to 25 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, slightly friable and coarse granular to blocky;sticky and plastic; with 30 cms. layer of various sizes of stone fragments; lower layer-boundary about 75 to 80 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, coarse granular, sticky, hard and ccmpact; with some weathered rocks.

10. Malangas '- Sibuguey Area

(1) Soils of the Antipolo Series (As described in Rizal Prov. Recon. Report).

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils formed from basalt, igneous and other volcanic rocks.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay, friable, finely granulated; 20 to 30 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, friable, granular.

- 22 - Qc

Lower subsoil: Weathered tuffaceous mate­rial with concretions; depth of lower layer-boundary about 90 cms. from our­face.

C. Substratum: Clay, coarse granular with numerous iron concretions.

3. Relief: Rolling with some level areas.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Poor. (External) Good to excessive.

5. Productivity rating for rice: No data available.

6. Remarks: Lowland and upland rice can be grown on this series. With proper soil management and irrigation, the yield may be fairly high.

(2) Soils of the San Manuel Series

Please refer to description on preceding page 19.

11. Titay Valley

(1) Soils of the Titay Series

1. Formation and Origin: No data. Zamboanga Province reconnaissance survey manuscript not yet prepared.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay lcam to silt loam, granular, slightly sticky, average depth about 25 cms.

B. Subsoil: Clay loam, slightly sticky and plastic, lower layer-boundary about 45 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay loam, compact, plastic and sticky.

3. Relief: No data.

- 23­

4. Remarks: Field survey parties which covered the two Zamboanga provinces have not completed their reports yet. (Titay Series was first found in Zamboanga.)

(2) Soils of the Castilla Series (Data taken from Soreogon Province where this series also occurs).

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils from cal­careous tuff, clays, basalts and agglomerates.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay loam, highly plastic when wet, brittle when dry, fair or­ganic matter content; 30 to 40 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, coarse granular, moderately compact, highly plastic and sticky when wet, lower layer-boundary about 100 cam. from surface.

Lower subsoil: Clay, lower layer-boundary about 160 cms. from surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, moderately compact.

3. Relief: Gently undulating to hilly.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Poor. (External) Good.

5. Productivity rating for upland rice (under Sorsogon conditions) = 20 cavs. palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Soils of the same series although geographically separate and all other factors taken equal respond to the same treatment.

- 24 ­

(3) Soils of the Pasonanca Series

1. Formation and Origin: No data. Zamboanga Province reconnaissance survey manuscript not yet prepared.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Loam, friable, 25 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Sandy loam, mellow and friable, lower layer-boundary about 42 cms. from the surface. A layer of gravels underlie the subsoil and is about 10 cms. thick.

C. Substratum: Clay loam to clay.

3. Relief: No definite data.

4. Remarks: Field survey parties which covered the two Zamboanga provinces have not com­pleted their reports yet. (Pasonanca Series was first found in Zamboanga.)

12. Molave Valley

(1) Soils of the San Manuel Series

Please refer to description on preceding page 19.

(2) Soils of the Adtuyon Series (As described in Bukidnon Prov. Recon. Report).

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils de­rived from basalt and andesite.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay, granular, slightly sticky when wet, about 20 cms. deep.

- 25 ­

B. Subsoil: Clay, granular, sticky and plas­tic when wet, depth of lower layer­boundary about 80 cms. from surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, slightly compact, hard and cloddy when dry. Partly weathered igneous rocks occasionally present in this layer.

3. Relief: Nearly level to sloping.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Fair. (External) Good.

5. Productivity rating for upland rice: 30 cavs. of palay/ha.

/13. East Palawan Between the NARRA Settlement and the Iwahiq Penal Colony

(1) Soils of the ijas Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial de­posits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Loam, friable, good fine granular, and slightly compact; no coarse skeleton; 20 to 25 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Loam, hard and compact; no coarse skeleton; non-calcareous, lower layer-boundary is 25 to 55 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay loam, slightly compact, hard, and massive; no coarse skeleton; non-calcareous.

3. Relief: Nearly level and partly broken by numerous creeks.

- 26­

4. Drainage: (Internal) Poor. (External) Fair to Good.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 15 cave. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Good for rice growing with proper liming, fertilizing and irrigation and drainage.

(2) Soils of the Babuyan Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Silty clay loam, very friable, loose, fine granular; with red mottlings; 15 to 25 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, loose, friable, coarse blocky, hard and slightly compact; lower layer-boundary is 55 to 60 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, massive, with brown mottlings; hard and compact.

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

4. Drainage: Poor

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 60 aavs. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Adapted to rice culture provided proper liming and fertilization are practiced.

(3) Soils of the Bay Series

1. Formation and Origin: Secondary soils formed from accumulation of sediments.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay to clay loam; plastic and sticky; 20 to 25 cms. deep.

- 27 ­

B. Subsoil: Clay, sticky and plastic; lower layer-boundary is 55 to 60 cms. from the surface.

Lower subsoil: Clay, sticky; lower layer­boundary is 135 to 140 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Coarse sand.

3. Relief: Level

4. Drainage: Poor

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 42 cavs. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Suitable for lowland rice culture.

(4) Soils of the Brooke's Series (Clay, Clay Loam)

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial de­posits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay to clay loam, coarse granular to blocky; soft when wet, hard when dry; fair organic matter content; 15 to 20 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, coarse granular to massive; soft when wet, hard and compact when dry; lower layer-boundary is 65 to 70 cme. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Clay, compact, plastic and sticky; hard when dry.

3. Relief: Nearly level to slightly undulating.

4. Drainage: Poor to very poor.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 60 cavs. of palay/ha.

- 28 ­ 35

6. Remarks: Very suitable to lowland rice but proper fertilization must be observed.

(5) Soils of the Guimbalaon Series

.. Formation and Origin: Residual soils from basalts and andesites.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil.: Clay, loam to fine sandy loam, good fine granular, friable, slightly sticky; fair organic matter; boulders occasionally present; 25 to 30 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, good medium granular, friable; slightly sticky; lower layer­boundary is 65 to 70 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Weathered, fragmentary rocks; soft to brittle; boulders are some­times present.

3. Relief: Undulating to steep.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Fair.

(External) Fair to Excessive.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 30 cavs.

of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Adapted to rice but will need some terracing and/or leveling and proper ferti­lization and liming.

7, Hydrosol: The sub-aqueous layer is alluvium.

(6) Soils of the Quingua Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay loam to finesandy loam, friable, loose, structureless, with reddish brown streaks; 25 to 40 cms. deep.

- 29 - 3(X

B. Subsoil: Silty clay loam to clay loam; loose, friable, slightly compact; lower layer-boundary is 85 to 114 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Silt loam to silty clay loam, loose, slightly friable and compact.

3. Relief: Level to nearly level.

4. Drainage: Fair to good.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 60 cavs. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Very well adapted to rice culture but liming and fertilization shall not be over­looked.

(7) Soils of the San Manuel Series

1. Formation and Origin: Recent alluvial deposits.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay loam to loam, friable, coarse granular, fair organic matter content; 25 to 40 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Silt loam, friable, fine granular, with yellowish brown streaks; lower layer-boundary is 70 to 110 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum.: Fine sandy loam to fine sand, to medium sand; no pebbles or stones present.

3. Relief: Nearly level and often subject to flood.

4. Drainage: Fair to good.

5. Productivity rating for lowland rice: 60 cavs.

of palay/ha.

- 30 ­

6. Remarks: Very well adapted to rice.

(8) Soils of the Tagburos Series

Please refer to the description of the same series in Eastern Palawan.

(9) Soils of the Tapul Series

1. Formation and Origin: Residual soils from

igneous rocks.

2. Profile:

A. Surface soil: Clay loam, good coarse granular, slightly sticky, slightly hard, rich in organic matter; 20 to 50 cms. deep.

B. Subsoil: Clay, coarse granular to moderately columnar, sticky, hard and compact, fair organic matter content; lower layer-boundary is 55 to 70 cms. from the surface.

Lower subsoil: Clay, columnar to massive; sticky, hard and compact; poor organic matter content; lower layer-boundary is 95 to 110 cms. from the surface.

C. Substratum: Highly weathered igneous rocks most likely diorite, massive, hard and compact.

3. Relief: Gently undulating to hilly.

4. Drainage: (Internal) Fair. (External) Good.

5. Productivity rating: 30 cavs. of palay/ha.

6. Remarks: Suitable for rice cultivation but will need some leveling and/or terracing and other conservation measures.

- 31 ­

Exhibit A-2

Report

SITE EVALUATION, WEST PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES FIELD RECONNAISSANCE AND AIRPHOTO STUDY-

Ta Liang February 1, 1968

SUMMARY

This report covers the evaluation of sites to be developed in West Palawan, Philippines, based on a brief field reconnaissance and a review of existing photography. The feasibility and extent of further use of airphotos in this project, both quantitatively (photogrammetry) and qualitatively (photo-interpretation), dis­cussed, taken into consideration of field conditions and local facilities. Follow-up steps are suggested. Field itinerary and pertinent maps are included as a part of this report.

1. Introduction

This investigation makes maximum use of stereo airphotos, with limited field checks, in evaluating topographic features, soils, and other pertinent physical conditions as much as pos­sible for the purpose of land development in West Palawan as referred to in AMFAC Memorandum/Report Lo RCA, dated December 12, 1967. Recommendations are iade regarding future use of airphotos and follow-up steps.

2. Field Reconnaissance

Air inspection was made in the west coast over the relatively flat regions. Landings were made in three locations and, in one case, the party was driven inland to observe ground condi­tions. Air inspection was also made in the east coast for the purpose of comparison. Ground inspection was made between Puerto Princesa and Panacan in the east coast to correlate airphoto patterns with ground conditions and major soil types. Field itinerary is included in Appendix 1.

3. Aerial Photography

a. The Philippine Army Engineers has complete airphoto cover­age of Palawan. The photos were flown during the period of 1947-52 at a scale of 1:34,000 or smaller. All photo­graphs reviewed in this report were from his source. Photo numbers reviewed are indicated in Appendix 2. Although the photo scale is relatively small, the quality of photos is satisfactory. The small scale also has certain advantages in this reconnaissance stage because it provides good per­spective over large areas, particularly convenient in studying landforms in vegetated regions. However, these relatively old photos have one distinct disadvantage when used in determining current land-use pattern and clearing requirements.

b. The Department of Forestry has a limited airphoto coverage which was flown in 1965 at a scale of 1:15,000 and is of good quality. However, because of the incomplete coverage and time-consuming acquisition procedure, it was not used in this study. Coverage held by the Department of Forestry is indicated in Appendix 3.

c. The Certeza Surveying Company in Manila is currently under contract to fly 1:15,000 scale airphotos for various lumber companies in the Philippines. Active flying is being under­taken in Mindanao. Future flying would cover parts of Palawan.

d. There might be some scattered recent military airphoto coverages. The military attache's office at the U.S.

Embassy in Manila indicated that any airphotos flown were filed with the Philippine Army Engineers Office.

4. Topographic Evaluation

a. General

A first step was to compare the airphotos with the published

1:50,000 scale topographic maps. These maps were compiled by the U.S. Army Map Service based on the same series of airphotos that were used in this study. Careful comparison indicated that the quality of the maps is good and topo­graphic as well as planimetric information generally depend­able. The maps have 20-meter contours, and occasionally 5- and 10-meter contours whenever practicable. Since the maps were already compiled by photogrammetric methods, it is not likely that more detailed topographic maps could be made, using the same airphotos. However, a study of the airphotos does help to detect micro-features in many cases so as to assist determining certain local soil conditions, broken nature of ground, and furthermore to enable using the maps with more confidence, knowing that accuracy is higher in cleared or non-forested areas. The ground elevation shown on the maps in heavily forested areas must be viewed with some degree of uncertainty until sufficient ground checks are undertaken.

b. West Coast

The area of interest contains relatively flat flood plains and alluvial fans, bordered or interrupted by rolling to broken lands or hills. Delineated on the accompanying map are several topographic units. These units might have to be reclassified according to further considerations from the agricultural standpoint.. Total areas of each unit are shown on a summary table. Preliminary estimate indicates that the total area of favorable topographic conditions would be over 20,000 hectares, although it is scattered throughout the west coast and is not in a single block.

c. East Coast

Undoubtedly, much more favorable topography is located in the east coast although it is understood that ownership or development by other organizations might present problems. While east coast was not a part of the study in this report, its photography and ground conditions were selectively reviewed for comparison.

5. Soil Evaluation

a. General

The determination of soil characteristics, particularly by airphoto interpretation, depends heavily on the parent material (landform) which is inferred by a study of the topography, drainage, erosion, vegetation and gray tones on photos and by field correlation. In general, physical characteristics are more easily detected than chemical conditions, especially in open areas. In forest-covered areas, soil characteristics are not so easily inferred. To a certain extent, the vigor of vegetative growth and the species might be good indicators themselves, but more field checks would be required.

b. West Coast

The soil areas may be generally grouped into the following:

(1) Beach sand. These are relatively small areas mostly along the coastline, suitable for coconuts and the like, but too excessive drain for rice.

(2) Flood plain and young alluvial fan soils. Generally in relatively flat areas, suitable for general agri­culture. Some areas that appear to have been cleared and possibly occasionally inundated call for ground investigation. Pockets of small swampy areas are present along the coast.

(3) Rolling to broken ground. Areas of old alluvial fans and various types of residual soils. Detailed agriculture characteristics are variable and should be checked in the field.

(4) Hilly areas. Probably too steep for row crop agri­cultural purposes.

c. East Coast

The soils in the east coast areas indicated on Map #1 of the AMFAC Report appeared to be generally satisfactory for agricultural purpose, judging from observations in currently developed areas. These areas, as shown on the airphotos taken before the developments, were largely covered by uniformly healthy timber growth. Outside of these areas and particularly in the reportedly poor (low pH) soil areas north of Aborlan, erosive soils which do not support vege­tation well can be detected on the airphotos. Such symptoms of agriculturally poor soil do not seem to cover any exten­sive areas in the flat part of the west coast now under consideration. The rolling to broken areas there are variable. Again, the east coast was not a part of this particular study except for the purpose of comparing ground and airphoto patterns.

6. Development Potential

Based on the above study, a preliminary grouping of land units was indicated on the 1:50,000 scale map accompanying this re­port. Description of the units and total areas of each unit in the several parcels follow:

Description of Map Units (See 1:50,000 scale map accompanying report)

Map Description Unit

Slopes generally smaller than 2%, including minor

1 Slopes generally smaller than 2%, including minor pockets of swamps

2 Slopes generally 2 to 5%

3 Slopes generally exceeding 5%, probably steep for row crops

4 Slopes are broken variable, probably feasible for agriculture

5 Slopes exceeding 5%, but generally uniform, probably suitable for agriculture

6 Beach sand, not suitable for rice

Summary Table of Areas of Map Units (See 1:50,000 scale map accompanying report)

Total Area (100 hectares)

All Parcel Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Units

I 37.5 26.5 42.25 0.0 0.75 1.25 108.25 II 41.0 28.25 17.75 2.25 3.75 0.5 93.5

III 66.5 34.25 23.0 23.25 2.0 2.0 151.0 IV 33.5 35.5 29.5 6.25 4.0 1.0 109.75

V 42.75 32.5 39.75 6.75 5.5 1.75 129.00 VI 26.75 29.75 48.5 20.0 0.0 3.0 128.0 VII 9.25 17.75 26.75 1.75 0.75 0.25 56.5

VIII 18.00 12.0 11.25 0.0 8.0 0.5 49.75

TOTAL 275.25 216.50 238.75 60.25 24.75 10.25 825.75

zjk

7. Clearing and Squatter Investigation

The land-use conditions of fifteen to twenty years ago are clearly indicated on the photos. However,to obtain an up-to­date and accurate appraisal, more information by new airphotos or ground methods would be required.

8. Follow-Up Investigation

If, based on physical and other considerations, the size of the west coast areas is deemed satisfactory, the following steps should be undertaken for detailed investigation. If, on the other hand, the alternative of developing the east coast areas could be considered, such steps might be undertaken for both coasts.

a. Agricultural soil study

It is important to ascertain soil properties of typical as well as unusual areas. Soils of flood plains, young and old alluvial fans, residual units and other landforms should be properly sampled and tested and results general­ized. It is exceedingly important to choose representative sampling sites in the field to optimize results and mini­mize costs. A minimum number of suggested sampling sites is indicated on the accompanying map for this purpose. The need for a high quality person in the field in this connec­tion cannot be over-emphasized. It is understood that Dr. D. Mikkelson of IRRI is an agricultural consultant for AMFAC. Unfortunately, because of time, the author did not have the opportunity to discuss this problem with Dr. Mikkelson during this short visit. However, he did dis­cuss briefly with Dr. Reeshon F ier, soil scientist of Cornell (now in Los Banos Cornell-UP project for a two-year period). The author has worked with Dr. Feuer previously in various field projects and believes he is particularly competent in field mapping and evaluation. He would like to recommend for AMFAC and Dr. Mikkelson to make use of the talents of Dr. Feuer, particularly in field investiga­tions.

b. New airphotos

For the purpose of up-to-date land-use and clearing evalua­tion and for subsequent detailed topographic mapping, new photography of a larger scale should be planned. The exact scale and flying height (therefore, camera focal length) will depend on the final size of area to be covered, even­tual requirement of contour interval for maps and financial considerations. Photography alone is relatively inexpen­sive; subsequent map compilation is costly but this could be limited to smeller, specific areas. At present, several agencies are capable to take photos and compile maps in the Philippines:

- The Philippine Armed Forces,

- Commercial companies, including Certeza Surveying Company, Manila (preliminary discussions indicated that the cost of flying 1:15,000 scale photos at about p 0.50/hectare and the cost of topo mapping at about P 5/hectare), F. F. Cruz Company, Manila, and other companies outside of Philippines that might be brought in for competitative bidding.

c. Topographic mapping

As discussed under b, area for topographic mapping should be selective because of the high cost. Scale and contour intervals could be variable within selected areas to mini­mize cost. It should be kept in mind that in certain hea­vily forested areas, accurate topographic mapping might require extensive field work or additional special techniques.

d. Photo interpretation

Because of the inaccessibility of the development areas and the lack of good geologic and soil information, the tech­nique of photo interpretation should be fully utilized in this project. Detailed information such as soil texture

,46

and moisture conditions in specific areas, subgrade and aggregate evaluation, coral formations, harbor bottom materials could be extracted for specific locations and be correlated and expanded with subsequent ground investiga­tions. In the Philippines, Dr. Feuer is familiar with agriculture soil interpretation, particularly in open areas. Certeza Company advertised their capability in forestry interpretation and Professor R. C. Bruce of UP indicated that he worked on forestry and agricultural projects. The author would be glad to evaluate and offer suggestions and, if necessary, coordinate as project pro­gresses. Furthermore, certain back-up information might be provided by using the already acquired photos in file.

9. Conclusions

a. Based on a review of airphotos and topographic maps, with limited field checks, various land units were delineated on the 1:50,000 map and areas estimated for preliminary planning purpose.

b. At the west coast, over 20,000 hectares of fairly flat land is available although it is broken up into several parcels.

c. A minimum amount of field sampling by qualified personnel to ascertain agricultural productivity is recommended.

d. New airphotos will be useful for appraisal of current land­use and clearing requirement. They are important for use in subsequent design and construction stages.

e. More detailed soil information at specific areas could be extracted from existing airphotos to answer specific ques­tions that might arise, particularly in relatively open areas.

f. Because of their superior topographic and soil conditions, the areas at the east coast should receive serious considera­tion for high priority development investigations.

10. Acknowledgments

The author wishes to acknowledge his deep appreciation to the

field staff of AMFAC in Manila, Messrs. George Cohen and

Ricardo Foronda, for their efficient and unfailing support.

Many people in government and private agencies in the Philip­pines helped to facilitate this investigation and were mentioned

in the Field Itinerary. However, special thanks are due to

Captain S. Barrios for providing the airphotos, and Mr. H. dela

Cruz in assisting field inspection. At Ithaca, the author is

indebted to Professor A. J. McNair for a discussion on photo­

grammetric requirements, and Mr. Warren Philipson for his

assistance in map compilation.

Field Itinerary of Ta Liang

January 5, 1968 - Collection of reference material and preparation

for trip to the Philippines. Departed Ithaca to New York City.

January 6 - Departed New York City and arrived Honolulu. Had con­

ference with Messrs. David Larsen and George Ewart.

trip to the Philippines.

Continued

January 7 ­ (International Dateline)

January 8 - 7:00 A.M. Arrived Manila. Discussed Messrs. George Cohen and Ricardo Foronda on general program, airphoto and

related references, and field transportation. Visited Colonel

Osmundo Mondonedo, Chairman, RCA; and Mr. Rex Garcia, Governor,

Development Bank (accompanied by Mssrs. Cohen and Foronda).

Visited Capt. Serrero Barrios, Jr., Army Engineers office, to

review existing airphoto coverage; and Messrs. Antonio Quejado and Bernado Agaloos, Director and Supervisor, respectively,

Department of Forestry, to review certain recent photo coverage

of Palawan (accompanied by Mr. Foronda). Mr. Cohen arranged

to meet with Mr. Higinio Mendoza to discuss air transportation

in Palawan.

January 9 - Visited U.S. Embassy to inquire possible recent airphoto

coverage (accompanied by Messrs. Cohen and Foronda). Visited

Bureau of Soils, Bureau of Mines, and UP Hygiene Institute to

obtain reference maps and publications, and malaria drugs for field party (accompanied by Mr. Foronda and Mr. Eulalio Jamilosa). Reviewed references and reports in AMFAC office files.

2:50 P.M. Departed Manila, accompanied by Messrs. Foronda of AMFAC staff and Romy Salazar, Civil Engineer of E. E. Black, Limited.

4:30 P.M. Arrived Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Met at airport by Messrs. H. dela Cruz, Bureau of Plant Industry; M. Peneyra, Bureau of Soils, and M. Rigor, RCA. Paid courtesy visit to Governor Salvador P. Socrates of Palawan. Visited the Baptist Mission to arrange for local air transportation.

January 10 - 8:00 A.M. Field investigation by airplane at about 300 meter altitude, accompanied by Mesrs. dela Cruz and Salazar and piloted by Mr. Cliff Carlburg. Started from Puerto Princesa, crossed island to the west coast, landed at Birong (1)*, flew south along west coast, landed at the lumber company strip at Tagusao (2)*, drove inland about 5 kilometers by lumber company truck, flew further south along west coast, landed at the Coast Guard strip southwest of Eran Point (3)*, flew the general area and returned north to Quezon, then directly to Puerto Princesa, covering part of the east coast, arriving at noon.

2:00 P.M. Field investigation by airplane at about 300 meter altitude, accompanied by Messrs. dela Cruz and Foronda and piloted by Mr. Carlburg. Flew west coast from Birong southward, circu­lated several areas, particularly at Eran vicinity, continued southward to near to the southern tip of the Island, turned to the east coast and flew northward covering the flat east coastal areas. Landed in highway south of Panacan (4)*. Continued to fly northward, arriving Puerto Princesa 4:30 P.M.

January 11 - 8:00 A.M. Field investigation by Jeep, accompanied by Mesms. dela Cruz, Salazar and Foronda to correlate east coast ground features that are accessible by road with airphoto patterns. Followed highway from Puerto Princesa to Panacan; returned to Puerto Princesa at 2:00 P.M. The group then visited

* numbers corresponding that show on attached 1:250,000 scale map

the local forestry office and paid a courtesy call to the Gover­

nor. Scheduled flight to Manila in late afternoon was cancelled due to mechanical problem.

January 12 - 9:00 A.M. Departed Puerto Princesa with party, arrived Manila 11:00 A.M. Visited Certeza Survey Company (largest airphoto company in the Philippines and currently flying air­photos for many lumber companies) to obtain general information; Forestry Department to discuss airphoto coverage in Palawan;

Army Engineers Office to review and borrow additional airphotos; and made courtesy calls to Governor Garcia and Colonel Mondonedo (who was out of town), all accompanied by Mr. Foronda. Met with

Messrs. Cohen and Donald Ballinger of AMFAC who happened to be in town in connection with another project.

January 13 - 7:00 A.M. Breakfast discussion with Professor Romeo C. Bruce, University of the Philippines, regarding capabilities and facilities in photograinmetry and photo-interpretation of his group.

9:00 A.M. Discussion with Professor Reeshon Feuer, Soil Scien­tist of Cornell University, who just arrived for two-year assignment in the Philippines on the Cornell-UP project at Los Banos. Reviewed borrowed airphotos and ordered additional

airphotos from Army Engineers Office via Mr. Foronda. Dis­cussed general matters with Messrs. Cohen and Foronda. Departed Manila 6:00 P.M. Crossed International Dateline. Arrived San Francisco 5:00 P.M.

January 14 - Departed San Francisco 9:00 A.M. Arrived New York and Ithaca 9:00 P.M.

50

Exhibit A-2 (Cont'd)

Report

SITE EVALUATION, EAST PALAWAN. PHILIPPINES

Ta Liang May 14, 1968

Note: This report is supplementary to an earlier report entitled SITE EVALUATION, WEST PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES by the same author dated February 1, 1968, which contains general information regarding maps, airphotos and field reconnaissance of this general area.

1. Introduction

In the February 1, 1968 report on West Palawan, it was indica­ted (on p. 10) that, "because of their superior topographic and soil conditions, the areas at the east coast should receive serious consideration for high priority development investiga­tions". This report follows up such an investigation, reviewing conditions from Aborlan area at the north to an area about 25 kilometers south of Brooke's Point at the south.

2. Topographic and Soil Evaluation

A brief description of this area was given in the February Report. This evaluation is based on a study of the 1:50,000 scale topographic maps, guided by an incomplete but reasonably representative airphoto coverage of the area and the earlier general field reconnaissance of Palawan. Because of heavy forest cover and incomplete airphoto coverage at this time, information reported could only be considered as general, and subject to modifications and refinements after detailed field studies.

3. Development Potential

Based on this study, a preliminary grouping of land units was indicated on the 1:50,000 scale map accompanying this report.

Map units are generally similar to that used in the February report to facilitate comparison. Map Unit 1 is subdivided into 1A and lB because of the prevailing flat topography. Descrip­tion of the units and areas of each unit in the various map sheets follow.

Description of Map Units (See 1:50,000 scale map accompanying report)

Man Unit Descriotion

1A Slopes generally smaller than 1%, includ­ing minor pockets of swamps and beach sands

1B Slopes generally 1 to 2%

2 Slopes generally 2 to 5%

3 Slopes generally exceeding 5%, probably too

steep for row crops

4 Slopes are broken and variable, probably feasible for agriculture

5 Slopes exceeding 5%, but generally uniform, probably suitable for agriculture

Summary Table of Areas of Map Units (See 1:50,000 scale map accompanying report)

Total Area (100 hectares) Map

Parcel Sheet lA 13 2 3 4 5

North #3 40 10 24 31 -­

3A 27 26 40 1 -­

4 110 24 29 -- 1 4A 7 6 5 22 3 5 18 7 8 - -- --

Subtotal 202 73 106 * 54 4

South SA 6 7 8 9 10

8 25 24 17 16

3 3

45 29 25 1

4 8

65 10 23

--

20 10

3

16

6 -­

8

Subtotal TOTAL

90 292

106 179

110 216

* 33 87

30 34

*Areas shown on the maps but total hectares not measured EQ

4. Conclusions and Recommendations

a. It is evident that physical conditions in East Palawan are generally favorable, particularly when compared with that of West Palawan, and merit detailed investigation for de­velopment.

b. Information regarding agricultural developments since the airphotos were taken (1947-52) and maps compiled (based on airphotos) has not been included in this report.

c. Conclusions and recommendations regarding field soil sampling, new photography, and detailed photo interpreta­tion are similar to those listed in the February report.

Attachment: 1:50,000 scale map

Exhibit A-3

PALAWAN SOILS

SERIES NUMBER 236, PAGE 47 SOIL SURVEY

San Manuel Clay Loam

This is one of the important alluvial soils found in many regions in the Philippines. It is highly suited for agricultural purposes, not only because of its relative fertility but because this series is flat, and drained by many creeks and rivers.

The surface soil is so friable and loose that tillage operation is easy, and root penetration reaches to great depths. The soil is usually of the silt loam class although at times, clay, clay loam, and sandy loam are present. The subsoil likewise is loose ranging from silt loam to fine sandy loam. The lower layers are also similar to the subsoil in consistency and class although coarser texture may also exist. Characteristics of this profile are uni­form brown color of the soil in the different layers and the ab­sence of any coarse skeleton in any of the soil horizons. The water table is usually from two or four meters from the surface.

San Manuel series has profile characteristics as follows:

Depth (cm.) Characteristics

0-30 Surface soil, grayish brown to pale brown clay loam to loam, friable and coarse granular. When wet it is soft and friable. No coarse skeleton preseit. Fairly rich in organic matter.

30-90 Subsoil, brownish gray to pale brown silt loam with yellowish brown streaks, mottled yellowish brown. It is friable and fine granular in structure, non­calcareous. No stones or pebbles present in this layer.

90-150 Substratum, yellowish brown to light brown, fine sandy loam with no stones or pebbles. This layer extends to two meters or more in depth.

5sX

San Manuel Clay Loam (236)

This soil type is found on the coastal plains of Aborlano Panacan, and Tarusan, all along the eastern coast of Palawan.

These alluvial plains are well drained as they are traversed by many creeks and rivers. Some of these rivers have their headwaters in the upland regions and the other originate right on the plains. The rivers swell during heavy downpour and some become dry during the dry season. Their use, therefore, for irrigation purposes should first be studied. Another characteristic of this soil is the absence of stones or other rock out-crops. Coupled with its loose or friable consistency,tillage of this series is easy and convenient.

The surface soil ranges from 25 to 40 centimeters deep, clay loam to loam and sandy loam. The coarse granular structure and friable constitution contribute much to the desirability of this soil for farming. The subsoil is silt loam ranging in depth from 50 to 90 centimeters from the surface and is usually pale brown to yellowish brown in color. Like the surface layer the subsoil is loose and friable. Being a result of deposition, this soil is deep and ex­tends to over two meters from the surface before the unconsolidated sandy material is reached. The substratum represents a soil of homogenous color which is yellowish brown to light brown. The tex­ture is coarser than that of the solum as ordinarily it is fine sand or even sandy loam.

While its agricultural importance is very apparent, soils of the San Manuel series are rather limited in extent. This soil type has a total of 27,250 hectares which is only 1.85 per cent of the area of Palawan Province. In Aborlan where this soil is found, it is mostly used for planting fruit trees. Coconut seems to be the only important farm crop grown. Upland rice and corn are also planted as in some areas in Babuyan. Rice and corn, however, do not seem to be the main crops as most of the farms are newly opened and the land has not yet been plowed.

Some areas within this type occur as San Manuel silt loam and San Manuel sandy loam in the Aborlan, Agricultural School site and used for the planting of bananas and coconuts.

In Panacan area both the loamy and sandy loamy textures occur which are too small to be delineated. These soils are used for coconut. Being near the sea, good stands of coconuts are produced.

This soil has a neutral reaction and as such many kinds of legumes like mungo, cowpeas, soybeans, and beans can be favorably grown. Furthermore, the planting of any kind of legume on this soil should be encouraged and included in the rotation of crops so as to main­tain its fertility.

SERIES NUMBER 608, PAGE 49 SOIL SURVEY

Aborlan Series

The wide level area near Aborlan, wherein the vegetation is nothing more than small and sparsely grown areas, was classified under this series. The relief is partly broken by the numerous creeks that traverse this area. Gullies, developed as a result of erosion, have somehow altered an otherwise level land. Being flat, drainage is expected to be poor. Internal drainage is very slow owing to the compact layers below the surface causing water to flow off the sur­face after a heavy rainfall. This runoff contributes much to the formation of gullies. Almost all of the creeks and rivers in the locality are intermittent.

The present vegetation on this series is very striking in contrast with those of other plains. On such a very wide plain, nothing seems to be noticeable except small grasses with short, hard and almost sharply pointed leaves. The grasses grow very sparsely which somehow also attribute to soil erosion. Cogon or Talahib is ab­sent except along borders of other soil series. Usually, binayuy2 trees are associated with grasslands. This tree is not found in this locality. The banks of creeks and rivers that traverse this area are lined with second growth trees consisting of several species of small trees with characteristics similar to those of

"parange."

The soil also possesses a very striking appearance not common to other known series. The surface soil is shallow, has a very light gray color and friable. The subsoil and substratum, however, are dark brown or yellowish brown to strong brown and are very compact. Generally there are no gravels or stones found in the lower layers. Boulders in the substratum are absent. An important characteristic of the surface soil is its high acidity. Very few plants have

tolerance for soil with an average of pH 5 and this condition may also attribute to its relative unproductiveness.

In external characteristics, Aborlan series may appear similar to

those of Silay series. Both have surface soils of the same color

as well as reaction. Drainage conditions for both are also iden­

tical. However, the compact substratum of Silay is white to gray

whereas that of Aborlan is dark brown.

Aborlan series has a profile with the following characteristics:

Depth (cm.) Characteristics

0-25 Surface soil, loam, pale brown to light gray when dry, dark gray when wet; good fine granular; slight­ly compact when dry but friable when wet; very poor

in organic matter; non-calcareous; no coarse skele­ton; and a pH of 6.

25-55 Subsoil, loam, light yellowish brown when dry, becomes slightly darker when wet; hard and very compact when either dry or wet; poor in organic

matter; no coarse skeleton; non-calcareous; and a

pH of 6.

55-150 Substratum, clay loam, strong brown to moderate reddish brown; slightly compact and hard; massive; no coarse skeleton; non-calcareous; and a pH of 5.

Aborlan Loam (608)

This is the only soil type under this series. It is found in the

municipality of Aborlan. This land is ideal for agricultural pur­

poses it being almost level to very slightly undulating. Machinery can be used to a big advantage in this area. However, for some

factors still unknown in the soil, no economic plant can be grown

to maturity in this soil type. Being flat with a compact szbstra­

tum, drainage becomes a factor to be seriously considered. Uncon­

trolled surface runoff has ruined many areas in this soil type.

The nurerous creeks and rivers that cross the area draw all the

water to the sea. Most of these creeks become dry during the summer

months, hence a problem to irrigate the area.

57

Aborlan loam must have been probably farmed under the kaingin system so many years back and then abandoned after substantial production could no longer be obtained.

During the survey, this soil type was not planted to any crop nor were there any people living on it. It is an abandoned area. Cattle and carabao seemed to avoid the coarse grass which grew on the soil type.

This soil is low in fertility and at the same time very acidic. Its reclamation can be done by correcting such deficiencies. The problem of acidity should first be solved by proper liming. Once this is corrected, legumes may probably have a start, or if not, the soil should be inoculated and fertilized with phosphorus to grow leguminous crop that will make a green manure. This is in line with correcting organic matter deficiency of this soil. Cor­recting acidity and restoring organic matter will probably make this soil type again fitted for farming.

SERIES NUMBER 654, PAGE 53-54 SOIL SURVEY

Babuyan Series

Soils of the Babuyan series are found fringing the narrow coastal plains on the eastern and western sides of northern Palawan. The series has similar characteristics to those of the San Manuel series. The land has a level relief. Unlike San Manuel Series, however, Babuyan series has poor internal drainage with light gray to gray soils.

The typical profile characteristics of the series are as follows:

Depth (cm.) Characteristics

0-15 Surface soil, silt loam to clay; light yellowish gray to light gray with red mottlings; slightly compact; coarse blocky structure.

15-60 Subsoil, light gray to light yellowish brown clay, coarse blocky structure; slightly compact when wet, becomes hard on drying; Boundary with surface soil is smooth and diffused.

60-150 Substratum, light gray clay with brown mottlings; structureless; soft when wet, hard and compact/dry.

g6&

Babuyan Clay (694)

This soil type is found in Danlig, a large area in Malcampo, and in a smaller area in Aboabo. The soil has a very light color which is suggestive of low organic matter content. All the places where this soil is found are traversed by rivers. These rivers overflow their banks and cause floods. The river in Malcampo is quite destructive as its waters often rise from one to two meters above its normal level. If the land is to be farmed, it should be done at the time of the year when rainfall is lowest. September to December receives the most rain during the year.

This soil is potentially low in fertility and very likely heavy fertilization is necessary. Tobacco will thrive well on this soil if this plant can be grown during periods when floods do not occur in the area.

The soil needs plenty of organic matter which can be supplied only through green manuring. Rice and corn can also be grown but they should be fertilized well. At the time of the survey, the area in Malcampo is still under virgin forest. Those in Danlig are cogonal and those in Aboabo are under secondary forest.

In the Aborlan Agricultural School site, this series occurs as Babuyan sandy loam and silt loam. The surface soil is friable but the deeper layers have poor permeability. For this reason, the fields where these soil types are found are planted to rice.

Babuyan Silty Clay Loam (654)

This soil type is found in Babuyan on a narrow coastal plain on the eastern side of the island of Palawan. The soil formed is a product of water deposition originating from the upper hilly areas. It is also found in Aborlan, and in scattered places along the northeastern and northwestern coasts of the mainland. The soil type aggregates to 9,800 hectares.

The land is generally level but broken at frequent intervals by white ant mounds which sometimes reach to over a meter high. Drainage is slightly poor as spots of water-logged areas exist. The water table during the dry season is only a meter and a half from the surface which certainly attains a much higher level during

59

the rainy days. Areas bordered by hydrosols have even poorer drain­age conditions.

The vegetation consists of only second growth trees which show that the primary forest had long been cut. The present plantings are on cleared second growth forests which consists mostly of binunga.

The surface soil, with a depth of from 20 to 25 centimeters, is brown to light brown and at times gray for those areas that had been under long cultivation. The soil is fine granular to even structureless, very friable and loose. Such soil is very easy to till and affords good penetration of roots to the lower layers. The subsoil is likewise loose, friable and deep with no physical obstruc­tion of stones or boulders like other soils in the province.

Generally, the soil is productive, it being only recently opened to cultivation, but such fertility may not be for long. Continuous planting to corn and rice will soon render any fertile soil unpro­ductive unless conservation measures are adopted. Crop rotation wherein legumes are included is essential in any fertility main­tenance program.

At present, coconut is the main crop planted in this soil. The trees are healthy and productive, usually yielding up to 60 nuts a tree a year.

SERIES NUMBER 604 & 605, PAGE 56-57 SOIL SURVEY

Brooke's Series

This soil occupies the narrow coastal plain in Panacan and Brooke's Point,both in the southern part of the mainland. The land is almost level to very slightly undulating. The nature of the fine textured soils in the profile makes internal drainage very poor. There are no rocks either as outcrops or in the lower layers of the profile. In Panacan, instances of former river beds traverse the area as marked by numerous gravels and stones. These old river beds were later covered by soil during the early period of land formation.

The typical profile characteristics of the series are as follows.

0 )(~

Depth (cm.) Characteristics

0-20 Surface soil, clay to clay loam; light brown when dry, dark gray to almost black when wet; coarse granular to blocky; soft when wet, hard when dry; fair in organic matter; no rock or other coarse skeleton.

20-70 Subsoil, clay, light brown to yellowish brown; coarse granular to massive structure; hard and com­

pact when dry, soft when wet; no coarse skeleton. Boundary with surface soil is smooth and diffused.

70-150 Substratum, ctlay, light brown; compact and hard when dry, sticky and plastic when wet; no coarse skeleton. Boundary with subsoil is also smooth and diffused.

Brooke's Clay (604)

This soil type is found covering a big area in Panacan and northern part of Brooke's Point. The land is almost level and both external

and internal drainage is very poor. Trees like bangkal abound in the area. The land had been cleared before and probably kaingined and is now covered by cogon. The soil is fairly rich in organic matter content as evidenced by the black color of the soil and the

presence of numerous small mounds of soil excretion of earthworms

as well as mounds of termites. The soil is heavy clay and for up­

land culture of crops the proper moisture content of the soil

should be studied beforehand in order to attain good granulation.

This soil is better used, however, for lowland rice culture.

The soil has a pH 6.6 which is good for many kinds of crops. This

reaction is not favorable for lowland rice but if ammonium sulfate

fertilizer,which is really needed, is applied the pH value may go down. The soil, however, is very poor in calcium and if agricul­

tural lime be added, the reaction may go towards the alkaline side

which is not favorable for rice.

The upland rice planted here are Sipango and Binirao which produce from 39 to 60 cavans of palay per hectare. The high yield is attri­buted to the relatively newly opened land. The nature and origin

6I

of this soil show that its fertility is easily depleted and that the yield of the succeeding crop may drop considerably if not fer­tilized.

Brooke's Clay Loam (605)

This soil type is found adjoining the other type in Brooke's Point. The soil type is very similar to Brooke's clay, differing only in the texture of the surface soil. The native vegetation consists of aper or parang type of forest with cogon grasses and binayuyo trees. The cultivated areas are planted to coconut and upland rice. Coconuts yield from 80 to 120 nuts per tree a year. The upland rice variety planted is locally called Pindinga which is a high yielder, often-times production reaching to 60 cavans of palay per hectare. This yield, however, is true only in newly opened lands.

SERIES NUMBER 109, PAGE 57 SOIL SURVEY

Quingua Series

This soil series is found in the northern part of Panacan and is similar to the San Manuel series. The former differs from the latter only in the color of the soils in their profiles. The series is also of alluvial deposition with an almost flat topo­graphy. It is well drained by many creeks and rivers. Malatgao

River is the biggest among them. There are no stones or other rock outcrops.

The greater portion of this soil is already cleared by squatters as there is yet no land subdivision. Some parts of the virgin areas are still covered by non-commercial and commercial forests. Ipil and apitong are abundant in this place.

Quingua silt loam has profile characteristics as follows:

Depth (cm.) Characteristics

0-40 Surface soil, silt loam to clay loam; light brown, yellowish brown to brown; color varies with amount of organic matter content; loose and structureless. No rock outcrops.

40-100 Subsoil, silty clay loam; dark brown, light brown to reddish brown. Texture of this layer is heavier than that of the surface soil. In some places the subsoil is friable and loose, but on the average it is compact.

100-150 Substratum, silt loam to silty clay loam; brown, brownish-yellowish to reddish brown; loose, slightly friable and compact.

Quinqua Clay Loam (109)

This soil type is fairly fertile soil that is friable for upland rice, corn, and tobacco. The soil is friable and fairly rich in

organic matter. The surface soil is slightly acidic in reaction. It is low in phosphorus and calcium. Ammophos fertilizer will help

much to increase its fertility. Agricultural lime should be added

before preparing the land for planting. Some of the southern shores

of Palawan contain calcareous beach sand which can be used for agri­

cultural purposes. Green manuring, to increase the organic matter content of the soil, is essential and may help minimize the amount

of needed commercial fertilizer. This soil is productive when thor­oughly prepared.

The coarser texture of Quingua-like sandy loam, loam and silt loam

are also found within the soil type.

65

SERIES NUMBER 609, PAGE 66 SOIL SURVEY

Taqburos Series

This soil series is found in Puerto Princesa and another larger area in the southern end of the mainland. It has a rolling to hilly relief and external drainage is slow. The soil was developed from igneous rocks mostly of basalts and andesites. Quartz are also abundant. The land is mostly forested with several areas under kaingin system of farming. The profile of this soil is as follows:

Depth (cm.) Characteristics

0-25 Surface soil, clay to clay loam; dark brown; coarse granular structure; sticky and slightly plastic when wet, friable when dry; fair in organic matter.

25-80 Subsoil, clay, dark brown to brown; coarse granular to blocky; also plastic and sticky when wet, slight­ly friable when dry. In this layer is a 30 centi­meter layer composed of fragments of stones and gravels.

80-150 Substratum, clay, dark brown; sticky, hard and com­pact with a coarse granular structure. Some wea­thered rocks are present.

Tagburos Clay (693)

This soil type is found around the capital and also another area at the southern end of Palawan. The type is characterized by the rol­ling to hilly relief and the sticky clay soil. The soil is well drained. The thin vegetative cover does not afford ample protec­tion to the soil against excessive runoff and as a result not too much water is stored. During the dry season most of the creeks tra­versing this soil type become dry.

Tagburos clay is fairly deep. It is brown to dark brown and fairly rich in organic mtter. The soil has a very high content (61.20%) of colloid which makes it very sticky and difficult to cultivate. The subsoil is also clayey (55.60% clay) and has similar character­

64 x

istics as the surface layer. The fine textured soils of the dif­ferent layers of the profile accounts for the slow permeability of the series. During heavy rainfall, a very small amount of water percolates into the lower layers and there is too much runoff. Vegetative cover is very sparse so that the obvious result is exces­sive soil erosion.

The cultivated areas are grown to upland rice and corn. The stand of the crops is very poor. Other crops grown are cassava and sweet potatoes. Where areas are arable, the fertility of the soil should be built up first. This can be done by green manuring, adding organic fertilizer like guano and application of appropriate commer­cial fertilizer. Planting of crops should be in accordance with soil conservation practices so as to prevent or minimize soil ero­sion.

Exhibit A-4

RICE SOILS - GENERAL DISCUSSION

Rice, a semi-aquatic plant, must be maintained under flooded condi­tions during part or all of the growing season to minimize wend competition and to provide high yields.

Ideal soil types for rice production are therefore those that conserve water. Clay and clay loams, silty clay loams, or silt loams are considered most desirable, as they provide conditions for slow water percolation. Other soils, including organic soils, can be used if they possess a hardpan or claypan capable of maintaining up to 8 inches of flood water.

Apart from the aspectr of water conservation, light-textured clay and silt soils are generally preferred because of their generally favorable fertility and chemical and physical properties condusive to the satisfactory grtwth of rice. These soils, when drained adequately, support the mechanized equipment used in rice produc­tion. Soil requirements for rice are not demanding, but the soil should be fertile and capable of satisfactory management.

Rice does not have as critical soil pH requirement as most crops. It will grow within a pH range of about 4 to 7.5, but yields best on soils having values between 5.5 and 6.5. In this range of pH values, nutrient availability is generally good; and toxicities from aluminum, iron, sulfides, and sodium do not generally occur.

The soil pH in the rice root zone normally increases from 0.5 to 1.5 pH units when placed under flooded conditions, and it decreases when the excess water is removed. This increase of pH influences

the uptake of nutrients and plant development. Use of some ferti­lizers, particularly prolonged use of ammonium nitrogen sources, increases soil acidity. It is not uncommon for soil pH to decrease as much as 2 pH units where ammonium nitrogen sources have been used in rice production for 15 to 20 years. Therefore, in selecting new rice soils, it is important to select soils with a pH as near neutral as possible.

Salinity problems are sometimes encountered in areas where soluble salts have accumulated or where poor quality of irrigation water is used. Sea water that is intruded into rivers and waterways or that is brought in by storms of hurricane force may be a source of excess salinity.

Most rice soils, often referred to as heavy soils because of their high clay and silt content, present special management problems. These include tillage and seedbed preparation, maintenance of organic matter and soil structure, adequate drainage for essential mechanized rice operations and for other crops planted in rotation, green manure crops, fertilizer application, and weed control.

The soils most widely used in rice production are of alluvial origin with flat or level water topography and generally poor internal drainage. According to Soil Survey of Palawan Province Philippines by Alfredo Barrera, 1960, the soils of the lowlands are usually alluvial soils.

Chemistry of Flooded Soils

Most irrigated rice is grown on flooded soils. Flooding enhances foliar development, tillering, and earlier flowering and increases yield of rice when compared with non-flooding irrigated culture. The superior growth of rice under flooded conditions is due in part to the effects of the aquatic environment; but the chemical characteristics of flooded soils are of major importance in the development of the crop.

The most distinguishing characteristic of a flooded soil is the presence of standing water during part or all of the growing season. The layer of flood water, creating waterlogged conditions, exerts profound changes in the physical, chemical, and biological status of the soil. The immediate effect of flooding is a drastic curtailment of gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and the soil. Water fills the soil pores, reducing oxygen entry and often allowing accumulation of gaseous products of anaerobic decomposition. Carbon dioxide concentrations build up in the flooded soils, together with methane, hydrogen, nitrogen, and various oxides of nitrogen.

Entry of oxygen is not completely restricted but is confined largely to a thin layer of soil at the soil-water interface.

When soils are flooded, the soil oxygen disappears within a few hours and may be nearly absent at depths exceeding about one-half inch.

The oxidation-reduction status of the soil under flooded condi­tions is governed by several factors, including the rate of oxygen

(cI

exchange, microbial activity, the soil content of decomposable organic matter, and the base saturation status.

Several mechanical properties of soils, including permeability, plasticity, cohesion, and consistency, are changed by flooding. Ordinarily, these changes do not adversely influence the growth of rice. The permeability of a flooded soil is influenced by the amount of air entrapped during submergence. Permeability decreases after flooding but increases again as air trapped in the soil is released. At a later period after flooding, permeability may again decrease if bacteria-produced material blocks the pores and re­stricts water movement.

Flooding may cause deleterious effects on soil structure. Low productivity of some soils may be caused by deflocculation during flooding.

In addition to other effects, flooding has an important influence on soil temperature and consequently affects the growth of rice both directly and indirectly. The high specific heat and high heat of vaporization of water prevent its temperature. Under some circumstances, this modification of the plant environment may enhance the growth of rice.

The decomposition of organic matter proceeds at a slower rate in flooded soils than in upland soils, and the end products are different. In well-drained soils, the end products of organic matter decomposition are principally carbon dioxide, nitrates, and sulphates. Under flooded conditions, the and products include methane, hydrogen, various organic acids, ammonium ions, nitrogen and its various oxides, amines, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulfides.

Organic matter decomposition under anaerobic conditions proceeds at lower total nitrogen values than the 1.2 to 1.5 per cent nitro­gen values established under aerobic conditions. immobilization of nitrogen does not occur except at higher carbon-nitrogen values than the approximate 15:1 established for well-drained soils. In well aerated soils, the mineralization of organic matter gradually increases nitrate production. In flooded soils, the mineraliza­tion process produces ammonium ions. The number of ammonium ions reaches a plateau value rather rapidly and then declines rather sharply.

The occurrence to two distinct layers, an oxidative layer at the soil-water interface and a reduction layer immediately beneath,

exerts a significant influence on agronomic factors associated with rice production. These layers should be taken into account in seedbed preparation, crop residue management, fertilization, culti­vation, and water management.

Two types of nitrogen transformations occur in flooded soils, depending on whether oxidizing or reducing conditions prevail. In the thin oxidizing layer at the surface, the nitrogen transforma­tions are similar to those that occur in well-drained soils. The nitrogen status of the reducing zone is characterized by the denitrification of nitrates and the accumulation of ammonium ions.

Nitrates that move into or originate in this layer are reduced to nitrites and finally to nitrogen gas or its oxides. These gases ultimately escape into the air.

Flooding a soil often provides conditions for the increased avail­ability of both the native phosphorous and that applied as fertil­izer. Evidence of this is obtained in both the uptake of phosphor­

ous by rice and the increased solubility of phosphorous. (D. Mikkelson)

661

CLIMATIC DATA - EAST PALAWAN

MIx

Source:, Weather Bureau, Manila tI

U'

Exhibit A-6

DIRECT DISCHARGE STREAM MEASUREMENTS

East Palawan, Philippines May 9-15, 1968

Streams Location Measure Width Area Vel ocity G.H. IL/S

Discharge

CU/f/s MGD

-1. Aborlan River Magbabadil 5/9/68 10.00m 1.41m2 .3 2./s 1.35m 449 15.41 10.33 Aborlan Palawan

-2. Malatgao River Domongu na 5/10/68 26.00m 6.26m2 .3 9m/s 1.50m 2,451 85.78 56.3f

Palawan

,3. Tigman River (Narnan)

Apoc-apoc Aborlan

5/10/68 5.00m

2

.54m2 .3 4m/s 1.lOm 186 6.50 4.28

Palawan

-4. Tariteon River Tariteon 5/11/68 4.00m .26m2 .3 1. 05m 80 2.80 1.84 I Aborlan

Palawan 1m/s

4a. Tariteon R. Tariteon 5/11/68 3.20m 2

.15m .2 1.03m 36 1.26 .83 II Aborlan

Palawan 3./s

4b. Kinlaon River (Branch of

Lapu-lapu Aborlan

5/12/68 1.50m 2.14m . 2m/s 1.06m 45 1.58 1.04

Tariteon) Palawan 4m/s

I 5. Del Rio River Panacan (no Flow) Aborlan Palawan

,4. Panacan River Lapu-lapu 5/12/68 6.00m .54m2

1.09m 78 2.43 1.49 Aborlan Palawan 4m/s

.7. Malinao River Sitio Katel 5/13/68 5.00m . 2

Om2 .2 1.09m 142 4.94 3.24 Malinao

4.Batang-Batang

Aborlan, Palawan

Batang-Batang 5/14/68 15.50m 5.21m2 .5

3m/s

1.35m 2,624 91.84 60.35 River Aborlan

Palawan 0mn/s

9. Maasin River Maasin 5/15/68 13. 00m 1.64m 2

.2 1.lom 454 15.89 10.44 (Filartropia) Brookes Point

Palawan

Note: Mambalot River, Barong-Barong River, Tiga Plan River, Lara River - Totally Dried Up.

Exhibit A-6

DIRECT DISCHARGE STREAM MEASUREMENTS

East Palawan, Philippines July 2-5, 1968

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Stream Date Location Discharge Velocity Area 2 itemarks Taken L/S Cfs MGD In Ft./S In Mt.

1968 Aborlan River Jul. 2 Gogognan, 675 23.6 15.5 .99 2.23 Taken along highway bridge.

Aborlan, Palawan

Malatgao River Jul. 2 Malatgao, 6,795 238.1 156.3 2.6 8.47 Taken along highway bridge. Aborlan, Diversion dam about 7 kms. up-Palawan stream.

Tigman River Jul. 2 Plaridel 416 14.5 9.6 .74 1.84 T-%en along highway bridge. Aborlan, Palawan

Tariteon River Jul. 2 El Vita 249 8.7 5.7 .78 1.05 Taken along highway about 1.5 Aborlan, kms. upstream Palawan

Tariteon River Jul. 5 Tareteon­ 238 8.3 5.5 1.74 .49 Taken upstream, diversion dam Malatgao washed out. Aborlan Palawan

Kinlaon River Jul. Lapu-Lapu 63 2.2 1.4 1.20 .17 Taken upstream, no diversion Aborlan, dams. Palawan

Panacan River Jul. Lapu-Lapu 531 18.5 12.2 1.42 1.22 Taken upstream about 200 meterL Aborlan above diversion dam. Palawan

Malinao River Jul. Malinao 361 12.6 8.3 .87 1.36 Taken along highway bridge. Aborlan, Palawan

Batang-Batang R. Jul. Batang-Batang 7,077 247.5 162.3 1.45 15.93 Taken 300 m. upstream of Aborlan, bridge (highway). Palawan

Pulot River

Malalong River

Jul.

Jul.

Pulot, Brooks Point, Palawan Malalong,

2,915

1,265

102.0

44.3

67.1

29.1

2.45

2.19

3.89

1.89

Taken about 100 m. upstream of highway bridge. Taken along highway bridge.

Brooks Point' Palawan

Tiga Plan River Jul. Mainit, 731 25.3 16.8 1.49 1.61 Taken upstream. Brooks Point Palawan

Mainit River Jul. Near Mainit Bo 97 3.4 2.2 .68 .46 Taken upstream School, Mainit

Barong-Barong R. Jul. Barong-Barong 92 3.2 2.1 .86 .35 Taken along highway bridge. Brooks Point Palawan

Linao River Jul. Barong-Barong 665 23.2 15.3 2.20 .97 Taken along highway bridge. Brooko Point Palawan

Mambalot River Jul. Near Linao Bo 1,228 43.0 28.2 1.60 2.51 Taken upstream School, Brooks Point, Palawan

Maasin River Jul. Maasin 2,681 93.4 61.7 1.70 5.17 Taken upstream Brooks Point Palawan

Exhibit A-7

ESTIMATED MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE OF EAST PALAWAN STREAMS USING CORRELATION METHOD

ANALYSIS

Comparative studies were undertaken and the relationship between the run-off of different stream-gaging stations available in Western Visayas and the run-off derived from precipitation stations in Brooke's Point and Pto. Princesa, Palawan, were made. Though it is not an ideal practice to correlate the data existing in Western Visayas to that of the data available in Palawan due to the far distance between the two regions and considering the land barriers which may affect the individual regions as to climatical conditions, etc., this estimate of monthly mean discharges in second­liters derived from a three-year period of continuous observation based from hydrologic data, has been prepared to furnish an idea of the conventional characteristics of each stream under consideration in Eastern Palawan, Philippines.

DATA TAKEN FROM

The data was taken from the Weather Bureau Precipitation Stations at Pto. Princesa and Brooke's Point, Palawan, and at Culasi, Antique. EPW Bacung River, Valderamma, Culasi, Antique.

METHODS USED

By "Correlation Method" between the mean monthly run-offs of Bacung River gaging station and the average mean monthly run-offs of pre­cipitation stations in Brooke's Point and Pto. Princesa, Palawan.

UNITS USED IN THE 00MPUTATION

All in the metric system.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE EVALUATION

Distance between Palawan and Antique Provinces, Monsoon rains, trade winds, typhoon frequency, drainage areas, characteristics of indivi­dual streams, land barriers between Antique and Palawan Provinces.

ACCURACY - 65%

Periods of Observation - Bacung River Gaging Station - 1959-61 Precipitation Stations in Palawan - 1948-61

Prepared By:

C. P. Aguinaldo & Associates

Exhibit A-7

STREAMS

Jan Feb

ESTIMATED MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGES

Mar Apr May Jun Jul

(in Second-Liters)

Aug Sep Oct Nov _

Dec _

Mean Annual

TOTAL

Average Monthly

MEAN

1. ABORLAN RIVER Magbabadil, Aborlan Palawan

2,420 1,600 1,480 1,060 1,900 3,250 4,000 5,300 3,220 4,600 3,400 2,900 35,130 2,930

-2. MALATGAO RIVER Domanguina, Abor-

lan, Palawan 6,250 4,400 4,100 3,450 5,000 9,400 13,000 19,500 9,200 15,700 10,000 8,900 108,900 9,080

3. TIGMAN RIVER (Narnan) Apoc-Apoc, Aborlan, lulawan

3,900 1,100 980 620 1,370 2,900 3,900 5,600 2,850 4,600 3,050 2,440 33.310 2,780

4. TARITEON RIVER I Tariteon, Aborlan Palawan

1,300 720 640 390 920 2,100 2,850 4,300 2,050 3,450 2,200 1,750 22,670 1,890

4a. TARITEON RIVER, II Tariteon, Aborlan Palawan

1,070 590 520 250 760 1,700 2,350 3,500 1,650 2,850 1,800 1,450 18,490 1,540

4b. KINLAON RIVER (Tariteon Branch) Lapu-Lapu, Aborlan Palawan

700 340 295 180 420 960 1,300 1,950 940 1,580 1,000 800 10,465 870

6. PANACAN RIVER Lapu-Lapu, Aborlan Palawan

1,680 840 710 390 1,160 2,680 3,670 5,400 2,610 4,380 2,840 2,200 28,560 2,380

7. MALINAO RIVER Sitio Katel,Mlio AbrlaMalinao, Aborlan Palawan

1,470 860 760 470 1,080 2,300 3,100 4,490 2,250 3,680 2,400 1,920 24,780 2,060

8. BATANG-BATANG RIVER Batang-Batang, Aborlan, Palawan

13,100 7,300 6,350 4,400 9,100 20,100 28,500 39,900 19,900 34,000 21,900 17,200 221,750 18,480

9. MAASIN RIVER

(Filartropia) Maasin, Brooke's Point, Palawan

2,450 1,650 1,500 1,080 1,950 3,300 4,050 5,350 3,230 4,610 3,400 2,910 35,480 2,960

Exhibit A-8

REPORT

Material Investigation, East Palawan, Philippines

Ta Liang June 1, 1968

Introduction

Subsequent to the two earlier reports: (1) Site Evaluation, West Palawan, February 1, 1968, and (2) Site Evaluation, East Palawan, May 14, 1968, this report reviews the soil conditions, particular­ly regarding construction materials potential and probable reser­voir areas in East Palawan. This investigation is based on 1: 50,000 scale topographic maps, guided by an incomplete but rea­sonably representative airphoto coverage of the area, and an earlier general field reconnaissance of Palawan. Soil information is sum­marized on the topographic maps which is a part of this report. This information should be considered as preliminary subject to modifications and refinements after detailed studies.

Material Mapping

Major material mapping units are described as follows. Boundaries of mapping units are indicated on the 1:50,000 scale maps accom­panying this report.

1. Rs, Shallow Residual Soil. Very shallow to shallow mixed residual soil, up to about 10 feet, overlying parent rock. Material potential: Area for borrow material; surface clay and mixed soils; quarried rock, riprap and aggregate material underneath (stronger rock at shallow depth in rugged steep hill slopes; softer rock in rounded hill slopes.) Localized pockets of finer-textured soils.

2. Em, Medium to Deep Residual Soil. Generally over ten feet of clay residual soil developed from underlying parent rock. Small areas of alluvial soils are included. Proba­bly suitable for corn and some rice. Material potential: Clay and clayey soils.

3. F, Flood Plain and Related Soils. Generally silts and clays of medium to great depth. Probably suitable for rice. Material potential: Silts and Clays. (Sand and gravel in sandbars in streams.) Because of favorable agricultural potentials, these soils are generally not to be excavated except areas to be flooded in reservoirs.

4. M, Mixed, Undifferentiated Material. Considerable range of material depending on the following associations.

a. Adjacent to Rs, silts, clays, and rock fragments of the order of ten feet depth overlying bedrock.

b. Adjacent to Rm, clayey soil more than ten feet depth overlying bedrock.

c. Adjacent to F, silts and clays of considerable depth.

Probably suitable for corn and rice. Material potential: Similar to 1, 2, or 3 above depending on the association.

5. F/M, Flood Plain and Mixed Soils. Silts and Clays, generally similar to F but with some mixed areas. Toward the south end of the region under investigation, extensive areas are mapped under this unit. Around Brooke's Point, large areas located toward the mountains show sand and silt surface soils with varying degrees of erosion. From there southward, there are large areas of broken land. While these areas are probably suitable for rice and corn, special care in land management and conservation practice seems needed. Material potential: Silts and clays. Again, these soils are generally used for agricultural purpose.

6. AL, Highly Leached Alluvial Material. Leached silts and clays overlying alluvial and mixed soil. Local fertilizing and special management needed for agricultural purpose. Only limited areas are mapped under this unit because of incomplete photo coverage and heavy vegetation. Material potential: Silts and clays of considerable depth.

7. Sa, Sandy Material with Some Silt and Clay. Considerable depth except when near to coral reefs as indicated on the map. Probably suitable for coconut and citrus. Material potential: Sand.

8. S, Predominately Sand. Considerable depth except when near to coral reefs as indicated on the map. Probably suitable for coconut. Material potential: Sand.

9. Sw, Swamps, Silts and Clays and Organic Soils. Minor areas of flood plain soils and sands are included. Part of this area may be economically reclaimed. Much of this area along the coast near to where coral reef is indicated will have coral bedrock at shallow depth. Material potential: Associated coral bedrock at shallow depth may be excavated for aggregate and riprap uses.

10. Coral Reefs. Indicated on maps along coastal areas. Material potential: Aggregates and ripraps.

Reservoir and Dam Sites

Information about water supply and irrigation water requirement is lacking at this stage. Furthermore, photographic coverage and related supporting data are incomplete. The present estimate of reservoir sites is, therefore, only based on very general con­siderations for the purpose of a review of the possibility of construction materials. These sites are indicated on the accom­panying maps and summarizea on "able 1. Depending on more detailed field information, sites of major reserv7oirs and their designed water levels would have to be modified and a nu!her of smaller sites, particularly at the southern section of the area under investigation, would have to be developed. In general, the topo­graphy of East Palawan does not seem to favor easy development of very large reservoirs.

(Table follows)

Table 1. Tentative Reservoir/Dam List

Reservoir Sheet Reservoir Tentative Level No. Map No. /Dam No. Height (M)* (M above Remarks

Sea Level)

3 2648111

3A 264811 1 40 100 2 20+ 120

4 26471 3 20+ 120 4 20+ 60 5 10+ 60 Major dam

4A 26471V 6 20+ 60 7 20+ 60 Major dam 8 20+ 30

5 2647111 9 20- 20 Check for possible leaks.

5A 254711 10 20+ 80 Major dam 10a 20+ 120 10b 20+ 120

6 26461V

7 25461 11 30 200 12 20 100 13 20- 90

8 254611 Small reservoir/dam sites to be developed

9 2546111 Small reservoir/dam sites to be developed

10 2545IV

* Height variable depending detailed study on reservoir capacity requirement and economic considerations.

Dam Sites and Materials

As indicated previously the topography in East Palawan does not favor many large sites for reservoirs, although the sharp change from mountainous to flat topography behind the entire coast does provide many good dam sites. Foundation conditions are generally satisfactory except for Site No. 9, and possible No. 8, where a check for possible leaks because of soluble rocks should be under­taken. Presently incomplete photo coverage does not permit a close study.

The construction material potential is generally promising. De­tails are described under "Material Mapping". Generally, rocks, ripraps, and aggregates could be quarried in "Rs" in the inland and also from coral reefs in coastal areas. Sand and gravel could be obtained in sandbars in "F" and "Ss" or "S" and along coastal areas. Silts and clays in "Rm", "F", and some "M" areas, and random fill material could be derived in most of the above areas. With few exceptions, the dam sites are generally close to all types of required construction materials.

Referring to the mapping system, it would not seem very practical to provide the yardage of every single parcel of land at this point. For general estimate purpose, the following guide might be applicable: depth of soil to rock in "Rs", 5-10'; depth of soil in all others, up to and beyond ordinary excavation depth. The construction estimator would then have to use his judgement as to the definite location of dam site, his excavating and hauling capabilities and economic considerations to determine the sources and quantities of the different kinds of earth materials to be employed. When dam sites become more definite, and more detailed supplementary field information and complete photo coverage is obtained, a second round detailed investigation of borrow material would be most useful before final design and construction stages.

rq

Exhibit A-9

THE INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Los Banos, Laguna

ALABANG PROJECT Variety - IR8

Harvested January 5, 1968

AIR SEEDED

Sample Yield at 14% M.C. Clean Productiv Non-Productive No. k2 Tillers/m Tillers/m

kg/5 m kg/ha

1 2.250 4,550 595 7 2 2.695 5,390 456 4 3 2.710 5,420 678 13 4 2.500 5,000 453 6 5 2.505 5,010 324 5 6 2.510 5.020 556 3

Average 5,065 510.3 6.3

98.8% productive tillers

TRANSPLANTED

Sample Yield at 14% M.C. Clean No. kg/5 m kg/ha

1 2.355 4,710 2 2.125 4,250 3 2.205 4,410 4 2.685 5,370 5 2.570 5,140 6 2.110 4,220

Average 4,682

Productiv Tillers/m

315 305 295 217 275 375

313.7

Non-Product ve Tillers/m

7 8 11 17 7 19

11.5

96.5% productive tillers

January 23, 1968

Exhibit A-10

ESTIMATED COST OF RICE DRYING, STORAGE AND MILLING FACILITIES

E. PALAWAN PROJECT SITE

ITEM OF WORK UNIT 1-A UNIT 1-B UNIT 1-C UNIT 2 TOTAL

DRYING PLANTS Concrete Silos 430,000 285,000 296,000 285,000 1,296,000 Structural Steel 18,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 63,000 Machinery 224,000 136,000 148,000 136,000 644,000 Machinery Installation 56,000 34,000 37,000 34,000 161,000 Truck Scale & Office 30,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 105,000 Electrical 28,000 23,000 25,000 23,000 99,000 Generators 62 000 3 3 158000

SUB TOTAL 550,000 578,000 550,000 2,526,000

BULK STORAGE WAREHOUSES Buildings 510,000 298,000 312,000 298,000 1,418.000 Machinery 84,000 40,000 44,000 40,000 208,000 Machinery Installation 21,000 10,000 11,000 10,000 52,000 Electrical 3 3 1 ,

SUB TOTAL 630,000 360,000 380,000 360,000 1,730,000

RICE MILL Building 146,000 Misc. Structural 24,000 Machinery 887,000 Machinery Installation 198,000 Spouting, Valves &

Air Ducts 56,000 Electrical 113,000 Generators 196,000 Dust Collection 26,000 Misc. Bulk Bins 34000

SUB TOTAL 1,680,000

SEED PLANT Concrete Work 208,000 Structural Steel 12,000 Machinery 136,000 Mach. Installation 34,000 Electrical Work 21,000 Generator 17 000

SUB TOTAL 428,000

SACKING & SACK STORAGE PLANT Building 71,000 Machinery 14,000 Machinery Installation 3,500 Electrical Work 1,500 Misc. Bulk Bins 4000

SUB TOTAL 9 94,000

6 BIN MILLED RICE & PADDY RICE PLANT

Concrete Work 326,000 Structural Steel 19,000 Machinery 72,000 Machinery Installation 18,000 Electrical Work 22,500 Generator 16500

SUB TOTAL 70474000

TOTAL........$ 6,932,000

81

Exhibit A-11

PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT)

The basic element of a PERT plan is a chart which pictorially illustrates the interrelationships of the elements (activities and events) essential to the completion of the project. These activities and events when presented sequentially form a network which defines the relationships of any given task to the needs of the total project.

PERT Symbols

TE TL Event

Activity

T e

T5

= Activity

0 = Event

0D= Event which starts an activity

0)= Event which completes an activity

Te = Activity expected time span

TE = Time Earliest for even occurence

TL = Time Latest for event occurence

TE)TS = Slack Time (TL ­

= Critical Path

U2x

PERT Definitions

ACTIVITY

EVENT

Activity Expected Time (Te)

Time Earliest (TE)

Time Latest (T L

Slack Time (T )

CRITICAL PATH

An activity is a period of time in the network during which a time-consuming element such as a process, job,or task will be enacted. An activity (represented by an arrow, ) ) cannot begin until all preceding activities have been completed.

An event is a point in time which represents the beginning or end of one or more activities. An event (represented by a circle, Q 1. ) cannot be considered accomplished until all activities leading to it have been completed.

For each activity arrow, a time estimate is shown. This represents the best available estimate of the time span required to perform an activity.

This is the earliest time an event can occur and is the cumulative sum of the activity expected times (T ) over the most time-consuming path leading 2o the event.

The latest time an event can occur without de­laying the completion of the total project is the T .

Slack time is a measure of schedule flexibility and is the result of TL minus TE. Positive slack time for an event means that it is expected to

occur ahead of schedule. Conversely, negative slack time indicates that an event is expected

to not only occur later than planned but could

also hold up the completion date of the entire project by the amount of time indicated.

The critical path is the most time-consuming route through the logic network (i.e. highest negative T value or if no negative values exist, then the lowest positive T value path). This is

the section of the project schedule that would most benefit from management's attention.

$,5

Computerized PERT

Although computer availability is not necessary for PERT Planning and was not used for the high level charts used in this report, this availability becomes progressively necessary with the in­creasing complexity of the network and the added frequency of required updating.

Project management can control and governmental officials can review the progress of the Palawan Project by periodic re-evalua­tion of either the computer reports or an updated PERT Chart.

The project manager can be continually advised of current project status by PERT enabling him to expedite activities in the critical path by shifting resources from less critical network routes or even to replan portions of the project where necessary. Through­out the project, government and home office personnel can con­stantly check the status of each major activity by comparing es­timated times with actual completion times and the trends and magnitude of the critical paths.

A computer would definitely be an asset to any PERT effort for up to date control of a project of this magnitude. This is because the plan will probably be reviewed and consequently reviced every two weeks. Each such revision necessitates three computation passes through the network (one each for TE TL, and Ts ).

The advantages of computerized PERT is its ability to analyze complex networks quickly and accurately coupled with its simul­taneous production of:

1. Manpower loadings - The determination of the number of men of various skill categories required for given time periods throughout the project.

2. Gantt Charts - Bar charts for each department (if required) showing, for example, the land clearing foreman or purchasing agent the events scheduled for his responsibility area in a simplified visual format which corresponds exactly to the more complex PERT Plan.

3. Numerous informational listings by department, criticality, etc. which would allow the various managers and officials in­volved the choice of the report most necessary and meaningful to them.

9L1

Exhibit A-12

MANNING REQUIREMENTS - YEARLY BUILD-UP

(Number of Men)

Year -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 9 10

1. ADMINISTRATIVE

General Manager Assistant Manager Administrative Assistant Domestics

1 -

1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

1 1 1 3

Total 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

2. OFFICE & STAFF

Office Manager Accountant Bookkeeper Secretarial Clerical Personnel Officer Training Officer Security & Custodian Security & Custodial

Chief

1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 5

1 1

2 3 1 1 1 5

1 1 2 2 5 1 1 1

10

1 2 2 2 8 1 1 1

15

1 2 2 2

10 1 1 1

20

1 2 2 2

10 1 1 1

25

1 2 3 3

10 1 1 1

30

1 2 3 3

14 1 1 2

40

1 2 3 3

14 1 1 2

40

1 2 3 3

14 1 1 2

50

1 2 3 3

14 1 1 2

50

Total 13 16 24 33 40 45 52 67 67 77 77

3. AGRICULTURAL

Agriculture Superintendent Field Foreman Water Foreman Harvesting Foreman Research & Crop Control Tractor & Equipment Operation Irrigators Laborer Pump Tenders

1 1 --1 9 2 2

1 4 5 61

1 46 10 10

1 6 7

1 108

20 10

1 8 9 1 1

208 30 10

1 10 11

-

1 258 40 15

1 14 12

-

1 308 50 15 30

1 17 14

-

1 358

70 15 50

1 19 16

-

1 408

80 20 50

1 19 18

-

1 408

80 20 50

1 21 20

-

1 406

90 20 50

1 21 20

-

1 406 100

20 50

Total 16 78 154 268 336 431 526 595 597 609 619

4. SHOPS

Maintenance Superintendent Shop Foreman Mechanics & Welders Machinists Field Service Men Helpers

1 -2 1 1 3

1 1 3 2 2 3

1 1 5 2 3 5

1 1

10 2 5

10

1 2

15 2 7

15

1 2

15 3

10 15

1 2

20 3

14 20

1 4

20 4

20 20

1 4

20 4

20 20

1 4

20 4

20 20

1 4

20 4

20 20

Total 8 12 17 29 42 46 60 69 69 69 69

Exhibit A-12 (Cont'd)

-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

MAINTENANCE

Maint. Foreman Electrician Carpenter Plumber & Millwright Painter

-

-

-

-

-

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1. 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

Total - 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

ENGINEERING

Civil Engineer Rod & Chainren Drafting & Map

Total

1 1 1

3

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

1 3 1

5

PURCHASING & STORES

Purchasing Agent

Buyers & Clerical Warehouse Supv. Warehousemen

1 -

1 -

1 2 1 1

1 2 1 2

1 3 1 2

1 3 1 2

1 3 1 2

1 4 2 4

1 4 2 4

1 4 2 4

1 4 2 4

1 4 2 4

Total 2 5 6 7 7 7 11 11 11 11 11

MEDICA. --DENTAL

Medica-

Dentis. Nurse Clerica-

Doctor -

-

-

-

1 1 3 1

1 1 3 1

1 1 3 1

1 1 3 1

1 1 3 1

1 1 4 2

1 1 4 2

1 1 4 2

1 * 1

4 2

1 1 4 2

Total - 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8

RIC - ESSING

Processing Supt, Milling Foreman

*Drier 'oreman *Drier perator

Mill . crators

-

-

-

-

-

1 -

3 18

-

1 -

4 18

-

1 2 7

18 33

1 3 7

27 33

1 3 7

28 37

1 3

12 45 37

1 2

12 45 37

1 2

12 45 37

1 2

12 45 37

1 2

12 45 37

Total Quality Control Head Technicians

-

-

22 --

23 --

61 --

71 1 2

76 1 2

98 1 2

97 1 2

97 1 2

97 1 2

97 1 2

TOTAL - 22 23 61 74 79 101 100 100 100 100

*Seasonal Operation - Cost projected on equipment - 1-man full year basis.

Exhibit A-13

CORN RECOMMENDED CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR UPCA VAR-1 (YELLOW)

UPCA VAR-2 (WHITE) AND UPCA VAR-4 (WHITE)

LAND PREPARATION

Prepare the land thoroughly with one or more plowings and two or more harrowings. Allow enough time after plowing and each harrow­ing for the weed seed to germinate except for the last harrowing. This will minimize the growth of weeds and will give the corn seedlings a good headstart.

The field should be plowed soon after harvesting the corn to give enough time for the corn stubbles to decay and return nutrients to the -oil.

DISTANCE OF PLANTING

There are two methods of planting that can be followed. The first method is to space the hills 25 centimeters apart in the rows with one plant per hill and 75 centimeters between rows. The second is 50 centimeters between hills with two plants per hill and also 75 centimeters between rows. For both methods the plant population will be approximately 53,000 plants per hectare or about 6 gantas of seed per hectare.

WEEDING AND CULTIVATION

The weeds compete with corn for food in the soil. Kill the weeds so that your corn will grow well. Give the plants a good start over the weeds by good land preparation. This headstart is greatly increased by cultivation.

Cultivation could be done either once or twice. The first cultiva­tion could be done as soon as the weeds have germinated. Use shallow surface cultivation close to the plants to scratch out the young weeds. The second cultivation or hilling up is done when

Exhibit A-13 (cont'd)

the plants are knee high. This is done by turning the soil be­tween the rows towards the hills. Be careful in hilling up the soil. Do not pass the cultivator too close to the plants. You may injure the vegetative part and root system of the corn. Hilling up is important when strong winds are present and soil drainage is not adequate because it serves to anchor the plants better and the canals that are formed between the rows provide good drainage.

Another method of controlling weeds is the use of herbicides. When the anticipated weed problem is mainly grass species, a pre­emergence spray of 3 kg. active material of atrazine (6 bags of Gesaprim) per hectare should be used. When the weed problem is mainly broad-leafed species and sedges kg. per hectare of 2,4-D Amine when corn plants are about 1 feet or roughly 2 to 3 weeks after emergence may be used.

FERTILIZATION

The recommended corn varieties are very responsive to nitrogen fertilizer. Most commercial fertilizers are satisfactory sources of nitrogen for corn especially urea (45-0-0) and ammonium sulfate (20-0-0). In the absence of soil analysis, 60 to 100 kg. nitrogen should be used and 30 to 45 kg. of phosphorous per hectare. Most soil in the Philippines is not deficient in postassium. However, for sandy soil an application of 45 to 60 kg. potassium per hectare is recommended.

Fertilizer should be applied twice during the wet season. All three elements are applied at planting time and only nitrogenous fertilizer in a second application. During wet season apply 40 to 70 kg. nitrogen at planting time and 20 to 30 kg. nitrogen four weeks after germination and before hilling up. Apply all the fer­tilizer at planting time during the dry season. For are's with adequate irrigation facilities or with even distribution of rain­fall, split application of nitrogen should be followed.

Do not mix the seed with fertilizer. Distribute the fertilizer within the furrow just before planting. For the second application place the fertilizer on one side of the row about 3 to 4 inches beside the hill before hilling up. Avoid contact of fertilizer on seedlings. If tractor with fertilizer attachment is available, the fertilizer should be applied about 2 inches and beside the seed level.

Exhibit A-13(cont'd)

The recommended number of bags (based on 45 kilograms or 100 lbs. bag) are shown on the table below:

12-24-12 20-0-0

12-24-12 45-0-0

14-14-14 20-0-0

14-14-14 45-0-0

16-20-0 20-0-0

16-20-0 45-0-0

4 2-5

4 1-2

5 1-4

5 1 -2

4 1-3

4 1 - 2

0 2-4

0 1-2

0 2-4

0 1

0 2-4

0 1

4 4-9

4 2-4

5 3-8

5 1 -3

4 3-7

4 1 -3

CONTROL OF DISEASES

Downy mildew is the most destructive diseases of corn especially in Mindanao. No fungicide has so far been found to control downy mildew. The only practical step to minimize the occurence of the disease is to plant in an area within a minimum period of about two weeks. Corn planted late suffers a more severe infection due to the already high concentration of spores in the air coming from

neighboring areas planted earlier. If only a few plants are showing the symptoms, remove the plants immediately and destroy them either by burning or drying on the ground.

Exhibit A- 13(cont'd)

CONTROL OF PEST

TIME OF RATE GALS. OF APPLICATION PER HECTARE SOLUTION/HA.

Corn maggots One week after ger- 1 liter of 150 gals. thrips and mination or whenever Folidol M50 army worm infestation is

observed 2 liters of 150 gals. 35% Thiodan

Corn borer Five weeks after ger- 1 liter of Any one in and earworm mination, could be Folidol M50 200 gallons

repeated at 7-10 days or interval depending upon severity of the 2 liters of pest 35% Thiodan

or

2 liters of 19.5% Endrin

or

2 lb. active ingredient 25% wp. EPN

HARVESTING

The three recommended corn varieties mature later than the local varieties (Tiniguib Cebu White and etc.) The maturity days from germination to harvesting ranges from 110 to 115 days for both UPCA VAR-1 and UPCA VAR-2. UPCA VAR-4 matures in approximately

120 to 125 days.

Exhibit A-13 (cont'd)

The corn ears should be harvested when sufficiently matured if they are intended for grains. The signs of maturity are dryness of the leaves and dryness of the husks. It should be kept in mind that mature grains will last longer in storage than immature ones.

The method of harvesting will depend on the size of the field. A tractor-driven corn picker is cheaper to use for large plantations than manual labor. The adjustments of the machine should be properly checked before using to minimize damage and spillage of grains. If the corn field is small, hand picking may be more economical.

DRYING

The harvested ears should be dried immediately. Drying must be done before and after shelling. For safety in prolonged storage, corn must be dried to 13 or 14 per cent moisture.

Prepared by Corn Breeding Section Division of Plant Breeding, Department of Agronomy, University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, College, Laguna.

VRC/lar 5-2-67

Exhibit A-14

The author 1%showin'g a wet

Growing The Versatile Soybean

BY JOSE P. SANTIAGO

Agrieulture of Los Buile

season crop of so bean at Lo4 Batfi.

inis as usefulother legumeNO0so many ways as the soyboan.

Soybeans are used to produce var­ious sauces, fermented curd, and otier food products. Sos hean oil and its by-products are used in the manu­facture of pinmis and varnishes, printing ink, disinfectants, Insecti­cides, and for other notable indus­trial and ogricultural purposes. As a forage crop, the plant is especially rich in fat and protein.

Varieties

Many Soybean varieties have been tried at the College and In the BPI Economic Garden in Los Baltos. Among those found suitable for com-

P IPage

Exhibit A-14 (cont' d)

GROWING THE VERSATILE SOYBEAN

mercial production are Black Man­churian, Bilofield, Bilomi 2, E.G. Strain 1, Improved Pelican, Mis 28 E.B., Yellow Biloxi 37, Tung Tam and Sheing Mel.

These varieties grow more vigor­ously and yield more during the wet season. A hectare of wet season crop usually yields from 1i to 30 cavans while a dry season crop yields only about 6 to 10 cavans. Dry season plantings, however, produce good quality seeds.

To get good quality seeds in the wet season, planting should be timed so that the maturity of the crop will not coincide with the typhoons and heavy rains. You can time your planting by knowing how long It takes soybean to mature. The wet season crop matures In 110 to 140 days while the dry season crop ma­tures in 90 to 100 days.

Adaptability tests of 48 local and foreign varieties, breeding for higli yield, oil and protein contents, and plant population studies have been going on since the recent launching of a five-year soybean improvement program by the National Science Development Board and the College. Preliminary results will be available in a year or so.

Climate and Soil

Generally, soybean and corn have almost the same climate and soil re­quirements. Although soybean can thrive on nearly all types of soil, best results are obtained from mel­low, fertile, sandy or clay loam.

Too dry or too moist soil is harm­ful to the germinating soybean.

Seed Selection and Treatment Seeds for 'planting should be pure,

free from cracks, and thoroughly ript. t * *

Page 2

Soybean seeds, because of their high oil content, lose their viability much faster than most other leg­umes. Never plant seeds that are mnore than a year old.

To improve the emergence, stand and yield of soybean, treat the seeds with the fungicide Captan before planting. Mix 3 ounces of Captan per 100 pounds of seeds. Spergon SL and Arasan SF-X (each mixed at 2 ounces per 100 poimnds of seeds) and Omadino and Geigy SP-50 (each mixed at 4 ounces per 100 pounds of seeds) may also be used.

Seed Inoculation

It is very desirable that your soy. bean plants produce root nodules. Soybean may grow well in'rich soils even if it does not have root nodules. However, soybean without nodules depletes the soil of its available nit­rogen to a greater extent than most other crops.

Well-nodulated soybeans require less nitrogen than non-leguminous plants because the bacteria in their root nodules supply a portion of the needed nitrogen from the soil air.

Only one of the strains of nitro­gen fixing bacteria (Bacillus radl­cicola) has been observed to produce root nodules in all varieties of soy­bean. In places where soybean has not been planted for any lcngth of time, you may inoculate your seeds before planting so that your plants will have nodules. Here's how to do it: Before planting mix the seeds with well-pulverized soil taken from a field recently planted to soybean that produced plenty of nodules. A ganta of soil is enough to inoculate a cavan of seeds.

You may also use a commercial inoculum prepared and sold by the

Oct.*Dec., 1062

Exhibit A-14 (cont' d)

ORD0WINO THE14 VEIRSAfLM 80OYMCAN

Bureau of Soils in Manila. Mix the Inoculum with the seeds according to their Instruction. One bag of ino­culum good for a cavan of seeds costs P1.50, excluding mailing cost.

When and How to Plant

Soybean Is grown twice a year at the College. The wet-season crop is planted in May to June while the dry-season crop is sown in Novem­ber to December.

When your crop Is intended for seeds, set the furrows 50 to 100 cen­timeters apart and drop 3 to 4 seeds into each fill 25 to 40 centimeters apart. About 5 to 8 gantas of seeds are needed to plant a hectare in this method.

When soybean is raised for hay or soilage, seeds may be drilled thinly in furrows 50 to 80 centimeters apart. About 15 to 18 gantas of seeds will plant a hectare in this method.

The depth of planting in clay loom soils ranges from 3 to 5 centimeters and in heavier soils from 2 to 4 cen­timeters.

Fertilizing and Liming

Determine the kind and amount of fertilizer and lime for soybean by field tests. If you don't know how to do it, ask a soils specialist to do it for you.

As means of increasing the yield of soybean at the College, research­ers applied various rates of single superphosphate (18 to 20 per cent phosphoric acid). Data showed that 100 kilos per hectare is best for the Ami variety in the dry season, and 150 kilos per hectare in the wet sea­son. The fertilizer was applied 10 days after germination.

Soybean has also responded to ap­plications of phosphorus and potas-

Agriculture of Los Railos

slum grown on soils deficient in. these elements. Moreover, It has effectively used residual fertilizers applied to previous crops.

On the Lipa clay loam soil ot the College, the rate of 400 to 500 kilos of lime per hectare gave the best results. As analyzed, lime produced from ground oyster shells contained 35 per cent calcium oxide. Lime ap­plication on very acid soils stimul­ates nodulation and increases yield.

Cultivation

Kill the weeds when they are still young. This may be done with a cultivator two weeks after the seeds have germinated. The plants are then hilled up with a plow a week or two later. Two or more such cul­tivations may be necessary, especially during the wet seaon.

Harvesting, Threshing and Storing

The yellowing and dropping of the leaves indicate maturity in soybean. If the variety bear pods that shat­ter easily upon drying, harvest the crop when about 90 per cent of the pods have turned yellow or ripe; if harvested too early, the seeds will shrivel and, consequently, give a very low germination. Non-shatter­ing varieties may be harvested when all the pods have dried.

It is better to cut the plants just above the ground rather than to up­root them so that the root nodules are left in the soil. Moreover, the mixing of the seeds with soil parti­cles is avoided.

Thoroughly dry the pods in the sun before threshing with a rice thresher or bamboo flails. After winnowing, dry the seeds again for about 3. days.

Page 3

qqZx

Exhibit A-14 (cont' d)

(11ROWIN(i THE VEIMATILE NOWIMAN

Insect Enemies

Insects that considerably damaged soybean at Los Bafios include cut­worms, aphids and bugs.

Cutworms eat the leaves. The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves. To control cutworms, apply Toxaphene, DDT, Dieldrin and Pa. rathion.

Aphids, like green bugs, suck plant sap and cause the leaves to curl, The plants become stunted. To con­trol aphids and bugs, spray the plants with Nicotine sulfate, Malathion, Parathion, or other recommended insecticides.

For all the chemicals mentioned above, follow the . _t3 of application specified on the labels.

DiNeases

Mosaic disease in soybean causes dwarfed plants. The leaves are mot­tled or wrinkled with the charac­teristic mosaic pattern of dark green and pale yellowish green. Selection of seeds from disease-free plants, use of resistant varietici, and crop rotation are good control measures.

Soybean rust, another disease, hampers photosynthesis. Raised brown blisters about the size of pin­heads are scattered thickly on the underside of the leaves. The upper surface of the diseased leaves oppo­site the spots turn yellow. To pre­vent soybean rust, practice crop ro­tation.

MOSAIC THREATENS BUSH SITAO

One of the most serious diseases of the Los Bolios bush sitao is mosaic, it was

reported by Dr. Maria Salome del Rosario, Avelina R. Quiaoit and Caferino ianiqued. This malady has always been observed wherever bush sitao is grown. When severs, it affects all the plants in an area.

In the early stage of infection, the young and developing leaves of bush silao are crinkled, light green, and stiff. Later the leaves droop and their petioles are much shorter. Affected plants may become stunted. The leaves that come out later are

shorter and smaller. The margins of the leaflets cup downward and inward accomnp­anied by blistering of the lemina and yellowish green patches of a mosaic pattern on the leaves.

In very severe cases, the developing branches are stunted and the leaves er6 small and fernlike. Flowering may not occur, or if ever the plants flower, they fall off before fruits are formed. Pods that develop are small and few. The yield may be reduced from 30 to 50 per cent.

The plants may be attacked at all stages of growth. However, if the plants be. come infected late, the effect of the disease is only slight.

Studies conducted by the Los Bdiios plant pathologists showed that the disease is easily spread by planting seeds of diseased plants and by the black been aphid. Trans­mission using the sap from diseased plants has been obtained with difficulty.

Since the disease is either carried through the seeds or transmitted by insects, it is recommended that only seeds from healthy and sound plants should be used for planting. Regular spraying with insecticides to prevent aphid infestation should be done. Removing the diseased plants to prevent the spread of the disease is also recommended.

Page 4 Oct.-Dec., 1962

615

Exhibit A-15

SORGHUM: A CROP FOR DRY PLACES

How To Grow Sorghum

Sorghum can thrive In almost any place where corn can be grown. When moisture is adequate, corn usually yields more than sorghum. However, sorghum will outyield corn considerably in areas where rainfull is very little.

In many areas in the Philippines, rainfall is not well distributed during the year. Usually, most of the rains fall in a four or six-month period. The rest7 of the year Is dry so that many crops do not grow well.

During the dry months, large tracts of land are left idle because the farmers don't know of crop plants that can withstand the dry spells. If these areas were planted at all, the plants are small or stunted due to lack of water.

Sorghum is a drought resistant crop. Its mature root are all adven­titious, branching, and widely dis­tributed. The ability of sorghum to withstand drought makes it a very valuable dry season crop in the Phil-Ippines. In seasons when enougn wa­ter supply Is not assured, It would be safer to plant sorghum than corn. In the long run, sorghum will out­yield most grain crops in places where moisture is not enough.

SORGHUM culture is very similar to any other upland crop. A land that has been prepared for corn planting can very well be planted to sorphum.

Planting. Sorghum rows can be. set at 80 to 100 cm. apart. The fur­rower used for planting corn can also be used in making the furrows for sorghum but the depth of the furrows should be only about half that for corn. *'

The sorghum seeds should be drill­ed along the furrow at tkhe rate of 10

Agriculture at Los Bnitos

to 15 seeds per meter. The seeds are then covered with as thin a soil layer as possible because sorghum seeds are small and germinate slow­ly. When they are buried deep, they may not emerge at all.

Time of planting. Not much re­search has been made on the best time of planting sorghum in the Philippines. However, here are some points to keep In mind:

1. Sorghum does not like to much rain. If you plant in a water­logged area, its yield will be greatly reduced. You should not plant sorghum, therefore, during months when a lot of rain is expected.

2. The developing of the head of sorghum should not coincide with the rainy period of the year. Very moist climate fa­vors many of the pests and di­seases that attack the grains. The molds, most especially, can greatly damage the developing head when the atmosphere Is very moist.

3. As corn usually yields more than sorghum when moisture Is enough, It is advisable to plant corn during the wet months and sorghum during the dry months.

Fertilization. It has been observ­ed that sorghum can be fertilized just like corn. The kind of fertilizer and the method of application may be the same.

Harvesting. In the dry lands of the U.S., specifically in Texas, the grains of sorghum are given time to dry in the panicles before harvesting. The grains have about 15% moisture at harvest.

Experience with several plantings at the Central Experiment Station in

Page 8

9 6

Exhibit A-15 (cont' d)

SORGHUM: A CROP FOR DRY PLACES

Los Baflos shows that it takes a long time for the grains to attain the desired moisture level right in the field. From December to Feb­ruary, the usual months when the grains are developing, the tempera­ture is low and relative humidity is high so that drying the seeds right in the panicles is hardly possible.

Field plantings, are therefore, har­vested even if the moisture level is still high provided the grains have fully developed. The right time for harvesting, can be easily determined by pinching or biting the grains, Matured grains are hard and crack abruptly while the immature ones are soft. Usually, it takes about 6 to 8 weeks after heading for the sor­ghum grains to be ready for harvest.

In harvesting, the heads may be cut about a foot or two below the lowest grain of the panicle. The pa­nicles may be dried immediately or threshed first before drying. The threshing machine for rice may also be used for sorghum.

The most destructive pest so far observed to damage sroghum crops are the black birds locally called "maya". They eat the developing panicles starting from as early as pollen shedding up to maturity. This pest is less serious when the heading of the crop coincides with that of rice. However, during summer plant­ing when no rice plants are heading in the locality, these birds can des­troy a whole field of sorghum within a few days.

In commercial plantings there seems to be no effective control of the "maya". Most probably, the best resort would be to breed for varieties

that will, in one way or another, dis­courage the birds from feeding on them.

It has been observed that varie­ties with panicles that are stiff and erect are preferred by birds over those which are drooping and plia­ble. Probably, the birds find It hard to all-ht on the latter. The extent of o. e enclosure determines great­ly the birds' preference. Enclosed grains are usually less preferred than the exposed ones.

Varieties

For the past few years, more than 300 varieties have been tried at the experiment station in Los Bailos. Strict selection for yield and other desirable characters was done. There are at present a few varieties that might do well for commercial pro­duction. They are: Schrock, Darso, Saccaline, New Grain, Indian Amber, Westland Dwarf Kaoling and Smith's MVilo x Kafir.

Their yields range from 31.4 to 48 cavans per hectare. 'They head in 56 to 78 days. Some are short, some are tall. Their height ranges from 142 to 228 centimeters.

At the moment, the writer is not yet ready to recommend the planting of specific varieties for specific lo­cations. Perhaps, in the near future when the varieties shall have been tested in various locations, proper recommendations will be made. How­ever, farmers who would like to start early are advised that they plant a small area which %rillserve as a trial planting and as a seed multiplication lot if the crop proves successful.

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Page 4 July-September, 1968

I

REFERENCES

1. Special Report for the MDA (Mindanao Development Authority) by Ir. Werkhoven entitled, "Agricultural Development in the Philip­pines, with Special Reference to Palawan." Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California.

2. "General Report on the Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan Region" prepared for the Mindanao Development Authority (MDA) Manila, Philippines, by Stanford Research Institute. Harry J. Robinson, Feb. 1965, SRK Project 11-4845.

3. Economic Survey and a Draft of a Five-Year Socio-Economic Development Program for the Mindanao Region (including Palawan and Sulu).

4. A Report on the Cotabato River Basin, Mindanao Island, Philip­pines. November, 1966, by U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, for the Government of the Philippines and the USAID. (Note: Certain sections may be applicable to Palawan.)

5. Rice Production Manual, compiled by R.I.C.E., University of the Philippines, College of Agriculture in cooperation with the International Rice Research Institute, 19u2.

6. Soil Survey of Palawan Province Philippines by Alfredo Barrera (Chief of Party) and F. G. Salazar and A. Simon, "With a

Discussion on the Chemical Characteristics and Fertilizer

Requirement of the Soils of Palawan Province" by Martin V.

Tiangco, Gloria B. Querijero, and E. A. Afoga - Bureau of Soils,

Manila Soil Report 27. Bureau of Printing, 1960. 116 pp. and

illustrations.

7. Soil Map, Palawan Providence, 1950. Alfredo Barrera, Bureau of Soils, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

8. Philippines Rice and Corn Progress, December 1964, Vol. 1, No. 2, "How to Solve Rice Problems" by Dr. Dioscoro L. Umali U. P. Vice President for Agriculture and Forestry Affairs and Dean of the U. P. College of Agriculture.

9. Growth of Output in the Philippines. Paper presented at Confer­ence Dec. 9-10, 1966, IRRI. "Output growth of Rice and Corn in the Philippines" by P. L. Ona and S. C. Hsieh, pp. 1-49.

9 g

10. Farm Management, Julian Bulanadi, pp. 381-387 Document pre­sented at the 5th FAO Development Center on Farm Management for Asia and Far East, Oct. 3-21, 1960. Sponsored by FAO and Government of the Philippines. Issued by Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources and College of Agriculture, U. P.

11. Rice Production Statistics, March 1965. Reproduced by Office of Communication, IRRI, Manila Hotel, Manila, Philippines.

12. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rice -Grain of Life, pg. 90, Rome 1966.

13. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The World Rice Economy - Volume II, pg. 100, Rome 1963.

14. Mearo, Leon and Barker, Randolph, Effects of Rice Price Policy on Growth of the Philippine Economy - An Analytical Framework, pg. 33, Los Banos, Laguna, 1966.

15. Golay, Frank H. and Goodstein, Marvin E., Rice and People in 1990, pg. 39, USAID Mission, Manila, 1967.

16. Mangahas, Mahar, Rice Prices in the Philippines, pg. 15, Table 2.2, Manila, 1965.

17. National Economic Council, The Statistical Reporter, Food Balance Sheets for the Philippines 1953-1966.

18. FAO of UN, Rice, pg. 44, Rome 1967.

19. FAQ of UN, FAO Rice Report 1967, pg. 14 & 25, Rome 1967.

20. Philippine Bureau of Standards, Philippine Trade Standard for Palay or Rough Rice (PTS No. 042-01.02:1968), Manila 1968.

21. FAO of UN, The World Rice Economy - Volume II, pg. 86, Rome 1963.

22. Report of the Consultant and Committee on Plant and Animal Protection - U. P. College of Agriculture, November, 1967.

23. One of the World's Basic Foods - RICE (Oryza sativa) by Robert R. Mickus, Rice Growers' Association of California, Sacramento, California, (Reprinted from Cereal Science Today, American Association of Cereal Chemists, Vol. 4 No. 5, May 1959.

24. Stansel, Bollich, Thysell & Hall. The Influence of Light Intensity and Nitrogen Fertility on Rice Yields, Components of Yields. The Rice Journal 68 (4): 34-35, 1965.

25. Mechanization and the World's Rice - Conference proceedings Sept. 26 to Oct. 1, 1966, of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

26. Numerous other technical bulletins, releases, articles, trade journals by the FAO, IRRI, University of the Philippines, University of California, Louisiana State University, RCA, and others.

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