Ubiquitous computing

Types of Computing

1. Mainframe era (many people, one computer)

2. PC era (one person, one computer) transition phase ( the internet, mobile computing,

distributed data processing & storing , social changes , towards Information Society)

3. Ubiquitous Computing (one person, many computers & many people, many computers)

Reference: Alan Daniel, Georgia Institute of Technology.http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_fall/projects/gacha/daniels_essay.html

Computers: Size + Number

Le Grand Napoleon

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One Computer for everyone

Many Computers for everyone

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What is Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp)

Ubicomp is a post-desktop model of human computer interaction in which information processing has been thoroughly integrated into everyday objects and activities.

Integrate computers seamlessly into the world – invisible, everywhere computing. – Often called pervasive/invisible computing.

Computers are mostly not invisible , they dominate interaction with them.

Ubicomp is about making computers invisible.

Ubiquitous computing = mobile computing + intelligent environment.

Technology View Computers everywhere – embedded into fridges,

washing machines, door locks, cars, furniture. Intelligent environment. Mobile portable computing devices

Wireless communication – seamless mobile/fixed.

User View Invisible – implicit interaction with your environment. Augmenting human abilities in context of tasks

Ubicomp vs. Virtual Reality

Should we live in virtual computing world? Or should computing come out and live in our physical world?

VR is about simulating physical world & putting people inside virtual computing world. (Limited applications & activities.).

Ubicomp is about bringing computing to people’s physical world,

integrating with everyday objects and activities.

Ubiquitous computing is an integration of human factors, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.

AR- Augmented Reality

Ubiquitous, Mobile, and Nomadic Computing

Nomadic computing: “portable”; no mobility while connected.

Mobile computing: “on-the-go”, e.g., while sitting on a train; possibility of network connections remaining open.

Ubiquitous computing: computing everywhere… OR computers everywhere…most of them invisible

Intelligence

Computing embedded and enhancing physical objects.

Achieve intelligence through interconnection of physical objects.

Achieve intelligence through location awareness (without AI)

For example: Automated call forwarding (context awareness – should

where the person is) lighting control smart sensor wall - control heating and

lighting.

Early workTabs:

very small – smart badge with user info, calendar, diary, etc.

allow personalized settings to follow a user

Carried around by a person

Hundreds in a room Remote controllers Badges Tags / Labels (RFID) Locating system (tags as library catalogs) Animate static physical objects (active calendar, active map)

Pads:

Foot-scale Ubicomp devices

A sheet of paper / tablet PC. Portable computers but not laptop metaphor

Tens in a room Like scrap papers that can be grabbed and used

anywhere, no unique ID.

Boards: larger display – whiteboard size. Personalized electronic bulletin boards. Multiple pens. Meeting capture. Lots of bandwidth available because they’re plugged into the wall White board with e-chalk

Shared white board with remote participants.

Video screen. Electronic Bookcases

Current technology Portable information appliances – laptops, notebooks, and sub-notebooks – hand-held computers – PDAs and smart phones Wireless communication networks – multiple networks “covering” the globe Internet: – TCP/IP& de-facto application protocols

Usability Common user interface for workstation and mobile

device applications.

Adaptive information display.

Flexible voice based input-output.

Voice recognition + text to speech conversion.

Gesture recognition.

Intelligent agents

Mobile computing Mobile computing - wireless transmission.

Uses a computing device.

Many types of mobile computers have been introduced since the

1990s, including the: Personal digital assistant Enterprise digital assistant Smart phone UMPC

Mobile computing Vision Universal connectivity – anywhere, anytime

Accommodate heterogeneity of networks and communicators.

Ubiquitous intelligent environment - embedded computers everywhere

Easy user interaction

Context independent access to services + context dependent

information

Issues How to integrate mobile communicators into complex

information infrastructures?

What effect will they have on work and leisure?

Privacy

How to develop and manage adaptable, context-aware software systems?

What support is needed within the network?

Power supplies

Integration of Mobile Systems Not stand alone devices. Need to interact with complex legacy information

systems eg large databases – merging updates, displaying tables

etc.

Systems development Requirements specification for adaptable systems Component composition to meet global QoS, security, reliability & performance requirements.

Mobility models Behaviour specification and analysis Modelling context aware systems

Context Aware Computing

It is powerful and longlasting, concept in human computer interaction. Interaction with computation is by explicit acts of communication (e.g.

pointing to a menu item), context is implicit (e.g. default setting).

Goal of context-aware computing is to acquire and utilize information about the context of a device to provide services that are appropriate to the particular people, place, time, events, etc.

For example, a cell phone will always vibrate and never beep in a

concert, if the system can know the location of the cell phone and the concert schedule

Context Adaptation

A context adaptive system enables the user to maintain a Certain application (in different forms) while roaming between different wireless access technologies, locations, devices and even simultaneously executing everyday

tasks like meetings, driving a car etc.

Issues : Context Awareness Current location Need location detection e.g. GPS or base station Indoors – radio

beacon, IR.

User activity Walking, driving a car, running for a bus – how to detect this?

Ambient environment In theatre, alone, in meeting

Local resources or services available Device capabilities

Screen, input, processing power, battery life ….

Current QoS availability – particularly for radio links

Intelligent Environment

An intelligent environment is a location (e.g. home, office, hospital, etc) that is equipped with sensors, actuators and computers that are networked with each other and the internet.

The components are controlled by "intelligent agent" software that knows the preferences of the occupants.

It tailors the environment to suit them.

The occupants can talk to the environment using speech and natural language and the sensors can monitor the environment.

Smart Dust a collection of microelectromechanical systems forming a simple computer

in a container light enough to remain suspended in air, used mainly for information gathering in environments that are hostile to life

Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter – “dust motes”.

"Smart dust" devices are tiny wireless micro electro mechanical sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to vibrations.

Sensors for temperature, humidity, light, motion …. with bidirectional radio or laser + battery.

Typical Applications:

-- Defence related battlefield sensors, motion detectors etc. -- Inventory control on boxes which communicate with trucks, plane etc to

tell you where they are. -- Product quality monitoring – vibration, humidity, overheating. -- Car component monitoring.

Smart Dust Components

Smart Dust

Smart paint monitors vibrations and detect intruders.

Changes colour to react to temperature, lighting etc.

Intelligent glass can filter sunlight, become opaque no need for curtains.

Smart garments or injectable sensors for people monitoring.

Issues What means of communication? Radio Light based

Batteries would be impractical power source for 100K processors per person.

Solar cells are not suitable for all environments.

Solar cells, fuel cells, body heat power?

Power not speed is the key issue for future processor designs.

Major ChallengesHardware Prototype Issue:

Power consumption: impossible to change batteries to many ubicomp devices frequently.

Balance of HW/SW feature: display, network, processing, memory, storage capability, multitasking, QoS, etc.

Ease of expansion & modification (integration vs. modular design).

Network Issue:

Wireless Media Access (802.11, Bluetooth, Cellular Networks).

Quality of Services (RSVP, etc).

Ubicomp devices changing network attachment (Mobile IP).

Application Issue:

“Applications are of course the whole point of ubiquitous computing”.

Locating people (active badges) Automated call forwarding Tracking down people for meeting Watching general activity in a building (feel in touch with surrounding environments)

Shared drawing in virtual meeting Scalability to 5000 peoples (multicast for bandwidth efficiency)

Security Interactions will be cross multiple organisational

boundaries specification, analysis and integration for heterogeneous OS, databases, firewalls, routers.

Everything worth hacking gets hacked.

Need for secure ‘out of the box’ set up that can identify friend or foe - level of trust.

Small communicators, with confidential data, are easily lost or stolen – biometric authentication.

Necessary security technology exists.

Privacy Location service tracks movement to within metres.

Clearly indicate you are being sensed or recorded + user control to stop recording or control distribution of information.

You are now predictable System can co-relate location, context and behaviour patterns

Do you want employer, colleagues or insurance company to know you carry a medical monitor?

Tension between authentication and anonymity – business want to authenticate you for financial transactions and to provide ‘personalized’ service web sites.

Constant spam of context dependent advertising

Management Huge, complex systems

Billions of processors Multiple organisations Managing physical world, controlling sensors, actuators

Hacker and virus paradise

System propagates false information about individuals or organisation.

Complexity of s/w installation on a workstation or server – how do you cope with billions?

Proposed Management Solution Intelligent agents, mobile agents, policy.

QoS Management Fat pipes and large storage can convert media streams to short traffic bursts in core network but still needed for

wireless links.

Adaptive self-management is the only answer

Partitioned domains of responsibility Genetic algorithms may be suitable for long-term strategy but need more deterministic solutions for short term decision making