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Ubiquitous Computing in Business Processes
Part I
Prof. Dr. Lutz HeuserUrban Software Institute
DarmstadtOctober 27, 2017
0. Welcome & House-Keeping Notes
Outline
Dates and Location
Lecture dates:
Friday, 27.10.2017
Friday, 17.11.2017
Friday, 01.12.2017
Friday, 15.12.2017
Friday, 12.01.2018
Friday, 26.01.2018
Friday, 02.02.2018 (?)
Location: S1|03 175 (Altes Hauptgebäude)
Time: 9.50 - 13.20 h
Lecture on the Web UPDATE
Main website
https://www.tk.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/de/teaching/wintersemester-201718/ubiquitous-computing-in-geschaeftsprozessen/
TUCaN website (but, please note: most recent information will be provided on the lecture’s main website, NOT on TUCaN)
Registration, Slides, Exams UPDATE
If you want to participate in the lecture: Please send a short mail to [email protected] and [email protected] so that we can inform
you if there are any relevant changes. Please provide the following information:
Name
E-mail address
Matrikelnummer
Course of study
Register with TUCaN!!
Slides will be made available on the lecture’s main website
Exams will presumably be oral Important notes:
If the exam can be taken in an oral form depends on the number of participants.
To participate in the exam you have to register with Tim Grube and Florian Volk by mail and with TUCaN. Depending on your “Prüfungsordnung”, you might need to register for both the module and the exam. Please bring your "Studentenausweis" and a passport to the exam. This registration does not substitute a possibly necessary registration with your Fachbereich/Prüfungssekretariat.
Regarding the examination form and the exam‘s dates you will find information on our websites later.
0. Group Exercise
Outline
Goal: Develop a Smart City Service Business Case including PoC
Team of 4 -5
Exercise consists of two parts
Build a business case for a Smart City Service
Description of the Service
Deployment and operation of the Service
Business Plan using a business model canvas (see attached)
Build a PoC using UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT
Identify the smart data source and connect it via [ui!] CONNECTOR
Visualize the Service using [ui!] COCKPIT
(Build an App)
Kick-off on November 17th, 2017 with a tutorial on UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT
(Review / Feedback opportunity on December 16th, 2016)
Jam Session on pitch on January 12th, 2018 – first two hours
Successful presentations will influence result of exam
Group Exercise - Setting
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 7
Business Model Canvas
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 8
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 9
Smart City Dashboard – Shows the urban data of the city
Smart City Dashboard - Sample Urban Sensor Data
Example: Environmental Data
Identify thresholds of air quality
Stake holder: City Authorities
Technical Solution:
Multi-sensor nodes as smart items collect data and send
them to a sensor data platform for evaluation.
Team 1This could
be yourservice?
Smart City Dashboard – PoC – Build your own Tile
Team 2This could
be yourservice?
Team 3This could be your
service?
Team 4This could
be yourservice?
Team 5This could
be yourservice?
Team 6This could be your
service?
1. Let’s get started
Outline
Course Objectives
In this course we will ...
learn how companies, public administration and end-consumers can benefit from state-of-the-art ubiquitous computing technologies, incl. auto-id, smart labels, sensors, embedded devices, etc. attached to everyday objects and things,
understand underlying technologies, their advantages and limitations,
identify technologies’ economic potential for business processes, and
demonstrate how integration works between the real and the virtual world as it is modeled in software systems today.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 13
Business Processes in Our Scope
Business processes supported by ubiquitous computing technology
Enterprise processes
Manufacturing efficiency
Smart warehouse management
Quality management in transportation and logistics
Retail and shopping experience
Brand protection, safety management in value chains
Cities of the Future
Intelligent traffic management
Environmental sensing
Smart Quarter Energy Management
Managed electric mobility
”Setting an example is not the main means of influencing another, it is the only means.”(Albert Einstein)
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 14
What is a Business Process Actually?
Multiple “definitions” exist, we like most the one by Davenport:
”a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus’s emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. ... Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer’s point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers.”
Companies run multiple instances of the “same” process blueprint in the same time
Individual vs. mass volume manufacturing
Today, companies are usually part of so called business networks
Processes run in collaboration with multiple distributed suppliers, leading to interactions and dependencies between single companies’ processes
Thomas Davenport (1993). Process Innovation: Reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston
What kind of Business Processes are out there?
We can categorize typical enterprises’ business processes:
Management processes, incl. strategy and process management, etc.
Core business processes, incl. production, sales, marketing, purchasing, customer care, etc.
Supporting processes, incl. human capital management, accounting, facility management, IT management, etc.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 16Picture Source: SAP AG
Communication Capabilities
Trend: The Emerging World of Networked Smart Items
Computing, Sensing and Actuation Capabilities
Convergence of data processing systems and systems for measurement & control
Real world awareness
Business logic executed by items
Interaction with traditionalinformation systems
Interaction with physical environment
Interaction between physical items
+
Thanks to ubiquitous computing discrete everyday objects in the real world can become ‘smart’
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 17Source: SAP AG
Smart Items – Generic Definition
A smart item is …
Object of the Real world,
Basically every thing - buildings, vehicles, machines, tools, pallets, boxes, shopping carts, shelves, consumer products, etc.
Capable to store data about itself or its environment
e.g. identifier, temperature, location, etc.
Capable to exchange data via a communication interface
wired or wireless
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 18
Smart Items Integration into Business Processes
Strategy
InsightDecisions
Business Process Execution
ProcessMonitoring
ProcessAdaptation
Events
Towards to “High Resolution Enterprise Management”
High frequency of data collection
High density of data points
Near real-time data
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 19 Source: SAP AG
Smart Items Main Capabilities #1
Information Storage
Static data (identifier, production date, expiry date, list of ingredients or parts, etc.)
Dynamically changing data (maintenance history, next business step, etc.)
Information Collection
Location, Position, Orientation – Indoor & outdoor
Environmental conditions– Physical parameters (temperature, humidity, velocity, acceleration, light intensity, etc.)
– Chemical parameters (presence of toxic molecules, composition of gases and fluids, etc.)
Information (Pre-)Processing
Arithmetic & logical operations
Statistical computation, data filtering & aggregation
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 20
Smart Items Main Capabilities #2
Communication
Item-to-item
– wired or wireless medium (e.g. radio, light, sound waves)
– various network topologies (star, ring, bus, etc.)
– typically message based data exchange (unicast, multicast, broadcast messaging)
– typically without infrastructure (e.g. peer-to-peer)
Communication with other (IT-)systems
– Unidirectional notifications (e.g. upon hitting thresholds, indicating exceptions)
– Bidirectional communication (request-response)
– Typically protocol bridging required (e.g. coupling between IP and proprietary protocols)
Performing Actions
Control and regulation of environmental parameters (via actuators, micro electro-mechanical systems, etc.)
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 21
2. Object identification: Auto-ID & RFID
Outline
Automatic Identification of Objects in the Real World
Automatic Identification (Auto-ID): broad term given a host of
technologies that are used to help machines identify real-world objects and
persons
Example Auto-ID technologies
linear barcode
data matrix (‘2D barcode’)
optical character recognition
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
magnetic strips
chip cards
biometrics
…
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 23
RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
RFID is an automated identification and data collection technology
RFID tags can be attached to real-world objects of interest, such as
product, primary package, secondary package, case, pallet, container, …
RFID tag consists of a chip for holding data and an antenna for communicating the data via radio waves.
RFID chip can store static or dynamically changing information about the tagged item:
item identifier, manufacturer, production date, target customer, etc.
tracking history (where?), timestamps (when?), business events (what?), incl. built, shipped, sold, returned, stolen, refurbished, etc.
relevant physical or chemical conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) the item is/was exposed to
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 24
RFID System - Basic Technical Setting
Controller
Netw
ork
Transponder
(‘RFID Tag’)
Interrogator (‘RFID Reader’)
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 25
Data Transmission in a RFID System
Backscattering
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 26
Electromagnetic waves from the RFID reader’s antenna transport energy and information
RFID tags within the range of the reader use the received energy to power the tag’s chip and to send out radio signals
Tag executes program stored on chip and responds to the reader
Reader can send messages/commands to tag each leading to specific responses
Interrogator
Example HF RFID Tag
Source: Auto-ID Center
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 27
RFID Tag Characteristics
Antenna geometry
Broad variety of tag sizes and material exists
durable plastic tags for discouraging retail theft,
wafer thin tags for use within "smart" paper labels,
tiny tracking tags which are inserted beneath an animal's skin,
credit card sized tags for access control …
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 28 Source: SAP AG
RFID Tags Technical Classification Criteria
Power supply
active (integrated battery)
passive (powered by interrogator)
Memory type
read only
writeable (write-once-read-many, write-many-read-many)
Radio transmission frequency
Low Frequency (e.g. 125 KHz)
High Frequency (e.g. 13,56 MHz)
Ultra High Frequency (e.g. 865 MHz)
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 29
Functionality oriented Classification
Description
Essentially readers. They can power Class I, II and III tags, as well as communicate with other Class IV tags and with each other wirelessly.
Class
Class V
Class IV
Class III
Class II
Class I
Class 0
Source: Auto-ID Center
Active tags. They may be capable of broad-band peer-to-peer communication with other active tags in the same frequency band, and with readers.
Read-only passive identity tags. The ID is programmed by the chip manufacturer.
Read-only passive identity tags. The ID can be programmed at the point of use (Write Once Read Multiple).
Passive tags with additional functionality like memory or encryption.
Semi-passive RFID tags. They may support broadband communication and gave environmental sensors like temperature that operate even when the tag is not within the radio field of the reader.
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 30
RFID Interrogators / Readers
Similar to RFID tags, interrogators/readers also heavily vary …
RFID tunnel
gate reader
mobile reader
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 31
Source: SAP AG
Major Benefits of RFID (compared to e.g. Barcodes)
Uniquely identifies every physical object
Unsupervised identification
(nearly)Any orientation
No line of sight required
Bulk reading
Anti-collision techniques needed
Works in harsh environments
Read & Write capability
Dynamic information
Reuse
High amount of data stored on items
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 32
… and the Challenges
Tag Price
… but well on the way towards cheap ‘5 Cents tags’
Infrastructure Costs
... but decreasing rapidly ...
Technology restrictions (e.g. metals, liquids)
… yes, it is all about physics
Heterogeneous technologies, still many competing standards
Legal, privacy and health protection concerns
Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Page 33
Next time: RFID in Business Processes
Outline